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Home , Andira inermis, Brya ebenus, Cupressus nootkatensis, Dalbergia baronii, Dalbergia cearensis, Dalbergia maritima

Wood Toxicity: Symptoms, , and Solutions

By Andi Wolfe

Ohio State University, Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology

Table 1. known to have toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from the Wood Database (http://www.wood-database.com). A good reference book about wood toxicity is “Woods Injurious to Human Health – A Manual” by Björn Hausen (1981) ISBN 3-11-008485-6.

Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article.

Trade Name(s) Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Central , African Blackwood melanoxylon Irritant, Sensitizer Skin, Eyes, Lungs ( Family) Southern Africa Irritant, Sensitizer, African anthotheca (Mahogany West Tropical Africa Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Lungs Family) (rare) Meliaceae Irritant, Sensitizer, African Mahogany Khaya grandifoliola (Mahogany West Tropical Africa Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Lungs Family) (rare) Meliaceae Irritant, Sensitizer, African Mahogany Khaya ivorensis (Mahogany West Tropical Africa Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Lungs Family) (rare) Meliaceae Irritant, Sensitizer, African Mahogany Khaya senegalensis (Mahogany West Tropical Africa Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Lungs Family) (rare) Fabaceae African Mesquite africana Tropical Africa Irritant Skin (Legume Family) African Padauk, Fabaceae Central and Tropical Asthma, Irritant, Nausea, soyauxii Skin, Eyes, Lungs Vermillion (Legume Family) Africa Sensitizer Meliaceae Irritant, Nasopharyngeal African Walnut trichilioides (Mahogany West Tropical Africa Cancer (rare), Systemic Skin, Eyes, Systemic Family) Reaction Fabaceae Africa, Southeast Afzelia, Doussie Afzelia species Irritant, Sneezing Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Ailanthus, of Sapindaceae , Cultivated Heaven, Chinese Ailanthus altissima (Soapberry Irritant Skin Elsewhere Familly) Alaskan Yellow Cuppressaceae Northwest coast of Cedar, Nootka nootkatensis Irritant Skin ( Family) Cypress Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye), Fabaceae Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Albizia, Tanga Tanga Albizia ferruginea Tropical Africa Dizziness, Irritant, (Legume Family) Nasal, Head Nausea, Nosebleeds Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye), Fabaceae Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Albizia, Tanga Tanga Albizia versicolor Tropical Africa Dizziness, Irritant, (Legume Family) Nasal, Head Nausea, Nosebleeds Cuppressaceae Southwestern USA, Alligator Juniperus deppeana Irritant Skin, Lungs (Cypress Family) Northern Mexico

2 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article.

Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Fabaceae , , Asthma, Irritant, Amazon Dalbergia spruceana Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Sensitizer Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Nausea, Amboyna Burl Pterocarpus indicus Andaman Islands Skin, Lungs (Legume Family) Sensitizer Fabaceae Amboyna Burl Pterocarpus macrocarpus Southeast Asia Asthma, Irritant (Legume Family) American , Betulaceae ( Eastern North Carpinus caroliniana Irritant Skin Blue Family) America Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Nausea, Andaman Padauk Pterocarpus dalbergioides Andaman Islands Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Sensitizer Meliaceae , Andiroba Carapa species (Mahogany Irritant, Sneezing Skin, Eyes, Lungs Family) Mexico, Central Araracanga megalocarpon Apocynaceae America, Northern Asthma, Irritant Skin, Lungs South America (Fig Argentine Osage tinctoria Family; Mulberry Tropical America Irritant, Sensitizer Skin Orange, Fustic Family) Aromatic Red Cedar, Cuppressaceae Eastern North Juniperus virginiana Irritant Skin, Lungs Eastern Red Cedar (Cypress Family) America Australian Blackwood, Tasmania, Southeast Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Tasmanian , Widely Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Sensitizer Blackwood, Acacia Cultivated Blackwood Asthma, Extrinsic Sapindaceae Pacific Northwest of Allergic Alveolitis Bigleaf Acer macrophyllum (Soapberry Skin, Lungs North America (spalted woods), Irritant, Familly) Sensitizer Fabaceae Black Locust Robinia pseudoacacia North America Irritant, Nausea Skin, Eyes (Legume Family) Asthma, Extrinsic Sapindaceae Black Maple, Black Allergic Alveolitis Acer nigrum (Soapberry Northeast USA Skin, Lungs Sugar Maple (spalted woods), Irritant, Familly) Sensitizer Fabaceae Region Black Mesquite Prosopis nigra Irritant Skin (Legume Family) of South America

3 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article.

Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Irritant, Sensitizer, Juglandaceae Black Walnut nigra Eastern USA Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Walnut Family) (rare) Irritant, Nasopharyngeal Salicaceae Black Salix nigra Eastern USA Cancer (rare), Nausea, Lungs, Nasal (Willow Family) Sensitizer Moraceae (Fig Irritant, Nausea, Tropical South Skin, Head, Gastro- Bloodwood rubescens Family; Mulberry Salivation, Thirst America intestinal Family) (excessive) Tasmania, Southern Blue Gum, Tasmanian Myrtaceae globulus Australia, Cultivated Irritant Skin Blue Gum (Myrtle Family) in Plantations Malvaceae Cuba, Jamaica, Blue Mahoe Talipariti elatum Sneezing Lungs, Nasal (Mallow Family) Cultivated Elsewhere Mexico, Central Irritant, Sensitizer (Cross Bocote Cordia species Boraginaceae America, South Skin reactivity to other woods) America Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Bois de Rose Madagascar Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Sensitizer Meliaceae Asthma, Headache, West and Central Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Bosse, Guarea Guarea cedrata (Mahogany Irritant, Nausea, Africa Head Family) Sensitizer Meliaceae Asthma, Headache, West and Central Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Bosse, Guarea Guarea thompsonii (Mahogany Irritant, Nausea, Africa Head Family) Sensitizer Box Elder, Boxelder Asthma, Extrinsic Sapindaceae Maple, Manitoba Allergic Alveolitis Acer negundo (Soapberry North America Skin, Lungs Maple, Ash-leaved (spalted woods), Irritant, Familly) Maple Sensitizer Buxaceae Europe, Northwest Boxwood, Common sempervirens (Boxwood Africa, Southwest Irritant, Sensitizer Skin, Eyes, Lungs Box, European Box Family) Asia Brazilian Rosewood, Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Rosewood, Brazil Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Sensitizer Blisters, Headache, Brazilwood, Fabaceae Skin, Head, Gastro- Caesalpinia echinata Brazil Irritant, Nausea, Swelling Pernambuco (Legume Family) intestinal Skin

4 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article.

Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Brown , Fabaceae Caesalpinia granadillo South America Irritant Skin Guayacan (Legume Family) Brown Ebony, Fabaceae Caesalpinia paraguariensis South America Irritant Skin Guayacan (Legume Family) Brown Ebony, Fabaceae Caesalpinia pluviosa South America Irritant Skin Guayacan (Legume Family) Fabaceae Northeast South Brownheart, Wacapou Vouacapoua americana Irritant Skin (Legume Family) America Fabaceae Bubinga, Kavazingo demeusei Equatorial Africa Irritant, Skin Lesion Skin (Legume Family) Fabaceae Bubinga, Kavazingo Guibourtia pellegriniana Equatorial Africa Irritant, Skin Lesion Skin (Legume Family) Fabaceae Bubinga, Kavazingo Equatorial Africa Irritant, Skin Lesion Skin (Legume Family) Rhamnaceae Buckthorn Rhamnus species (Buckthorn Northern Hemisphere Irritant, Sensitizer Skin Family) Fabaceae and Burma Padauk Pterocarpus macrocarpus Asthma, Irritant Skin, Lungs (Legume Family) Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Burmese Blackwood Dalbergia cultrata Southeast Asia Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Sensitizer Fabaceae Myanmar, Southeast Asthma, Irritant, Burmese Rosewood Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Asia Sensitizer Camphor, Camphor Southeast Asia , Asthma, Dizziness, Skin, Lungs, Head Laurel (Laurel Family) Widely Cultivated Headaches, Irritant Pinaceae ( Cedar of Lebanon libani Mediterranean Irritant Skin, Lungs Family) Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye), Ceylon Ebony ebenum Southeast Asia Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Ebony Family) Irritant, Sensitizer Chechen, Chechem, , Southeast Black Poisonwood, Metopium brownei Mexico, Central Irritant, Sensitizer Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Cashew Family) Caribbean Rosewood America Sapotaceae Chico Zapote, Zapote, Southern Mexico, Manilkara zapota (Milkwood Irritant Nasal Sapodilla Central America Family) Meliaceae Southern Asia, Chinaberry Melia azedarach (Mahogany Headache, Irritant Skin, Lungs, Head Australia, Oceana Family)

5 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article.

Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs , Cocobola, Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Nausea, Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Dalbergia retusa Central America Cocabola (Legume Family) Sensitizer Gastro-intestinal Cocuswood, Jamaican Fabaceae ebenus Caribbean Irritant Skin Ebony (Legume Family) Coolibah, Collibah Myrtaceae Eucalyptus coolabah Australia Irritant Skin Burl (Myrtle Family) Coolibah, Collibah Myrtaceae Eucalyptus microtheca Australia Irritant Skin Burl (Myrtle Family) Cuban Mahogany, Meliaceae Southern Florida, West Indies mahogani (Mahogany Irritant Skin Caribbean Mahogany Family) Fabaceae Southwest USA, Coughing, Irritant, Desert Olneya tesota Lungs, Nasal (Legume Family) Northwest Mexico Sneezing Dizziness, Irritant, Skin, Lungs, Nasal, Pinaceae (Pine Western North Douglas Pseudotsuga menziesii Nausea, Runny Nose, Head, Gastro- Family) America Septic Wounds (splinters) intestinal East Indian Fabaceae , , Asthma, Irritant, Rosewood, Indian Dalbergia latifolia Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Indonesia Sensitizer Rosewood East Indian Headache, Irritant, Rutaceae (Citrus Central and Southern Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Satinwood, Ceylon Chloroxylon swietenia Intestinal Disorders, Family) India, Sri Lanka Gastro-intestinal Satinwood Sensitizer Juglandaceae Eastern Europe and Irritant, Nasopharyngeal English Walnut Juglans regia Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Walnut Family) Western Asia Cancer (rare) Irritant, Sensitizer, Fagaceae (Beech European Beech Fagus sylvatica Europe Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Eyes, Lungs Family) (rare) European Hornbeam, Betulaceae (Birch Carpinus betulus Europe, Western Asia Irritant Skin Common Hornbeam Family) Direct Toxin! Cardiac European Yew, Taxaceae (Yew Europe, Southwest Skin, Lungs, Head, baccata Effects, Headache, Common Yew Family) Asia Heart, Eyes Irritant, Nausea Asthma, Extrinsic Sapindaceae Field Maple, Hedge Allergic Alveolitis Acer campestre (Soapberry Europe Skin, Lungs Maple (spalted woods), Irritant, Familly) Sensitizer

6 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article.

Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Southern Mexico to Skin, Gastro- Freijo Cordia alliodora Boraginaceae Irritant, Sensitizer, Thirst Brazil intestinal Southern Mexico to Skin, Gastro- Freijo Cordia goeldiana Boraginaceae Irritant, Sensitizer, Thirst Brazil intestinal Goncalo Alves, Anacardiaceae Mexico, South Astronium gaveolens Sensitizer Skin, Eyes Tigerwood, Jobillo (Cashew Family) America Cuppressaceae USA, Gowen Cypress Cupressus goveniana Irritant Skin (Cypress Family) Coast Irritant, Wheezing, Septic Skin, Lungs, Heart, Lauraceae Northeast South Wounds (splinters), Greenheart Chlorocardium rodiei Eyes, Throat, Gastro- (Laurel Family) America Cardiac Disorders, intestinal Intestinal Disorders Mexico, Central Fabaceae Guanacaste, Parota Enterolobium cyclocarpum America, Northern Irritant Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) South America Cannabaceae Eastern North Hackberry Celtis laevigata Irritant Skin (Hemp Family) America Cannabaceae Eastern North Hackberry Celtis occidentalis Irritant Skin (Hemp Family) America Asthma, Extrinsic Sapindaceae Hard Maple, Sugar Northeast North Allergic Alveolitis Acer saccharum (Soapberry Skin, Lungs Maple, Rock Maple America (spalted woods), Irritant, Familly) Sensitizer Honduran Mahogany, Southern Mexico to Mahogany, Asthma, Boils, Dizziness, Meliaceae Central South American Mahogany, Extrinsic Allergic Skin, Eyes, Lungs, (Mahogany America; Widely Genuine Mahogany, Aveolitis, Irritant, Gastro-intestinal Family) Cultivated in Big- Mahogany, Nausea, Sensitizer Plantations Brazilian Mahogany Honduran Rosewood, Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Skin, Eyes, Lungs Honduras Rosewood (Legume Family) Sensitizer Fabaceae Southwest North Honey Mesquite Prosopis glandulosa Irritant Skin (Legume Family) America Hophornbeam, Betulaceae (Birch Eastern North Irritant Skin American Ironwood Family) America Huon Pine, Rimu, Podocarpaceae Australia, New Red Dacrydium spp (Podocarp Irritant Skin, Eyes Zealand, SE Asia Pine Family)

7 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article.

Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Huon Pine, Rimu, Podocarpaceae Australia, New New Zealand Red Lagarostrobos franklinii (Podocarp Irritant Skin, Eyes Zealand, SE Asia Pine Family) Imbuia, Embuya, Lauraceae porosa Southern Brazil Irritant Skin, Lungs Brazilian Walnut (Laurel Family) Combretacaceae Indian Laurel elliptica (White Southern Asia Irritant Skin Family) Tropical Americas, Ipe, Brazilian Walnut, Asthma, Headache, Skin, Eyes, Lungs, species Bignoniaceae Cultivated in Lapacho Irritant Head Plantations Asthma, Boils, Dizziness, Moraceae (Fig Extrinsic Allergic Family; Mulberry Tropical Africa Skin, Eyes, Lungs Alveolitis, Irritant, Family) Sensitizer Asthma, Boils, Dizziness, Moraceae (Fig Extrinsic Allergic Iroko Family; Mulberry Tropical Africa Skin, Eyes, Lungs Alveolitis, Irritant, Family) Sensitizer Fabaceae Gran Chaco Region Itin, Cranda Prosopis kuntzei Irritant Skin (Legume Family) of South America Myrtaceae Jarrah Australia Irritant Eyes, Lungs (Myrtle Family) Southern Mexico, Jatoba, Brazilian Fabaceae Central America, Hymenaea courbarii Irritant Skin Cherry (Legume Family) Northern South America, Caribbean Southern Mexico, Katalox, Mexican Fabaceae Central America, Swartzia cubensis Irritant Skin, Lungs Royal Ebony (Legume Family) Northern South America Fabaceae Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye), Kingwood Brazil Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Irritant, Sensitizer , Golden Fabaceae Central and Southern Direct Toxin! Headache, Head, Gastro- Laburnum anagyroides Chain (Legume Family) Europe Nausea, Vomiting intestinal Proteaceae Tropical South Lacewood Panopsis sessilifolia Irritant Skin (Protea Family) America

8 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article.

Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Lacewood, Brazilian Proteaceae Tropical South Lacewood, South Panopsis rubescens Irritant Skin (Protea Family) America American Lacewood Combretacaceae Southern Africa to Leadwood Combretum imberbe (White Mangrove Irritant Skin Family) Fabaceae South Asia, Widely Lebbeck, Kokko Albizia lebbeck Irritant Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Cultivated Cuppressaceae United Kingdom Cupressus X leylandii Irritant Skin (Cypress Family) (cultivated hybrid) Zygophyllaceae Central America, N Guaiacum officinale Irritant Skin (Caltrop Family) South America Zygophyllaceae Central America, N Lignum Vitae Irritant Skin (Caltrop Family) South America Asthma, Hives, Irritant, Limba, Black Limba, Combretacaceae Tropical Western Nosebleed (or bleeding White Limba, Korina, Terminalia superba (White Mangrove Skin, Lungs, Head Africa gums), Septic Wounds Afara Family) (splinters) Ebenaceae Macassar Ebony SE Asia Irritant, Sensitizer Skin (Ebony Family) Madagascar Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Madagascar Skin, Eyes, Lungs Rosewood, Palisander (Legume Family) Sensitizer Madagascar Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Dalbergia greveana Madagascar Skin, Eyes, Lungs Rosewood, Palisander (Legume Family) Sensitizer Madagascar Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Dalbergia madagascariensis Madagascar Skin, Eyes, Lungs Rosewood, Palisander (Legume Family) Sensitizer Madagascar Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Madagascar Skin, Eyes, Lungs Rosewood, Palisander (Legume Family) Sensitizer Blood Disorders, Sapotaceae Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Western and Central Dizziness, Headache, Makore Tieghemella africana (Milkwood Gastro-intestinal, Africa Irritant, Nausea, Nervous Family) Head System Disorders Blood Disorders, Sapotaceae Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Western and Central Dizziness, Headache, Makore Tieghemella heckelii (Milkwood Gastro-intestinal, Africa Irritant, Nausea, Nervous Family) Head System Disorders

9 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article.

Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Mango, Hawaiian Anacardiaceae Tropical Asia, Mangifera indica Irritant, Sensitizer Skin Mango (Cashew Family) Oceana Asthma, Cardiac Disorders, Dizziness, Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Malvaceae Western Tropical Headache, Irritant, Mansonia Mansonia altissima Heart, Head, Gastro- (Mallow Family) Africa Nausea, Nosebleed, Intestinal Sensitizer, Septic Wounds (splinters) Mediterranean Cuppressaceae Eastern Headache, Irritant, Cupressus sempervirens Skin, Head Cypress (Cypress Family) Mediterranean Sensitizer East Africa to Fabaceae Merbau bijuga Southeast Asia and Irritant Skin, Lungs (Legume Family) Australia East Africa to Fabaceae Merbau Intsia palebanica Southeast Asia and Irritant Skin, Lungs (Legume Family) Australia Mexico, Central Fabaceae Mesquite Prosopis juliflora America, South Irritant Skin (Legume Family) America Mexico, Central Mexican Cypress, Cuppressaceae America; Cultivated Irritant Skin Cedar of Goa (Cypress Family) elsewhere Sapotaceae Moabi Baillonella toxisperma (Milkwood Equatorial Africa Irritant Eyes, Nasal, Lungs Family) California Coast of Cuppressaceae USA, Cultivated in Monterey Cypress Irritant Skin (Cypress Family) North America and UK Fabaceae Mora excelsa NE South America Irritant Lungs (Legume Family) Fabaceae Mora Mora gonggrijpii NE South America Irritant Lungs (Legume Family) Southeastern Mountain Ash, Myrtaceae Eucalyptus regnans Australia, Cultivated Irritant Skin, Eyes, Lungs Victorian Ash (Myrtle Family) in Plantations Muninga, Kiaat, Fabaceae Asthma, Bronchitis, Pterocarpus angolensis South-central Africa Skin, Lungs Mukwa (Legume Family) Irritant

10 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article.

Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Coast Regions of Myrtle, Oregon Lauraceae USA: Southwest Umbellularia californica Irritant, Sensitizer Skin, Lungs Myrtle (Laurel Family) Oregon, Central California Fabaceae Narra Pterocarpus indicus Southeast Asia Asthma, Irritant Skin, Lungs (Legume Family) Northern Silky , Proteaceae Australia Cardwellia sublimis Irritant Skin Australian Lacewood (Protea Family) () Europe, Western Asthma, Extrinsic Sapindaceae Asia, Widely Allergic Alveolitis Norway Maple Acer platanoides (Soapberry Skin, Lungs Cultivated in North (spalted woods), Irritant, Familly) America Sensitizer Asthma, Irritant, (300 to 600 Fagaceae (Beech Quercus species Northern Hemisphere Nasopharyngeal Cancer Skin, Eyes, Lungs species) Family) (rare), Sensitizer Europe, Eastern Olive Olea species Oleaceae Africa, Southern Irritant, Sensitizer Skin, Eyes, Lungs Africa Osage Orange, Horse Moraceae (Fig Apple, Hedge Apple, Family; Mulberry South-Central USA Irritant, Sensitizer Skin Bois d'Arc Family) Direct Toxin! Cardiac Pacific Yew, Oregon Taxaceae (Yew Pacific Northwest of Skin, Lungs, Head, Taxus brevifolia Effects, Headache, Yew Family) North America Heart, Eyes Irritant, Nausea Southern Mexico to Partridgewood, Fabaceae inermis Northern South Coughing, Hives, Irritant Skin, Lungs Angelim (Legume Family) America Pau Ferro, Morado, Tropical South Fabaceae Bolivian Rosewood, scleroxylon America (Bolivia, Irritant, Sensitizer Skin, Eyes (Legume Family) Santos Rosewood Brazil) Fabaceae Pau Rosa Bobgunnia fisuloides African Rainforests Irritant Skin (Legume Family) Fabaceae Pau Rosa Bobgunnia madagascariensis African Rainforests Irritant Skin (Legume Family) Pau Santo, Brazilian Fabaceae Zollernia species Brazil Irritant Skin Blackheart (Legume Family)

11 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article.

Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Asthma, Irritant, Nausea, Peroba Rosa Aspidosperma polyneuron Apocynaceae Brazil, Head, Gastro- Sensitizer intestinal , White Ebenaceae Eastern USA Irritant Skin Ebony (Ebony Family) Southeast Asia, Fabaceae Irritant, Skin Pheasantwood Senna siamea Widely Cultivated Skin, Eyes (Legume Family) Discoloration elsewhere Iran, Widely Anacardiaceae Cultivated in Pistachio Pistacia vera Irritant Skin (Cashew Family) Mediterranean Climates Magnoliaceae Poplar, Tulip Poplar, Asthma, Blisters, Liriodendron tulipifera (Magnolia Eastern USA Skin, Eyes, Lungs Yellow Poplar Bronchitis, Irritant Family) Mexico, Central Fabaceae irritant, Nausea, Skin, Eyes, Gastro- Purpleheart, Amaranth species America, South (Legume Family) Sensitizer intestinal America Qeubracho, Anacardiaceae Tropical South Irritant, Nasopharyngeal Quebracho Colorado, balansae Lungs, Nasal (Cashew Family) America Cancer (rare), Nausea Red Quebracho Qeubracho, Anacardiaceae Tropical South Irritant, Nasopharyngeal Quebracho Colorado, Lungs, Nasal (Cashew Family) America Cancer (rare), Nausea Red Quebracho Qeubracho, Anacardiaceae Tropical South Irritant, Nasopharyngeal Quebracho Colorado, Lungs, Nasal (Cashew Family) America Cancer (rare), Nausea Red Quebracho Qeubracho, Schinopsis quebracho- Anacardiaceae Tropical South Irritant, Nasopharyngeal Quebracho Colorado, Lungs, Nasal colorado (Cashew Family) America Cancer (rare), Nausea Red Quebracho Rutaceae (Citrus Australia (Northern Queensland Maple Flindersia brayleyna Irritant Skin, Lungs Family) Queensland) Southern Mexico, Fabaceae Quina Myroxylon peruiferum Central, America, Irritant Skin, Lungs (Legume Family) South America Thymelaeaceae Asthma, Irritant, Septic Ramin Gonostylus species Southeast Asia Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Daphne Family) Wounds (splinters)

12 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article.

Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Asthma, Extrinsic Sapindaceae Eastern North Allergic Alveolitis Red Maple Acer rubrum (Soapberry Skin, Lungs America (spalted woods), Irritant, Familly) Sensitizer Redwood, , Asthma, Extrinsic Coast Redwood, Cuppressaceae Allergic Alveolitis, Sequoia sempervirens West coast of USA Skin, Eyes, Lungs California Redwood, (Cypress Family) Irritant, Nasopharyngeal Vavona (burl) Cancer (rare), Sensitizer Rengas, Borneo Fever, Irritant, Blisters, Anacardiaceae India to Papua New Rosewood, Tiger Gluta species Ulcers, General Skin, Systemic (Cashew Family) Rengas Symptoms Rengas, Borneo Anacardiaceae India to Papua New Blisters, Fever, Irritant, Rosewood, Tiger Melanorrhoea species Skin, Systemic (Cashew Family) Guinea Systemic Effects, Ulcers Rengas Rhodesian , Fabaceae Southern Africa, Baikiaea plurijuga Irritant Lungs Zambesi Redwood (Legume Family) Zimbabwe Meliaceae , Saplelli, (Mahogany Tropical Africa Irritant, Sneezing Skin, Lungs Sapell cylindricum Family) Siamese Rosewood, Vietnamese Fabaceae Thailand, , Asthma, Irritant, Rosewood, Thailand Dalbergia cochinchinensis Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) , Sensitizer Rosewood, Cambodian Rosewood Asthma, Extrinsic Sapindaceae Allergic Alveolitis Silver Maple Acer saccharinum (Soapberry Northeastern USA Skin, Lungs (spalted woods), Irritant, Familly) Sensitizer Northern India, Fabaceae , Pakistan, Asthma, Irritant, Sissoo, Sheesham Dalbergia sissoo Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Western Asia, Widely Sensitizer Cultivated Moraceae (Fig Northeast South Snakewood Brosimum guianense Family; Mulberry America (coast Irritant Skin, Lungs Family) regions) Rutaceae (Citrus Sneezewood Ptaeroxylon obliquum Southern Africa Irritant Lungs Family)

13 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article.

Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Australia (East Proteaceae Blisters, Irritant, Southern Silky Oak Grevillea robusta Coast); Cultivated Skin, Systemic (Protea Family) Sensitizer elsewhere Asthma, Extrinsic Sapindaceae Eastern North Allergic Alveolitis Striped Maple Acer pensylvanicum (Soapberry Skin, Lungs America (spalted woods), Irritant, Familly) Sensitizer Sumac, Staghorn Anacardiaceae Rhus species Northeast USA Blisters, Irritant Skin Sumac (Cashew Family) Altiinginaceae Sweetgum (Sweetgum Southeast USA Irritant Skin Family) Asthma, Extrinsic Sapindaceae Sycamore Maple, Europe, Southwest Allergic Alveolitis Acer pseudoplatanus (Soapberry Skin, Lungs European Sycamore Asia (spalted woods), Irritant, Familly) Sensitizer Direct Toxin! Blindness, Tambootie (Tambuti, Euphorbiaceae Skin, Eyes, Gastro- Spirostachys africana Southern Africa Gastro-intestinal Tambotie), Sandalo (Spurge Family) intestinal Disorders, Irritant Nothofagaceae Southeast Australia Tasmanian Myrtle Nothofagus cunninghamii (Southern Beech Irritant Eyes, Lungs and New Zealand Family) Moraceae (Fig Northeast South Tatajuba guianensis Family; Mulberry Irritant Skin America Family) Asthma, Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye) Extrinsic Southern Asia, Allergic Alveolitis Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Teak, Burmese Teak grandis Lamiaceae Cultivated in (spalted woods), Irritant, Gastro-intestinal Plantations Nausea, Sensitizer, Vision Disorders Cuppressaceae Mediterranean (Atlas Thuya (burl) articulata Irritant Skin, Eyes (Cypress Family) Mountains) Tulipwood, Brazilian Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Dalbergia decipularis Northeast Brazil Skin, Eyes, Lungs Tulipwood (Legume Family) Sensitizer

14 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article.

Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Tzalam, Caribbean Fabaceae Mexico, Central Walnut, Sabicu, False Lysiloma bahamense Runny Nose Nasal (Legume Family) America Tamarind Tzalam, Caribbean Fabaceae Mexico, Central Walnut, Sabicu, False Lysiloma latisiliquum Runny Nose Nasal (Legume Family) America Tamarind Meliaceae Utile, Sipo, Sipo West and Central (Mahogany Irritant Skin Mahogany Africa Family) Central America, Zygophyllaceae Verawood Bulnesia arborea Northern South Sneezing Nasal, Lungs (Caltrop Family) America Central America, Zygophyllaceae Verawood Northern South Sneezing Nasal, Lungs (Caltrop Family) America Southern Mexico, Wamara, Fabaceae Central America, Swartzia benthamiana Irritant Skin, Lungs Rosewood (Legume Family) Northern South America Southern Mexico, Wamara, Guyana Fabaceae Central America, Swartzia leiocalycina Irritant Skin, Lungs Rosewood (Legume Family) Northern South America Gastro-intestinal Disorders, Irritant, Skin, Eyes, Lungs, Fabaceae Wenge Central Africa Nervous System Head, Gastro- (Legume Family) Disorders, Sensitizer, intestinal Septic Wounds (splinters) Blisters, Gastro-intestinal West Indian Rutaceae (Citrus Zanthoxylum flavum Caribbean Disorders, Irritant, Skin Satinwood Family) Sensitizer Yellowheart, Pau Rutaceae (Citrus Euxylophora paraensis Brazil Irritant Skin Amarello Family) Yucatan Rosewood, Fabaceae Central and South Asthma, Irritant, Rosewood, Dalbergia tucurensis Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) America Sensitizer Nicaraguan Rosewood

15 Table 1. Woods known to have wood toxicity effects, arranged by trade name. Adapted from references cited in article.

Trade Name(s) Botanical name Family Distribution Reported Symptoms Affected Organs Fabaceae Zebrawood, Zebrano Microberlinia brazzavillensis West Africa Sensitizer Skin, Eyes (Legume Family) Mexico, Central Irritant, Sensitizer, Cross Ziricote Cordia dodecandra Boraginaceae Skin America reactivity to other woods Zitan, Red Fabaceae Asthma, Irritant, Nausea, , Red SE India Skin, Eyes, Lungs (Legume Family) Sensitizer

16