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Version Finale UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Mémoire en vue de l’obtention du Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies (DEA) en Biologie et Ecologie Végétales Option : Ecologie Végétale EVALUATION ECOLOGIQUE ET DYNAMIQUE DE REGENERATION NATURELLE DE QUATRE ESPECES CIBLES DE CONSERVATION (Dalbergia baronii, Dalbergia monticola , Ocotea racemosa et Ocotea laevis ) DANS LA FORET D’AMBOHILERO, DIDY ANDRIANASOLO , 2011 Présenté par ANDRIANASOLO Tanjanomenjanahary (Maître ès Sciences) Soutenu publiquement le 21 Novembre 2013 devant la commission d’examen composée de Président : Pr. RAKOUTH Bakolimalala Examinateurs : Dr. RAFIDISON Verohanitra Dr. RABARISON Harison Rapporteur : Dr. ROGER Edmond UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO FACULTE DES SCIENCES DEPARTEMENT DE BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Mémoire en vue de l’obtention du Diplôme d’Etudes Approfondies (DEA) en Biologie et Ecologie Végétales Option : Ecologie Végétale EVALUATION ECOLOGIQUE ET DYNAMIQUE DE REGENERATION NATURELLE DE QUATRE ESPECES CIBLES DE CONSERVATION (Dalbergia baronii, Dalbergia monticola , Ocotea racemosa et Ocotea laevis ) DANS LA FORET D’AMBOHILERO, DIDY Présenté par ANDRIANASOLO Tanjanomenjanahary (Maître ès Sciences) Soutenu publiquement devant la commission d’examen composée de Président : Pr. RAKOUTH Bakolimalala Examinateurs : Dr. RAFIDISON Verohanitra Dr. RABARISON Harison Rapporteur : Dr. ROGER Edmond Photo de couverture : Forêt d’Ambohilero, commune de Didy « Confie---toi-toi en l’Eternel de tout ton cœur, et ne t’appuie pas sur ta sagesse» Proverbe 3 :5 A mes parents, pour leur soutien inconditionnel REMERCIEMENTREMERCIEMENTSSSS Mes premiers mots de reconnaissance et de gratitude sont pour notre Seigneur Dieu qui, par son immense grâce, nous a tenus la main tout au long de ce travail. A Lui seul soit la Gloire aux siècles des siècles …. Ce travail est le fruit de la collaboration entre le Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales de la Faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo et le projet COGESFOR. Ainsi, j’adresse mes vifs remerciements à tous ceux qui m’ont aidé à mener à terme ce travail par leurs appuis moraux et financiers, par leur sollicitude, par leur bonne volonté, par leurs conseils et enseignements. Je remercie Docteur ROGER EDMOND et Docteur RADIMBISON AgnèsAgnès, Maîtres de conférences à la Faculté des Sciences, Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, mes encadreurs, qui malgré leurs nombreuses responsabilités ont sacrifié leurs temps pour me coordonner et ont donné sans réserve leurs opinions pour la réalisation de ce travail. Ma gratitude va envers Professeur RAKOUTH BakolimalalaBakolimalala, enseignant- chercheur à la faculté des Sciences de l’Université d’Antananarivo, de m’honorer de sa présence en présidant le jury de ce mémoire. Je témoigne également toute ma gratitude envers Docteur RAFIDISON Verohanitra et Docteur RABARISON HarisonHarison, Maîtres de conférences à la Faculté des Sciences, qui malgré leurs occupations m’ont fait l’honneur et le plaisir d’examiner ce mémoire et d’apporter leurs remarques rigoureuses, pertinentes et instructives à l’amélioration de ce travail. A tous les membres du projet COGESFOR Antananarivo et Didy, pour leurs conseils et assistance technique ainsi que l’appui financier et matériel dont j’ai bénéficié. Qu’ils sachent combien j’ai estimé leurs aides précieuses. Je remercie aussi l’administration et le corps Professoral de la Faculté des Sciences, notamment ceux du Département de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, pour les enseignements théoriques et pratiques qu’ils ont prodigués durant mes années d’études. Je remercie toute ma famille de leur précieux soutien tout au long de la réalisation de ce travail, ainsi que mes amis pour leur encouragement. A tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à l’accomplissement de ce travail, MERCIMERCI. Tanja TABLE DES MATIERES REMERCIEMENTS ................................................................................................................ i LISTE DES CARTES ............................................................................................................... i LISTE DES TABLEAUX ......................................................................................................... i LISTE DES FIGURES .............................................................................................................. i LISTE DES PHOTOS .............................................................................................................. ii LISTE DES PLANCHES ......................................................................................................... ii LISTE DES ANNEXES ........................................................................................................... ii ACRONYMES ......................................................................................................................... iii GLOSSAIRE ............................................................................................................................ iv INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 1 Première partie : MILIEU D’ETUDE .................................................................................. 1 1. SITUATION ADMINISTRATIVE ET LOCALISATION GEOGRAPHIQUE DE LA ZONE D’ETUDE .................................................................................................................... 4 2. MILIEU PHYSIQUE ...................................................................................................... 5 2.1. Climat ............................................................................................................................................. 5 2.2. Hydrographie, géomorphologie et géologie ................................................................................. 6 3. MILIEU BIOLOGIQUE ................................................................................................. 6 3.1. Flore et Végétation ........................................................................................................................ 6 3.2. Faune .............................................................................................................................................. 7 4. CONTEXTE SOCIO-ECONOMIQUE ........................................................................... 8 4.1. Démographie .................................................................................................................................. 8 4.2. L’homme et ses activités ............................................................................................................... 8 Deuxième Partie : MATERIELS ET METHODES D’ETUDE 1. MATERIELS BIOLOGIQUES ..................................................................................... 10 1.1. Choix des especes cibles .............................................................................................................. 10 1.2. Reconnaissance et détermination des espèces étudiées ............................................................ 10 1.3. Description des espèces étudiées ................................................................................................ 10 2. METHODES D’ETUDES ............................................................................................. 13 2.1. Etudes préliminaires ................................................................................................................... 13 2.2. Méthodes d’études écologiques de la végétation ....................................................................... 13 2.3. Analyses de données .................................................................................................................... 20 3. UTILISATION ET MENACES SUR LES ESPECES CIBLES ET LEUR HABITAT .. 23 3.1. Enquêtes ethnobotaniques .......................................................................................................... 23 3.2. Menaces et perturbations des habitats ...................................................................................... 24 4. TRAITEMENT NUMERIQUE DES DONNEES .......................................................... 24 Troisième partie: RESULTATS ET INTERPRETATIONS 1. CARACTERISTIQUES DES SITES D’ETUDE ........................................................... 26 2. CARACTERES FLORISTIQUES ET BIOLOGIQUES DE LA FORET D’AMBOHILERO ................................................................................................................ 27 2.1. Richesse floristique de la forêt d’Ambohilero ........................................................................... 28 2.2. Structure de la végétation des sites d’études ............................................................................. 29 3. ECOLOGIE DES POPULATIONS DES ESPECES CIBLES ....................................... 36 3.1. Densité spécifique des espèces cibles: ........................................................................................ 36 3.2. Régénération naturelle ................................................................................................................ 37 3.3. Surface terrière de la forêt et Potentialité en bois .................................................................... 42 4. PRESSIONS ET MENACES ........................................................................................ 44 4.1. Utilisations des espèces cibles ....................................................................................................
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