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Wood Toxicity: Symptoms, Species, and Solutions by Andi Wolfe

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Wood Toxicity: Symptoms, Species, and Solutions By Andi Wolfe Ohio State University, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from the Wood Database (http://www.wood-database.com). A good reference book about wood toxicity is “Woods Injurious to Human Health – A Manual” by Björn Hausen (1981) ISBN 3-11-008485-6. Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article. Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Fabaceae Central Africa, African Blackwood Dalbergia melanoxylon Irritant, Sensitizer Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Southern Africa Meliaceae Irritant, Sensitizer, African Mahogany Khaya anthotheca (Mahogany West Tropical Africa Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Lungs Family) (rare) Meliaceae Irritant, Sensitizer, African Mahogany Khaya grandifoliola (Mahogany West Tropical Africa Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Lungs Family) (rare) Meliaceae Irritant, Sensitizer, African Mahogany Khaya ivorensis (Mahogany West Tropical Africa Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Lungs Family) (rare) Meliaceae Irritant, Sensitizer, African Mahogany Khaya senegalensis (Mahogany West Tropical Africa Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Lungs Family) (rare) Fabaceae African Mesquite Prosopis africana Tropical Africa Irritant Skin (Legume Family) African Padauk, Fabaceae Central and Tropical Asthma, Irritant, Nausea, Pterocarpus soyauxii Skin, Eyes, Lungs Vermillion (Legume Family) Africa Sensitizer Meliaceae Irritant, Nasopharyngeal African Walnut Lovoa trichilioides (Mahogany West Tropical Africa Cancer (rare), Systemic Skin, Eyes, Systemic Family) Reaction Fabaceae Africa, Southeast Afzelia, Doussie Afzelia species Irritant, Sneezing Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Asia Ailanthus, Tree of Sapindaceae China, Cultivated Heaven, Chinese Ailanthus altissima (Soapberry Irritant Skin Elsewhere Sumac Familly) Alaskan Yellow Cuppressaceae Northwest coast of Cedar, Nootka Cupressus nootkatensis Irritant Skin (Cypress Family) North America Cypress Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye), Fabaceae Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Albizia, Tanga Tanga Albizia ferruginea Tropical Africa Dizziness, Irritant, (Legume Family) Nasal, Head Nausea, Nosebleeds Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye), Fabaceae Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Albizia, Tanga Tanga Albizia versicolor Tropical Africa Dizziness, Irritant, (Legume Family) Nasal, Head Nausea, Nosebleeds Cuppressaceae Southwestern USA, Alligator Juniper Juniperus deppeana Irritant Skin, Lungs (Cypress Family) Northern Mexico 2 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article. Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Fabaceae Brazil, Venezuela, Asthma, Irritant, Amazon Rosewood Dalbergia spruceana Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Bolivia Sensitizer Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Nausea, Amboyna Burl Pterocarpus indicus Andaman Islands Skin, Lungs (Legume Family) Sensitizer Fabaceae Amboyna Burl Pterocarpus macrocarpus Southeast Asia Asthma, Irritant (Legume Family) American Hornbeam, Betulaceae (Birch Eastern North Carpinus caroliniana Irritant Skin Blue Beech Family) America Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Nausea, Andaman Padauk Pterocarpus dalbergioides Andaman Islands Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Sensitizer Meliaceae Central America, Andiroba Carapa species (Mahogany Irritant, Sneezing Skin, Eyes, Lungs South America Family) Mexico, Central Araracanga Aspidosperma megalocarpon Apocynaceae America, Northern Asthma, Irritant Skin, Lungs South America Moraceae (Fig Argentine Osage Maclura tinctoria Family; Mulberry Tropical America Irritant, Sensitizer Skin Orange, Fustic Family) Aromatic Red Cedar, Cuppressaceae Eastern North Juniperus virginiana Irritant Skin, Lungs Eastern Red Cedar (Cypress Family) America Australian Blackwood, Tasmania, Southeast Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Tasmanian Acacia melanoxylon Australia, Widely Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Sensitizer Blackwood, Acacia Cultivated Blackwood Asthma, Extrinsic Sapindaceae Pacific Northwest of Allergic Alveolitis Bigleaf Maple Acer macrophyllum (Soapberry Skin, Lungs North America (spalted woods), Irritant, Familly) Sensitizer Fabaceae Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia North America Irritant, Nausea Skin, Eyes (Legume Family) Asthma, Extrinsic Sapindaceae Black Maple, Black Allergic Alveolitis Acer nigrum (Soapberry Northeast USA Skin, Lungs Sugar Maple (spalted woods), Irritant, Familly) Sensitizer Fabaceae Gran Chaco Region Black Mesquite Prosopis nigra Irritant Skin (Legume Family) of South America 3 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article. Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Irritant, Sensitizer, Juglandaceae Black Walnut Juglans nigra Eastern USA Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Walnut Family) (rare) Irritant, Nasopharyngeal Salicaceae Black Willow Salix nigra Eastern USA Cancer (rare), Nausea, Lungs, Nasal (Willow Family) Sensitizer Moraceae (Fig Irritant, Nausea, Tropical South Skin, Head, Gastro- Bloodwood Brosimum rubescens Family; Mulberry Salivation, Thirst America intestinal Family) (excessive) Tasmania, Southern Blue Gum, Tasmanian Myrtaceae Eucalyptus globulus Australia, Cultivated Irritant Skin Blue Gum (Myrtle Family) in Plantations Malvaceae Cuba, Jamaica, Blue Mahoe Talipariti elatum Sneezing Lungs, Nasal (Mallow Family) Cultivated Elsewhere Mexico, Central Irritant, Sensitizer (Cross Bocote Cordia species Boraginaceae America, South Skin reactivity to other woods) America Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Bois de Rose Dalbergia maritima Madagascar Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Sensitizer Meliaceae Asthma, Headache, West and Central Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Bosse, Guarea Guarea cedrata (Mahogany Irritant, Nausea, Africa Head Family) Sensitizer Meliaceae Asthma, Headache, West and Central Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Bosse, Guarea Guarea thompsonii (Mahogany Irritant, Nausea, Africa Head Family) Sensitizer Box Elder, Boxelder Asthma, Extrinsic Sapindaceae Maple, Manitoba Allergic Alveolitis Acer negundo (Soapberry North America Skin, Lungs Maple, Ash-leaved (spalted woods), Irritant, Familly) Maple Sensitizer Buxaceae Europe, Northwest Boxwood, Common Buxus sempervirens (Boxwood Africa, Southwest Irritant, Sensitizer Skin, Eyes, Lungs Box, European Box Family) Asia Brazilian Rosewood, Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Bahia Rosewood, Dalbergia nigra Brazil Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Sensitizer Jacaranda Blisters, Headache, Brazilwood, Fabaceae Skin, Head, Gastro- Caesalpinia echinata Brazil Irritant, Nausea, Swelling Pernambuco (Legume Family) intestinal Skin 4 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article. Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Brown Ebony, Fabaceae Caesalpinia granadillo South America Irritant Skin Guayacan (Legume Family) Brown Ebony, Fabaceae Caesalpinia paraguariensis South America Irritant Skin Guayacan (Legume Family) Brown Ebony, Fabaceae Caesalpinia pluviosa South America Irritant Skin Guayacan (Legume Family) Fabaceae Northeast South Brownheart, Wacapou Vouacapoua americana Irritant Skin (Legume Family) America Fabaceae Bubinga, Kavazingo Guibourtia demeusei Equatorial Africa Irritant, Skin Lesion Skin (Legume Family) Fabaceae Bubinga, Kavazingo Guibourtia pellegriniana Equatorial Africa Irritant, Skin Lesion Skin (Legume Family) Fabaceae Bubinga, Kavazingo Guibourtia tessmannii Equatorial Africa Irritant, Skin Lesion Skin (Legume Family) Rhamnaceae Buckthorn Rhamnus species (Buckthorn Northern Hemisphere Irritant, Sensitizer Skin Family) Fabaceae Myanmar and Burma Padauk Pterocarpus macrocarpus Asthma, Irritant Skin, Lungs (Legume Family) Thailand Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Burmese Blackwood Dalbergia cultrata Southeast Asia Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Sensitizer Fabaceae Myanmar, Southeast Asthma, Irritant, Burmese Rosewood Dalbergia oliveri Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Asia Sensitizer Camphor, Camphor Lauraceae Southeast Asia , Asthma, Dizziness, Cinnamomum camphora Skin, Lungs, Head Laurel (Laurel Family) Widely Cultivated Headaches, Irritant Pinaceae (Pine Cedar of Lebanon Cedrus libani Mediterranean Irritant Skin, Lungs Family) Ebenaceae Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye), Ceylon Ebony Diospyros ebenum Southeast Asia Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Ebony Family) Irritant, Sensitizer Chechen, Chechem, Caribbean, Southeast Anacardiaceae Black Poisonwood, Metopium brownei Mexico, Central Irritant, Sensitizer Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Cashew Family) Caribbean Rosewood America Sapotaceae Chico Zapote, Zapote, Southern Mexico, Manilkara zapota (Milkwood Irritant Nasal Sapodilla Central America Family) Meliaceae Southern Asia, Chinaberry Melia azedarach (Mahogany Headache, Irritant Skin, Lungs, Head Australia, Oceana Family) 5 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article. Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Cocobolo, Cocobola, Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Nausea, Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Dalbergia retusa Central America Cocabola (Legume Family) Sensitizer Gastro-intestinal Cocuswood, Jamaican Fabaceae Brya ebenus Caribbean Irritant Skin Ebony (Legume Family) Coolibah, Collibah Myrtaceae Eucalyptus coolabah Australia Irritant Skin Burl (Myrtle Family)
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    AMERICAN CONIFER SOCIETY coniferVOLUME 33, NUMBER 2 | SPRING 2016 QUARTERLY ENCOUNTERS WITH The Baker’s Cypress PAGE 18 SAVE THE DATE • 2016 SOUTHEAST REGION MEETING • AUGUST 26–28 • WAYNESBORO, VA TABLE O F CONTENTS 16 05 18 12 Welcome to the new ConiferQuarterly ACS Seed Exchange and How I Became By Ron Elardo 04 16 a Coniferite By Jim Brackman What Do Conifer Enthusiasts Need to Encounters with The Baker’s Cypress Know About Mycorrhizae? 05 18 By David Pilz By Bert Cregg, Ph.D. Comments on Conifers for Open Forum: Southeast Region ACS Part 1 09 22 Reference Gardens By Bob Fincham 2016 Southeast Region Meeting ACS Directorate By Jeff Harvey 12 23 Shady Characters: Conifers and Plants Made For Shade 14 By Rich and Susan Eyre Spring 2016 Volume 33, Number 2 ConiferQuarterly (ISSN 8755-0490) is published quarterly by the American Conifer Society. The Society is a non- Conifer profit organization incorporated under the laws of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and is tax exempt under Quarterly section 501(c)3 of the Internal Revenue Service Code. You are invited to join our Society. Please address Editor membership and other inquiries to the American Conifer Ronald J. Elardo Society National Office, PO Box 1583, Minneapolis, MN 55311, [email protected]. Membership: US & Canada $38, International $58 (indiv.), $30 (institutional), $50 Technical Editors (sustaining), $100 (corporate business) and $130 (patron). Steven Courtney If you are moving, please notify the National Office 4 weeks Robert Fincham in advance. Ethan Johnson David Olszyk All editorial and advertising matters should be sent to: Ron Elardo, 5749 Hunter Ct., Adrian, MI 49221-2471, (517) 902-7230 or email [email protected] Advisory Committee Tom Neff, Committee Chair Copyright © 2016, American Conifer Society.