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UNIVERSITÉ D'ANTANANARIVO ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE DES SCIENCES AGRONOMIQUES DÉPARTEMENT DES EAUX ET FORÊTS PROMOTION FITSINJO (2001-2006) MÉMOIRE DE FIN D'ÉTUDES Étude de la distribution, de l'écologie et du risque d'extinction des espèces Asteropeia micraster HALLIER , Dalbergia baroni BAKER et Dalbergia chapelieri BAILLON en vue de l'élaboration d'une stratégie de conservation de ces espèces dans la forêt littorale d'Agnalazaha (Mahabo Mananivo, Farafangana) présenté par RALAMBOMANANA-ANDRIAMAHEFA Andriamarohaja Membres du Jury Monsieur RANDRIAMBOAVONJY Jean Chrisostome Madame RAJOELISON Lalanirina Gabrielle Monsieur RABARISON Harison Monsieur RAKOTOARIVONY Fortunat Date de soutenance : 20 Novembre 2006 Résumé La forêt littorale fait partie des écosystèmes naturels les plus fragiles et sont pauvrement représentées dans le réseau des aires protégées de Madagascar. Pourtant, ce type de forêt regroupe un peu plus d'un millier d'espèces endémiques qui font la richesse floristique de l'île. La forêt littorale d'Agnalazaha, située à 50 Km au sud de Farafangana, ne fait pas exception à cette fragilité, avec d'importantes pressions anthropiques constatées, particulièrement entre 1997 et 2002. En outre, 3 espèces cibles rentrant dans la liste IUCN sont présentes sur le site étudié: Asteropeia micraster, Dalbergia baroni et Dalbergia chapelieri . Des études sur la distribution et sur l'écologie de ces espèces ont ainsi été effectuées sur le site d'Agnalazaha, afin d'évaluer les degrés des menaces auxquelles ces plantes sont confrontées, et de suggérer les mesures nécessaires à leur conservation dans la forêt d'Agnalazaha. Un travail de bibliographie, des observations sur terrain, une enquête socioéconomique et un inventaire de la forêt d'Agnalazaha ont été réalisés dans le but d'obtenir des données précises sur les espèces cibles. Après l'étude sylvicole de la forêt, il est apparu que l'habitat local des espèces cibles porte la séquelle des exploitations massives et des défrichements accrus faits dans le passé, avec des données sylvicoles (floristiques et spatiales) inférieures aux données standards des forêts denses humides sempervirentes. Par ailleurs, Asteropeia micraster s'est avérée menacée d'extinction et Dalbergia baroni et Dalbergia chapelieri, vulnérables. Afin de conserver les espèces cibles présentes dans la forêt d'Agnalazaha, une stratégie de conservation a été proposée. Cette stratégie comporte 3 axes d'orientation, à savoir: la rationalisation du prélèvement local de bois domestique, la préservation d'un noyau floristique intact et l'enrichissement de la forêt d'Agnalazaha en ces espèces cibles. Mots clés: Forêt littorale – Agnalazaha – Asteropeia micraster – Dalbergia chapelieri – Dalbergia baroni – flore – biodiversité – IUCN – Analyse sylvicole – Analyse de la distribution i Abstract The coastal forest is part of the most fragile natural ecosystems and is poorly represented in the Madagascar network of protected areas. And yet, this type of forest rounds up a little more than a thousand endemic species that make up the island flora wealth. The Agnalazaha coastal forest, located about 50 kilometres south of Farafangana, is no exception in this fragility, with noticeable heavy anthropogenic pressures, particularly from 1997 to 2002. In addition, three of the target species, going into the IUCN list, grow on the site, namely : Asteropeia micraster, Dalbergia baroni and Dalbergia chapelieri . Studies on the distribution and the ecology of these species have thus been carried out so as to evaluate the seriousness of the risks these plants are faced with and to put forward the measures that are necessary to their conservation in the Agnalazaha forest. A bibliographical work, field observations, a socio-economic survey and an inventory of the Agnalazaha forest have been achieved in order to get precise data on the target species. After the silvicultural study of the forest, it showed that the target species habitat bear the aftereffects of the intensive exploitations and increased clearings that have been carried out in the past, with sylvicultural data (on both flora and space) which are poorer than standard data on dense evergreen rainforests. Besides, Asteropeia micraster has proved to be critically endangered and both Dalbergia baroni and Dalbergia chapelieri , vulnerable. In order to preserve the target species growing in the Agnalazaha forest, a conservation strategy has been put forward. The strategy has got three guidance axes, namely : • the rationalization of local domestic timber excision • the preservation of an untouched flora nucleus • the enrichment of the Agnalazaha forest with the target species. Key words : Coast forest – Agnalazaha - Asteropeia micraster - Dalbergia baroni - Dalbergia chapelieri – Flora – Biodiversity – Sylvicultural analysis – Distribution analysis ii Table des matières Résumé ........................................................................................................................................ i Abstract ...................................................................................................................................... ii Table des matières .................................................................................................................... iii Liste des tableaux .................................................................................................................... vii Liste des figures ...................................................................................................................... viii Liste des cartes .......................................................................................................................... ix Liste des planches photographiques ......................................................................................... x Acronymes et abréviations ...................................................................................................... xii 1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 1 2. Description du milieu d'étude ............................................................................................ 3 2.1. Cadre physique ...................................................................................................................... 3 2.1.1. Situation géographique ................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.2. Cadre institutionnel ....................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.3. Climat ........................................................................................................................................... 4 2.1.4. Géomorphologie et hydrographie ................................................................................................. 6 2.1.5. Géologie et pédologie ................................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Cadre biologique .................................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1. Types de végétation ...................................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1.1. Forêt dense littorale sur sable ................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1.2. Forêt claire ................................................................................................................................ 8 2.2.1.3. Formation herbeuse .................................................................................................................. 8 2.2.1.4. Végétation aquatique et marécageuse d'eau douce ................................................................... 8 2.2.2. Flore .............................................................................................................................................. 9 2.2.3. Faune........................................................................................................................................... 10 2.3. Cadre social .......................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.1. Répartition de la population ........................................................................................................ 10 2.3.2. Groupes et organisation sociale .................................................................................................. 11 2.3.3. Administration ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.3.4. Services sociaux .......................................................................................................................... 11 2.3.5. Infrastructures ............................................................................................................................. 12 2.3.6. Pratiques culturelles et cultuelles ................................................................................................ 13 iii 2.3.7. Organismes oeuvrant sur place ................................................................................................... 13 2.4. Cadre économique ..............................................................................................................
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