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Project Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia Woods and Rosewood Oil by NIRS Technology –NIRS ID

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Project Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia Woods and Rosewood Oil by NIRS Technology –NIRS ID Project Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia Woods and Rosewood Oil by NIRS Technology –NIRS ID. The project has been financed by the CITES Secretariat with funds from the European Union Consulting objectives: TO SELECT INTERNATIONAL OR NATIONAL XYLARIUM OR WOOD COLLECTIONS REGISTERED AT THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF WOOD ANATOMISTS – IAWA THAT HAVE A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF SPECIES AND SPECIMENS OF THE GENUS DALBERGIA TO BE ANALYZED BY NIRS TECHNOLOGY. Consultant: VERA TERESINHA RAUBER CORADIN Dra English translation: ADRIANA COSTA Dra Affiliations: - Forest Products Laboratory, Brazilian Forest Service (LPF-SFB) - Laboratory of Automation, Chemometrics and Environmental Chemistry, University of Brasília (AQQUA – UnB) - Forest Technology and Geoprocessing Foundation - FUNTEC-DF MAY, 2020 Brasília – Brazil 1 Project number: S1-32QTL-000018 Host Country: Brazilian Government Executive agency: Forest Technology and Geoprocessing Foundation - FUNTEC Project coordinator: Dra. Tereza C. M. Pastore Project start: September 2019 Project duration: 24 months 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION 05 2. THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS DALBERGIA 05 3. MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 NIRS METHODOLOGY AND SPECTRA COLLECTION 07 3.2 CRITERIA FOR SELECTING XYLARIA TO BE VISITED TO OBTAIN SPECTRAS 07 3 3 TERMINOLOGY 08 4. RESULTS 4.1 CONTACTED XYLARIA FOR COLLECTION SURVEY 10 4.1.1 BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 10 4.1.2 INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA 11 4.2 SELECTED XYLARIA 11 4.3 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY OF DALBERGIA SAMPLES IN THE BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 13 4.4 RESULTS OF THE SURVEY OF DALBERGIA SAMPLES IN THE INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA 14 5. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 19 6. REFERENCES 20 APPENDICES 22 APPENDIX I DALBERGIA IN BRAZILIAN XYLARIA 22 CACAO RESEARCH CENTER – CEPECw 22 EMÍLIO GOELDI MUSEUM – M. Goeldi – MGw 22 FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF PARANÁ – UFPR 22 FOREST INSTITUTE OF SÃO PAULO – SPSFw 23 FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY – FPBw 24 INSTITUTE FOR TECHNOLOGICAL RESEARCH OF SÃO PAULO IPT – BCTw 26 NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR AMAZONIAN RESEARCH – INPAw 30 RIO DE JANEIRO BOTANICAL GARDEN – RBw 30 UNIVERSITY OF SÃO PAULO – SPFw 33 3 VALE CORPORATION – CVRDw 34 APPENDIX II DALBERGIA IN INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA 35 BELGIUM, TERVUREN – Tw 35 ENGLAND, ROYAL BOTANIC GARDEN KEW - K-Jw 40 FRANCE CIRAD - CIRAD CTFw 43 MEXICO, MEXICO UNAM - UNAM MEXUw 51 MEXICO, XALAPA Mexico – XALw 53 NETHERLANDS, LEIDEN - Dw, Lw, RTIw, Uw, WAGw, WLw, WIBw 54 UNITED STATES, MADISON - MADw e SJRw 59 UNITED STATES, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION WASHINGTON – Usw 68 APPENDIX III INTEGRATION OF DATA FROM BRAZILIAN AND INTERNATIONAL XYLARIA IN SPECIES ALPHABETICAL ORDER 71 APPENDIX IV CONTACT INFORMATION FOR THE SELECTED XYLARIA 119 APPENDIX V SAMPLE IDENTIFICATION FORM PROPOSAL FOR SPECTRA DATA COLLECTION 121 4 1 INTRODUCTION The Project "Rapid and field identification of Dalbergia wood and Rosewood oil by NIRS technology" aims to: 1) build models for wood identification/classification from 20 Dalbergia species and 2) build an exploratory identification model for rosewood oil (Aniba roseodora). To build models that make it possible to identify/classify woods from 20 Dalbergia species as proposed in the project, it is necessary to obtain spectra from a large number of wood samples (ca. 50) from different specimens of each species of the Dalbergia genus. To achieve this goal, spectra will be collected from wood samples deposited at the international wood collections of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew (London / England); Smithsonian Museum (Washington / USA); CIRAD (Montpellier, France); Hamburg (Germany); and the People's Republic of China (Beijing), as previously planned in the scope of the project. In addition, spectra will also be obtained from the national wood collections as the Botanical Garden - R-Bw (Rio de Janeiro); IPT-BCTw (São Paulo); INPA - INPAw (Manaus), and Belém - RBHw (Belém). To create robust identification models for about twenty species of the Dalbergia genus, as accounted in the project, it is necessary to obtain spectra from the largest possible number of specimens per species and to check for which species there is enough material and which xylaria are likely to be visited to obtain spectra. For this, it is necessary to carry out an updated survey on the Brazilian and international xylaria to check the material available in the collections to be sampled. 2 THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS DALBERGIA The genus Dalbergia L.f, belonging to the Fabaceae family (Leguminosae- Papilionoideae), occurs naturally in the tropical regions of Asia, Africa, Central America, South America, and the Caribbean. The number of species in this genus is not yet defined, and ongoing research with different technologies to identify this large and dominant group of species is still under progress. The Plant List, a database produced in collaboration between the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and Missouri Botanical Garden www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=dalbergia which presents plant species from around the world, lists 648 Dalbergia species with different status: accepted; synonym; and unresolved, of which only 287 are considered as accepted species. At www.worldfloraonline.org, a Consortium of botanical research institutions from various continents, 726 entries for the genus Dalbergia are also presented with different statuses. The International Legume Database Information Service ILDIS established by legume specialists ildis.org has 445 Dalbergias listed, also with different types of status: accepted, synonym, and provisional. To check the status of each of the species listed in ILDIS, it is necessary to do a species search. Brazilian Flora, maintained by the Instituto Rio de Janeiro Botany Garden, considers 39 species of the Dalbergia genus as valid, 21 5 of which are endemic to Brazil; and 13 synonyms, with species at the level of variety and sub-species. The Tropicos database of the Missouri Botanical Garden/USA www.tropicos.org/nameSearch lists 607 entries for the genus, and like the other websites, it is necessary to do an individual search to find out the number of species considered accepted. The websites' information analyzed, points to a very diversified genus and still has many uncertainties in identifying species. Also, the exact number of valid species can only be established by exploring a comprehensive bibliography of taxonomic research. Dalbergias can exhibit multiple habits; they can grow as trees, shrubs, vines/winding/climbing plants. The Rapid-Field Identification of Dalbergia woods and Rosewood Oil by NIRS Technology - NIRS ID project will focus on wood-producing trees species, especially those frequent in international trade. Many tree species of this genus are economically important due to their woods' high quality, notably used in the manufacture of musical instrument components. However, overexploitation, predatory exploration, and habitat fragmentation is often a cause of species becoming endangered in the tropics. Dalbergia nigra, commercially called jacarandá-da-Bahia, is the most wanted species within the genus; it became highly threatened by the international trade, culminating in its inclusion in CITES APPENDIX I in 1992; therefore, illegal to harvest. The large volume of wood traded in the international market, belonging to additional Dalbergia species, continued to be very expressive and, in 2017, led CITES signatory countries to include all species of the genus Dalbergia in APPENDIX II (UNEP-WCMC 2014). Considering that it is necessary to enforce international legislation with the inclusion of the genus in APPENDIX II, species identification is the first step to control international trade. A large number of species, a wide geographic distribution, and a significant similarity of the woods to each other make international trade face great difficulty in differentiating Dalbergia woods from each other and, in many cases, determining their origin. Since in international trade, for commercial purposes, wood species are found as logs or previously prepared pieces, lacking leaves, seeds, and flowers, so it is necessary to use precise identification methods that can be carried out at checkpoints. There are several methods of identification, including genetic, chemical, and visual methods. Most methods require the sample to be transported to a laboratory for analysis. The most used method in practice for species identification is wood anatomy, with the use of various tools and resources to facilitate identification such as CitesWood ID 2014; identification keys, such as CORADIN et al. (2010); and remote identification in which images are captured in loco, transmitted to the laboratory for the anatomist to carry out the identification in real-time. However, the wood anatomy within Dalbergia species is very similar, making it difficult for enforcement agents to separate them and often incur misidentification. The identification by wood anatomy requires highly qualified technical personnel with knowledge of wood anatomy, which 6 is only possible with several years of experience in the area, considering the diversity of wood producing species. 3 MATERIAL AND METHODS 3.1 NIRS METHODOLOGY AND SPECTRA COLLECTION The NIRS methodology can be an excellent tool with the advantage of almost eliminating human error and can be used as a rapid identification method in the field, with accurate and real-time response, given that it is based on a robust spectral database to create species identification models. To obtain spectra and construct the model, it is necessary to obtain multiple samples previously identified by
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