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Precious Woods Background Paper 1 Chatham House Workshop: Tackling the Trade in Illegal Precious Woods 23-24 April 2012 Background Paper 1: Precious Woods: Exploitation of the Finest Timber Prepared by TRAFFIC Authors: Section 1: Anna Jenkins, Neil Bridgland, Rachel Hembery & Ulrich Malessa Section 2: James Hewitt, Ulrich Malessa & Chen Hin Keong This review was commissioned from TRAFFIC by The Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House), London UK. TRAFFIC supervised the elaboration of the review with support of Ethical Change Ltd, Llanidloes UK. The review was developed as one of three studies to explore the social and ecological impacts of trade, related exporting and importing country regulations as well as to develop recommendations to reduce the negative impacts of trade in precious woods species. Contact details of lead authors and supervisor: Section 1 & Appendices Anna Jenkins Ethical Change Ltd Tryfan, Llanidloes, SY18 6HU, Wales, UK [email protected] Section 2 James Hewitt [email protected] Section 1 & 2 (technical supervisor) Ulrich Malessa TRAFFIC WWF US 1250 24 th ST NW, Washington, DC 20037, USA [email protected] 2 Contents Contents ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Section 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5 1.1 Definitions ........................................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1.1 Precious Wood Definition ................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Selection and List of Precious Wood Species .......................................................................................................... 7 1.2.1 List of end uses of Precious Woods ................................................................................................................. 7 1.2.2 Price ............................................................................................................................................................................ 8 1.2.3 Conservation Status, CITES Status and Range .............................................................................................. 8 1.3 Findings – price thresholds ........................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3.1 List of Precious Wood Species ........................................................................................................................... 9 1.4 Case Studies .................................................................................................................................................................... 13 1.4.1 Central American Dalbergias ........................................................................................................................... 13 1.4.2 African Blackwood .............................................................................................................................................. 14 1.4.3 Madagascar .......................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.4.4 Red Sanders .......................................................................................................................................................... 16 1.5 Section 1 Conclusions and Recommendations .................................................................................................... 17 1.5.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................................................... 17 1.5.2 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................................. 18 Section 2 .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 19 2.1 Sources of Trade Data and their interpretation .................................................................................................. 19 2.1.1 Supply chains ........................................................................................................................................................ 21 2.1.2 Market data .......................................................................................................................................................... 27 2.2 Illegal Supply Chains ..................................................................................................................................................... 31 2.3 Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................................................................................... 34 Appendix 1 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 36 Semi Precious Wood (SPW) and Non Precious Wood (Commodity) Species ................................................... 36 Appendix 2 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 38 Potential Precious Wood Species .................................................................................................................................... 38 Appendix 3 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 46 Central American Dalbergias Case Study ...................................................................................................................... 46 Appendix 4 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 50 African Blackwood Case Study ......................................................................................................................................... 50 Appendix 5 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 53 Madagascar Case Study ...................................................................................................................................................... 53 Appendix 6 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 60 Red Sanders ............................................................................................................................................................................ 60 3 Acknowledgments Thanks are due to Tim Cumine and Hubert Kwisthout for the help they provided on the definition of precious wood species. Note from the authors The complexity of the subject of precious woods harvest and trade does not allow a claim that this study gives a complete, detailed, or even comprehensive summary of the trade precious woods. However this review was produced in the knowledge that it was likely to be incomplete; it is intended as a starting point for discussions at the Tackling the Trade in Illegal Precious Woods meeting at Chatham House 23-24 April 2012. 4 Section 1 This section was prepared by a team convened by Ethical Change: Anna Jenkins, Neil Bridgland and Rachel Hembery, in addition to Ulrich Malessa from TRAFFIC. The report Appendices 1 – 6 are prepared by the same team. 1.1 Definitions These definitions have been developed and are meant as a starting point for the discussions at the Chatham House meeting Tackling the Trade in Illegal Precious Woods 23 -24 April 2012. 1.1.1 Precious Wood Definition A precious wood (PW) species is one that is highly valued for a range of valuable inherent qualities including appearance, tone, physical, scent, chemical, medicinal or spiritual properties, and that is rare or of limited availability. The combination of inherent qualities and rarity usually results in higher trading prices than other categories or types of wood. Semi Precious Wood Definition A category of semi precious wood (SPW) species was also noted during this study. These species are still highly valued but have less highly valued inherent qualities than PWs. They tend to be less expensive (yet nonetheless costly), due to higher biological production and regeneration rates and a wider ecological range or lower demand than PW species. Commodity Wood Definition A commodity wood is traded widely and has a wide distribution. Its market value is considerably less than that of PWs or even SPWs. This is due to
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