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NSOH ADE GABRIEL AGANA Final Copy 05-10-2015.Pdf KWAME NKRUMAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE OF DISTANCE LEARNING COLLEGE OF SCIENCE DEPARTMENT OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED BIOLOGY RATE OF TIMBER PRODUCTION IN BIBIANI ANHWIASO BEKWAI DISTRICT IN THE WESTERN REGION OVER A PERIOD OF ELEVEN YEARS (2002-2012) AND ITS IMPLICATION ON SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT THIS THESIS IS PRESENTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF THEORETICAL AND APPLIED BIOLOGY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT FOR THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE BY NSOH ADE GABRIEL AGANA OCTOBER, 2015 DECLARATION “I declare that I have wholly undertaken this study reported therein under the supervision of Dr. Ebenezer J. D. Belford and that except portions where references have been duly cited, this thesis is the outcome of my research”. Date……………………………… ……………………………………. NSOH ADE GABRIEL AGANA (STUDENT) Date……………………………… ……………………………………. DR. EBENEZER J. D. BELFORD (SUPERVISOR) Date……………………………… ……………………………………. HEAD OF DEPARTMENT i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ‘‘It never happens without help’’. - Tom Clancy I thank God Almighty for his inexplicable grace, empowerment and granting me the ability, strength and wisdom throughout this study. I wish to acknowledge with thanks, the guidance, support and encouragement I received from many people whose contributions in diverse ways enabled me to complete this study. First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. Ebenezer J. D. Belford, Lecturer at the Department of Theoretical and Applied Biology of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology for his immense help, support, advice, encouragement and critical insightful contributions towards this study regardless of his busy schedules. I also extend my heartfelt appreciation to Mr. Yahanes Dissou Arthur, a Lecturer at the University of Education Winneba (UEW), Northern Campus for the help accorded me in analyzing the data of this thesis. I thank Mr. Solomon Nyamaah, a Range Supervisor with the Forest Services Division, Bibiani and Messrs Johannes Vidufe Aborgeh and Elorm John Amengor, National Service Personnel for their assistance on the field. I also thank Mr. Tony Adams Tulasi of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology for the insightful contributions towards this study. I thank my wife Christiana and children (Gifty, Hannah, Gideon, Princess, Solomon, Lucky and David) for their inspiration and prayers. I am also grateful to my brothers and sisters for their encouragement. ii ABSTRACT Timber production data are very essential for sustainable management of forest resources. In Ghana and most developing countries the rate of timber harvesting is increasing alarmingly, leading to depletion and degradation of forest resources. In a bid to investigate the rate of depletion of timbers in Ghana, the rate of timber harvesting in the On and Off reserve areas in the Bibiani Anhwiaso Bekwai Forest District of the Western Region, was evaluated over the period 2002 to 2012. Sampling in the On and Off reserves was conducted during an eight months period in 2013. A total of 57 different indigenous hardwood species in 22 families were identified to be harvested from both On and Off reserve areas. The data obtained from the Forest Services Division official records (monthly and annual report files) were on the species, volume and number of different economic timber species exploited on monthly basis from 2002 to 2012. The number and volume of timber species harvested from the forest reserves (On reserve) was higher and significantly different (p<0.05) than those harvested from the Off reserve areas over the period of eleven years. The total number of stems (trunk) exploited from the forest ecosystem of the district during the period of eleven years was 18,885 with an estimated volume of 211,719.215m3. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in timber logging between the years 2002 to 2012. In the Off-reserves, 22 species out of 57 sampled were harvested whilst in the On reserve 56 species were harvested. The age of the timber trees harvested ranged from 4 to 190 years. The trend revealed that economic timber species were disappearing from the forest. Celtis zenkeri, Triplochiton scleroxylon, Piptadeniastrum africanum, Celtis mildbreadii and Ceiba pentandra were the most exploited species. The New National Forest Plantation Development Program has not been able to meet its intended target, introduced to bridge the gap between rates of extraction and planting. Only 1163.77 hectares were planted out of the total target of 2164.80 hectares during the period 2010 - 2013. The principles for achieving the goals of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) and urgent conservation measures must be monitored to mitigate the consequences of forest degradation in Ghana. iii Table of Content DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................................... i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................................... ii ABSTRACT ...........................................................................................................................................iii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................... vi LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ..............................................................................................................viii CHARPTER ONE .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Main Objective ............................................................................................................................. 3 1.3 Specific Objectives ....................................................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................................... 4 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................. 4 2.1 Brief Historical Overview and Perspective of Sustainable Forest Management ......................... 4 2.2 Forestry and its importance .......................................................................................................... 6 2.2.1 Classification of Forests ............................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Forest Reserves ........................................................................................................................... 12 2.3.1 Importance of reserves ............................................................................................................... 13 2.3.2 Forest products and their economic importance ........................................................................ 15 2.4 Forestry and Timber ................................................................................................................... 16 2.4.1 Foresters ..................................................................................................................................... 17 2.4.2 Forestry Plans ............................................................................................................................. 18 2.4.3 Our Timber ................................................................................................................................. 19 2.5 Logging ...................................................................................................................................... 20 2.5.1 Clear-cutting ............................................................................................................................... 21 2.5.2 Logging methods ........................................................................................................................ 21 2.5.2.1 Tree-length logging ............................................................................................................ 22 2.5.2.2 Full-tree logging ................................................................................................................. 22 2.5.2.3 Cut-to-length logging ......................................................................................................... 22 2.6 Sustainable Forest Management ................................................................................................ 23 2.6.1 Decentralization of Forest Management .................................................................................... 24 2.7 Sustainable Forest Management Partnership – Ghana ............................................................... 26 2.7.1 Objectives of Collaborating Partners ......................................................................................... 27 iv CHAPTER THREE .............................................................................................................................
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