SECTION 3 Lumber Table of Contents

Home , Anigre, Mahogany, Rift sawing, Tectona

Architectural Woodwork Standards

LUMBER 3s e c t i o n SECTION 3 Lumber table of contents

Introductory INFORMATION Pine, Southern Yellow...... 51 Pine, Sugar...... 51 Introduction...... 46 Poplar, Yellow...... 51 Lumber...... 46 Redwood...... 52 Architectural Woodwork Standards...... 46 Teak...... 52 Wood as a Plant...... 46 Walnut, American Black...... 52 Annual Rings...... 46 Other Species...... 52 Softwoods and Hardwoods...... 46 Endangered Species...... 52 Heartwood...... 46 Use of Reclaimed Timber...... 52 Sapwood...... 47 Engineered Products...... 53 Medullary Rays...... 47 Aesthetic Characteristics...... 53 Photodegradation...... 47 Color...... 53 Oxidation...... 47 Sapwood and Heartwood...... 53 Comparative Table of Wood Species...... 47 Grain...... 53 Specie Descriptions Open Grain and Closed Grain...... 53 Alder, Red...... 49 Figure...... 53 Anigre...... 49 Finishing Characteristics...... 53 Ash, White...... 49 Methods of Sawing...... 53 Basswood...... 49 Plain Sawn...... 53 Beech, American...... 49 Quarter Sawn...... 54 Beech, European...... 49 Rift Sawn...... 54 Birch, Yellow...... 49 Availability and Size Limitations...... 54 Cedar, Western Red...... 49 Veneered Construction...... 54 Cherry, American Black...... 50 Dimension Stability, Relative Humidity and Moisture Content...... 54 Cypress, Yellow...... 50 Adaptability for Exterior Use...... 55 Fir, Douglas...... 50 Preservative Treatments...... 55 Hickory, Pecan Group...... 50 Flame Spread Classification...... 55 Hickory, True Group...... 50 Fire Retardant Wood...... 56 Mahogany, African...... 50 Specify Requirements For...... 57 Mahogany, American...... 50 Makore...... 50 Maple, Soft Group...... 50 Maple, Hard Group...... 50 Oak, English Brown...... 51 Oak, Red...... 51 Oak, White...... 51 Pecan...... 51 Pine, Ponderosa...... 51 Pine, Eastern White...... 51

Compliance Requirements Basic Material Rules...... 60 Finished Thickness...... 61 GENERAL Finished Width...... 61 Basic Considerations...... 58 Machine Sanded...... 61 Grades...... 58 Hardwood Material Rules...... 61 Lumber Association Grades...... 58 Applying To...... 61 Lumber Rules...... 58 Gluing for Thickness...... 61 Contract Documents...... 58 Gluing for Width...... 61 Transparent Finishes...... 58 Oak, Rift Grain...... 62 Engineered Wood...... 58 Natural Ash, Birch and Maple...... 62 Reconstituted Wood...... 58 Maximum Length...... 62 Special and Unusual Characteristics...... 58 Opaque Finish...... 63 Mahogany, American...... 58 Not Matching for Color...... 63 Lauan, Tanguile...... 58 Filling...... 63 Cherry, Walnut...... 58 Quantity, Spacing and Distribution of Industry Practices...... 59 Natural Characteristics...... 63 Gluing...... 59 Natural Characteristics (permitted)...... 63 Specification...... 59 Transparent Finish...... 64 Species...... 59 Matching...... 64 PRODUCT Filling...... 64 Scope...... 60 Quantity, Spacing and Distribution of Default Stipulation...... 60 Natural Characteristics...... 64 Rules...... 60 Natural Characteristics (permitted)...... 64 Errata...... 60 Softwood Material Rules...... 66 Basic Rules...... 60 Applying To...... 66 Aesthetic...... 60 Gluing for Width...... 66 Visible Surfaces...... 60 Gluing for Thickness...... 66 Board...... 60 Maximum Length...... 66 Member...... 60 Opaque Finish...... 66 Lumber...... 60 Filling...... 66 Moisture Content...... 60 Quantity, Spacing and Distribution of Natural Characteristics...... 66 Exterior...... 60 Natural Characteristics (permitted)...... 66 Gluing...... 60 Transparent Finish...... 67 Adhesive...... 60 Filling...... 67 Philippine Mahogany...... 60 Natural Characteristics (permitted)...... 67 Species Not Specifically Covered...... 60 Natural Characteristics (size)...... 67

INTRODUCTION Lumber grades should always be referenced when ANNUAL RINGS specifying architectural woodwork. Selection of Section 3 is the first of two “material” sections and an AWS Grade (Economy, Custom, or Premium) Most species grown in temperate climates covers hardwood and softwood lumber. Included is for the finished product will define both materials produce well-defined annual growth rings, which a basic primer identifying wood characteristics and and workmanship for that product. Lumber grades are formed by the difference in density and considerations. Basic rules pertaining to all solid defined by the lumber manufacturers’ associations color between wood formed early and late in the wood as well as specific Hardwood Rules and allow some defects which the manufacturer must growing season. The inner part of the growth ring Softwood Rules make up most of this section. remove (cut out), or otherwise work around (by formed first is called “spring wood,” and the outer gluing, etc.). part formed later in the growing season is called Quality assurance can be achieved by adherence “summer wood.” 3 to the AWS and will provide the owner a quality The architect and designer may make his selection product at competitive pricing. Use of a qualified from a large variety of foreign and domestic Spring wood is characterized by cells having Sponsor Member firm to provide your woodwork species, now commercially available. The unique relatively large cavities and thin walls. Summer will help ensure the manufacturer’s understanding quality that wood imparts to design is that each wood cells have smaller cavities and thicker of the quality level required. Illustrations in this species has its own distinguishing characteristics. walls, and consequently are more dense than Section are not intended to be all inclusive, other Once the species is chosen, its effectiveness may spring wood. The growth rings, when exposed engineered solutions may be acceptable. In the vary according to the manner in which it is sawn, by conventional methods of sawing, provide the absence of specifications; methods of fabrication sliced as veneer, treated, and finished. grain or characteristic pattern of the wood. The are the manufacturer’s choice. The design This Section is designed to advise the architect distinguishing features of the various species are professional, by specifying compliance to the AWS and designer in the comparisons, considerations, thereby enhanced by the differences in growth ring increases the probability of receiving the product and species which should be evaluated before formation. quality expected. decisions are made and specifications are written. This Section will help you correlate and tabulate Some tropical species, on the other hand, LUMBER the information needed. An informed choice experience year long even growth which may will reward the owner with the best possible result in less obvious growth rings. Lumber used in architectural woodwork is divided performance by a natural building material. into two groups: SOFTWOODS and HARDWOODS • Hardwoods: Lumber obtained from WOOD AS A PLANT angiosperms, usually deciduous trees (broad Native species of trees and the wood produced leaf trees). There are more angiosperms The trunk and its branches: The cross section of by these trees are divided into two botanical on Earth than any other plant group, over a tree shows the following well-defined features classes: hardwoods, which have broad leaves; 200,000 species. About 900 of those species in succession from the outside to the center: (1) and softwoods, which have needle‑like or are commonly available for lumber or veneer bark and cambium layer, (2) wood, which in most scale‑like leaves. This botanical classification is throughout the world. species is clearly differentiated into sapwood and sometimes confusing, because there is no direct heartwood, and (3) pith, the small central core. correlation between calling a species a hardwood • Softwoods: Lumber obtained from The pith and bark, of course, are excluded from or softwood and the hardness or softness of the gymnosperms, about 600 of which are finished lumber. wood itself. Generally, hardwoods are more dense coniferous trees such as pine, spruce and fir. than softwoods, but some hardwoods are softer The gymnosperms are among the largest and Most branches originate at the pith, and their than many softwoods. If hardness is a desired oldest living plants. bases are inter-grown with the wood of the trunk characteristic, refer to the Comparative Table of The above groups have no relationship to the as long as they are alive. These living branch Wood Species later in this section. density or “hardness” within or between various bases constitute inter-grown or tight knots. After species. Some softwoods are harder than some the branches die, their bases continue to be HEARTWOOD hardwoods, and hardness varies greatly between surrounded by the wood of the growing trunk and species within each group. therefore loose or encased knots are formed. Heartwood consists of inactive cells formed After the dead branches fall off, the stubs become by changes in the living cells of the inner ARCHITECTURAL WOODWORK STANDARDS overgrown, and subsequently clear wood is sapwood rings, presumably after their use for (AWS) formed. sap conduction and other life processes of the tree have largely ceased. The cell cavities of The selection of the proper wood species Growth in thickness takes place in the cambium heartwood may also contain deposits of various for an architectural design can be the end layer by cell division. No growth in either diameter materials that frequently provide a much darker result of a number of contributing factors and or length takes place in wood already formed; new color. Not all heartwood, however, is darker. conditions. Intended use, costs, hardness, and growth is purely the addition of new cells, not the relative stability are among many important further development of existing cells. considerations.

The in fi l tra tions of material de pos it ed in the cells oXIdAtIon coMpArAtIVe tABle oF Wood specIes of heart wood usually make lumber cut from there more durable when ex posed to weather. All wood, Oxidation is the effect on the appearance of In or der to sim pli fy spe cies selection, the following with the possible ex cep tion of the heartwood exposed wood faces caused by exposure to Com par a tive Table of Wood Species has been of Redwood and Western Red Cedar, should atmosphere. This is analogous to browning pre pared showing pertinent char ac ter is tics of be preservative-treated when used for exterior reactions in freshly cut fruit; for instance, apples. some species of domestic and foreign woods used ap pli ca tions. Hardwoods can develop deep yellow to reddish by the architectural wood work industry. The table brown discolorations on the surface of the wood can aid a design professional in proper species sApWood when exposed to air immediately after sawing or selection after studying the char ac ter is tics. peeling. Sapwood con tains liv ing cells and Careful analysis of the table will make it possible 3 per forms an ac tive role in the life Cambium layer Bark Heartwood Medullary Rays for an architect, designer or specifi cation writers Pith pro cess es of the tree. It is lo cat ed Sapwood (who may have only a limited knowledge of next to the cam bi um and func tions ar chi tec tur al wood species) to make an informed in sap con duc tion and stor age selection. It is our intent that this tool will enhance of food. Sap wood com mon ly understanding between the man u fac tur er of the rang es from 1” to 2” (25- wood work you have designed and your pro fes sion, 50 mm) in thick ness. thereby en abling the building industry to better The Ma ples, Hick o ries, service the client. Ash es, and some of the South ern Yel low Pines • cost has been broken into Low, Moderate, and Pon de ro sa Pine may High, and Very High (V. High). The cost have sap wood 3” to 6” of lumber, as with other commodities, is (76-152 mm) in thick ness, influenced by supply and demand, both of es pe cial ly in sec ond which are constantly changing. growth trees. • Hardness is broken into Soft, Medium, Hard MedullAry rAys and Very Hard and takes into consideration the ability of the lumber species to sustain stress; Med ul lary rays ex tend ra di al ly Springwood resist indentation, abuse and wear; and to carry from the pith of the log to ward its anticipated load in applications such as Summer- the cir cum fer ence. The rays serve wood shelving and structural members. pri ma ri ly to store food and trans port it • dimensional stability is helpful in selecting hor i zon tal ly. They vary in height from a few Annual rings cells in some spe cies to four or more inches in woods for use where humidity conditions may vary widely and where design or fabrication of the Oaks, and pro duce the fl eck (some times called These Figure: 3-001 a wood product does not allow free movement fl ake) ef fect com mon to the quar ter-sawn lum ber discolorations are or the use of sheet products. The column in these spe cies. especially noticeable on Cherry, Birch, Red Alder, figures indicate extreme conditions and show Sycamore, Oak, Maple, and Sweet Gum. Some the maximum amount of movement possible pHotodeGrAdAtIon species, such as Alder, Oak, Birch, and Maple, in a 12” (305 mm) wide piece of unfinished develop these discolorations during air-seasoning. Photodegradation is the effect on the appearance wood where its moisture content increases A related gray stain on several varieties of of exposed wood faces caused by exposure to or decreases from 10% to 5%. The possible Southern Oaks also appears to be oxidative in both sun and artifi cial light sources. If an entire change in dimension dem on strates that nature. Proper selection, sanding, and fi nishing face is exposed to a light source, it will photo- unfinished interior woodwork must be carefully can minimize the effects of oxidation. Care should degrade somewhat uniformly and hardly be protected prior to finishing by keeping it in be taken when using fi ller, as it might not change noticeable, whereas partially exposed surfaces rooms where relative humidity is between 25% the same as the wood. or surfaces with shadow lines might show and 55%. The col umn also shows the variation nonuniform photodegradation. Some woods, such between species, and between flat grain and as American Cherry, Fir and Walnut, are more edge grain where such cuts are available susceptible than others, and extra care should be com mer cial ly. taken to protect against the effects of nonuniform photodegradation.

Table: 3-002 - COMPARATIVE WOOD SPECIE VALUES

Practical Size Limits (2) Dimensional Species Costs (1) Hardness Thickness Width Length Stability (3) 1 1 Alder, Red Low 1- /2" 5- /2" 10’ Soft 10/64" 1 1 Anigre High 1- /2” 5- /2” 12’ Very Hard No data 1 1 Ash, White Moderate 2- /2" 5- /2" 12’ Hard 10/64" 1 1 Basswood Low 2- /2" 5- /2" 10’ Soft 10/64" 1 1 Beech, American Low 1- /2" 5- /2" 12’ Hard 14/64" 1 1 Beech, European Moderate 2- /2” 7- /2” ’16’ Hard No data 3 1 1 Birch, Yellow - natural Moderate 1- /2" 5- /2” 12 Hard 12/64" 1 1 Birch, Yellow - select red Moderate 1- /2” 4- /2” 11 Hard 12/64” 1 Birch, Yellow - select white Moderate 1- /2" 4" 11’ Hard 12/64" 1 Cedar, Western Red High 3- /4" 11" 16’ Soft 10/64" 1 Cherry, American Black High 2- /2" 4" 7’ Hard 9/64" 1 Fir, Douglas - flat grain High 3- /4" 11" 16’ Medium 10/64" 1 Fir, Douglas - vertical grain High 1- /2" 11" 16’ Medium 6/64" 1 1 Hickory, True Group Low 1- /2" 4- /2" 12’ Very Hard 11/64" 1 Mahogany, African - plain sawn High 2- /2" 9" 15’ Medium 7/64" 1 1 Mahogany, African - quarter sawn V. High 2- /2" 5- /2" 15’ Medium 5/64" 1 Mahogany, American High 2- /2" 11" 15’ Medium 6/64" 1 1 Makore High 1- /2” 5- /2” 12’ Very Hard No data 1 1 Maple, Hard - natural Moderate 3- /2" 7- /2" 12’ Very Hard 12/64" 1 1 Maple, Hard - select white Moderate 2- /2" 5- /2" 12’ Very Hard 12/64" 1 1 Maple, Soft - natural Moderate 3- /2" 7- /2" 12’ Medium 9/64" 1 1 Oak, English Brown V. High 1- /2" 4- /2" 8’ Hard No data 1 1 Oak, Red - plain sawn Moderate 2- /2" 7- /4" 12’ Hard 11/64" 1 1 Oak, Red - rift sawn High 1- /16" 3- /2" 8’ Hard 7/64" 1 1 Oak, Red - quarter sawn High 1- /16" 5- /2" 8’ Hard 7/64" 1 1 Oak, White - plain sawn Low 1- /2" 5- /2" 10’ Hard 11/64" 3 Oak, White - rift sawn High /4" 3" 8’ Hard 7/64" 3 Oak, White - quarter sawn High /4" 4" 8’ Hard 7/64" 1 1 Pecan Group, Hickory Low 1- /2" 4- /2" 12’ Hard 11/64" 1 1 Pine, Eastern or Northern White Moderate 1- /2" 9- /2" 14’ Soft 8/64" 1 1 Pine, Ponderosa Moderate 1- /2" 9- /2" 16’ Soft 8/64" 1 1 Pine, Southern Yellow Low 1- /2" 7- /2" 16’ Medium 10/64" 1 Pine, Sugar Moderate 3- /4" 11” 16’ Soft 7/64" 1 1 Poplar, Yellow Low 2- /2" 7- /2" 12’ Medium 9/64" 1 Redwood, flat grain heartwood Moderate 2- /2" 11" 16’ Soft 6/64" 1 Redwood, vert. grain heartwood Moderate 2- /2" 11" 16’ Soft 3/64" 1 1 Teak V. High 1- /2" 5- /2" 8’ Hard 6/64" 1 Walnut, American Black Moderate 2- /2" 4" 6’ Hard 10/64" (1) Market conditions will cause these relationships to vary. These are raw costs without consideration of labor. (2) Maximum practical sizes without lamination/gluing. Only 10% of any order is required to be at maximum sizes. (3) These figures represent possible width change in a 12" (304.8 mm) board when moisture content is reduced from 10% to 5%. Figures taken are for plain sawn unless indicated otherwise in the species column.

ALDER, RED (Alnus rubra) BASSWOOD (Tilia americana) BIRCH, YELLOW - natural, select red, select white (Betula alleghaniensis) Red Alder (also know as Oregon, Pacific Coast Basswood is well suited to woodcarving and and Western Alder) has become an important pattern making. Its critical quality is there being Yellow Birch has been and continues to be one of utility lumber. Stable, economical and plentiful, it is no contrast between early wood and late wood. the prominent wood species used for architectural used as a core for veneer and in the solid for mass This is unusual in wood, as normally the late woodwork. This is due not only to its attractive produced furniture. The inner bark turns a reddish wood would tear as you attempt to work against appearance but also to its general availability orange when exposed to the air, hence the name. its natural bias. Otherwise basswood is almost both as lumber and as veneered products, its Sourced predominately from the states of Oregon featureless. Creamy white to light tan in color with adaptability to either paint or transparent finish, and Washington. Varies in color from almost a pink hue; yellows when a finish is applied. Has a and its abrasion resistance. The heartwood of white to pale pinkish brown and there is no visible straight grain with fine and even texture. Shrinkage the tree varies in color from medium to dark 3 boundary between heartwood and sapwood. in width and thickness during drying is high; brown or reddish brown while its sapwood, which Moderately light in weight and intermediate in most however, seldom warps in use. comprises a better than average portion of the strength properties with relatively low shrinkage. tree, is near white. Despite its wide usage some BEECH, American (Fagus grandfolia) confusion exists as to the common terms used ANIGRE (Aningeria poteria) to describe Birch lumber and/or veneer. Virtually Beech grows in Eastern U.S. and adjacent all commercially used Birch is cut from the Yellow Anigre grows in Africa and is most common in the Canadian Provinces. Color varies from nearly Birch tree, not from the White Birch tree, which tropical areas of east Africa. The color varies from white sapwood to reddish brown heartwood; botanically is a distinct species. The term “Natural” light yellowish brown with a pinkish tinge in the however, sometimes there is no clear demarcation or “Unselected” Birch means that the lumber heartwood to golden brown. The grain is straight between them. Heavy in weight with hard and or veneer may contain both the sapwood, or with uniform texture but can be wavy producing a strong properties that are highly suitable for white portion, as well as the heartwood, or dark mottled figure. Overall working characteristics are steam bending. Machines smoothly, wears well, portion, of the tree in unrestricted amounts. The fair. Good nailing, screwing, gluing and staining is well suited for turning and is easily treated with term “Select Red” Birch describes the lumber properties. Used for cabinetwork and furniture. preservatives. Used for flooring, furniture, veneer, or veneer produced from the heartwood portion woodenware and when treated, for railroad ties. of the tree, and the term “Select White” Birch ASH, WHITE (Fraxinus americana) describes the lumber or veneer produced from BEECH, EUROPEAN (Fagus sylvatica) the sapwood portion of the tree. To obtain “Red” While White Ash has always enjoyed widespread or “White” Birch exclusively requires selective European Beech grows from the southern parts of use for industrial products where hardness, shock cutting with corresponding cost premium as well Scandinavia to Sicily and from the French Atlantic resistance, stability and strength were important, as considerable restriction on the width and length coast to Poland. The color varies from pale pink its acceptance for architectural woodwork is availability in lumber form. Birch, in veneer form, brown heartwood to reddish brown tone when increasing. It is open grained and has a strong is readily available in all “selections” and is usually steamed and may have some dark veining. The and pronounced grain pattern. The heartwood is rotary cut. While some sliced veneer is produced grain is straight and fine with an even texture. The light tan or brown and its sapwood creamy white. which simulates the same grain effect as lumber, steam bending properties are exceptionally good. Color contrast between the two is minor and its its availability and cost reflect the same cutting Stains well and is permeable for preservation blonde effect makes it particularly appealing when restrictions that are incurred in producing the treatment. Used for cabinetwork, furniture, a light or near natural finish is desired. Finished “select” forms of Birch lumber. with darker tones it presents a bold effect. Its cost flooring, heavy construction and marine piling (when pressure treated). is moderate and it is readily available in lumber CEDAR, WESTERN RED (Thuja plicata) form. In veneered form some size limitation may be experienced but it can be easily produced on Found in the Pacific Northwest and along the special order. Pacific Coast to Alaska. With nearly white sapwood which is typically narrow, its heartwood runs reddish or pinkish brown to dull brown. It is generally straight grained with uniform coarse grain. With very low shrinkage, its lightweight, moderately soft, low in strength; however, very resistant to decay. Principally used for shingles, exterior siding, decks, standing and running trim, sash and doors.

CHERRY, AMERICAN BLACK (Prunus serotina) HICKORY, TRUE GROUP (Carya ovata, glabra, MAKORE (Tieghemella heckelii, Tieghemella and lacinosa) africana) Wild Black American Cherry is a fine and especially stable close grained cabinet and veneer Harvested typically in the Middle to Southern Makore grows in Western and Middle Africa. The wood. Its heartwood color ranges from light to Atlantic and Central U.S. The sapwood is white color varies from pink to reddish brown. The grain medium reddish brown. Its sapwood, which is a and usually quite wide with reddish heartwood. has a fine texture with closed pores and can be light creamy color, is usually selectively eliminated It is extremely tough, heavy, hard, strong and straight, interlocked or wavy. Generally easy to from the veneer and lumber. In some respects experiences considerable shrinkage in drying. work, although sections with interlocked grain it resembles Red Birch, but has a more uniform Typically used for implement handles, ladder can cause tear out during planing. Suitable for grain and is further characterized by the presence rungs, furniture and flooring. turning and is easy to glue and finish. Used for 3 of small dark gum spots which, when sound, are cabinetwork, furniture, flooring, boat building and not considered as defects but add to its interest. MAHOGANY, AFRICAN - (Khaya ivorensis) turned objects. Cherry is available in moderate supply as lumber and architectural paneling and is usually plain This, one of the true Mahoganies, is perhaps MAPLE, SOFT GROUP (Acer saccharinum, sawn or sliced. Exceptionally rich appearance is the most widely used of the several Mahogany rubrum, negundo and macrophyllum) achieved with transparent finishes which, together species. This is due to its excellent cutting and with its machining characteristics, justifies its working characteristics and versatility. While its Typically found in Eastern U.S. with some in the identity with Early American cabinetry and furniture use has been largely for interior purposes, its Oregon Pacific Coast. Similar in appearance to manufacturing, thus adding to its prestige as one innate stability and moderate decay resistance hard Maple, heartwood is somewhat lighter in of our most desirable native woods. justifies its consideration for selected and color than sapwood and wider. Soft Maple is not demanding exterior applications. It has a very as heavy, heard or strong as Hard Maple. Typically FIR, DOUGLAS - (Pseudotsuga taxifolla) pleasing open grain, with its heartwood ranging used for railroad ties, furniture, veneer and in color from light to medium dark reddish brown. wooden ware. Douglas Fir is a large, fast growing species and In lumber form it is more readily available as is native to the northwest. It accounts for much of plain sawn and selectively so as quartersawn. MAPLE, HARD GROUP - natural or select white the lumber produced in North America. While the In veneer form the quarter or “ribbon striped” cut (Acer saccharum and nigrum) preponderance of its production is developed for predominates, but plain sliced, as well as many structural and construction type products, some of of the exotic “figure” cuts, can be produced on Hard Maple is very similar in general its upper grades are used for stock millwork and special order. characteristics to Yellow Birch. It is heavy, hard, specialized woodwork. Its heartwood is reddish strong, and resistant to shock and abrasion. tan while its sapwood is creamy yellow. Since MAHOGANY, AMERICAN (Swietenia macrophylla The heartwood of the tree is reddish brown and its growth rings are conspicuous, a rather bold - CITES listed) its sapwood is near white with a slight reddish grain pattern develops when either plain sawn for brown tinge. Another natural characteristic is the lumber or rotary cut as is common in plywood. This Mahogany species is commonly known as prevalence of dark mineral streaks (predominantly Some lumber and veneer is cut edge or vertical “Honduras Mahogany,” but actually encompasses in the heartwood), which can be minimized in grain, producing a superior form of the product all of this species that grow throughout Mexico, the sapwood by selective cutting. Like Birch, since the tendency to “grain‑raise” is greatly Brazil, Peru, and Central America. Its traditional common usage of descriptive terms does reduced. identity with casework and furniture justifies occasion some confusion. The term “Natural” or its position as one of the finest woods for “Unselected” Maple indicates that the lumber or HICKORY, PECAN GROUP (Carya cordiformis, this purpose. Its stability, workability, warm veneer may contain both the white sapwood and illinoensis, aquatica and myristiciformis) appearance, and firm grain make it a favorite of the darker heartwood. The term “White” Maple all woodworking craftsmen. It is a semi open grain means that the lumber or veneer is selected Harvested typically in the Eastern half of the wood, with its heartwood color ranging from light and separated from the pieces containing the U.S. Sapwood is white to nearly white and tan to a rich golden brown depending to some dark heartwood. Unlike Birch, the heartwood is relatively wide with somewhat darker heartwood. extent on the country of its origin. Its outstanding so low in content that no comparable selection Predominately used for implement handles, stability and decay resistance expands its potential is available. Maple’s close identity with furniture furniture and decorative paneling. to include exterior applications for “monumental” and specialized industrial use overshadows its projects. It is most generally available as plain potential for architectural woodwork. Its modest sawn lumber and plain sliced veneer with different cost, and pleasing, mild grain pattern warrants its veneer cuts available on special order. consideration, especially on items subject to hard usage.

OAK, ENGLISH BROWN (Quercus robur) OAK, WHITE (Quercus alba) PINE, SOUTHERN YELLOW - short leaf (Pinus echinata) The English Brown Oak, or Pollard Oak is a tree White Oak, like Red Oak, is perhaps one of the which varies in height from 60’-130’ (18-40 m) best known hardwoods in the world, and its use Southern Yellow Pine, commonly called Short depending on soil conditions. It varies in color for architectural woodwork is widespread. It is hard Leaf Pine, is commercially important in Arkansas, from a light tan to a deep brown with occasional and strong. Its heartwood has good weathering Virginia, Missouri, Louisiana, Mississippi, Texas, black spots. It produces burls and swirls which characteristics, making its use for selected exterior and South and North Carolina, and is found in are very brittle and fragile, but beautiful work can applications appropriate. It is open grained varying abundance from New York and south be obtained with their use. English Brown Oak is and in its plain sawn form is highly figured. The central Pennsylvania, south and westerly to considered one of the finest woods in use today. heartwood varies considerably in color from light eastern Texas and Oklahoma. The yellowish wood English Brown Oak is obtained from trees which grayish tan to brown, making the maintenance is noticeably grained, moderately hard, strong, and 3 have had their tops cut out before reaching of color consistency difficult. Its sapwood is stiff. A cubic foot of air dried Southern Yellow Pine maturity. This pruning leads to the production of much lighter in color, is fairly prevalent, and its weighs 36 to 39 pounds. It is used extensively a number of new branches around the cut, and elimination is accomplished by selective ripping. in house building, including framing, ceiling, if these are subsequently lopped off, more new White Oak is often rift sawn or sliced, producing weather boarding, panels, window and door branches are formed. This wood is difficult to a very straight grained effect or frequently quarter frames, casing, and carved work. The grain shows season and to work, tending to warp and twist sawn or sliced, producing straight grain, but well in natural finish or when stained. Frames of in drying and to tear in working. The best figure with the fleck (sometimes called flake) of the overstuffed furniture, chairs, desks, agricultural is obtained from trees which have been cut out medullary ray greatly pronounced. The special machinery, wood pulp, mine props, barrels, and regularly every few years, the branches never cuts mentioned are more readily attained in veneer crates are also made of this Pine. being left sufficiently long for the production of form since the solid lumber cutting techniques large knots. The constant exposure of freshly cut greatly restrict its width and length potential. PINE, SUGAR (Pinus lambertiana) surfaces promotes attack from parasites, the result being that a considerable portion of these trees PECAN - (see Hickory, Pecan Group) The world’s largest species of pine typically found become decayed sooner or later. This has made in California and South Western Oregon. It’s the timber relatively scarce and costly. PINE, PONDEROSA (Pinus ponderosa) heartwood is buff to light brown and sometimes tinged with red. It’s straight grained with fairly OAK, RED - (Quercus rubra) Ponderosa Pine is said to be the softwood species uniform texture, low shrinkage and dimensionally most commonly used for exterior and interior stable, lightweight, soft, and moderately low in Red Oak is one of the most abundant of our woodwork components. Its heartwood is tannish strength and stiffness. Used almost exclusively for domestic hardwoods. Its moderate cost, strength, pink, while its sapwood is a lighter creamy pink. Its boxes, sashes, doors, frames, general millwork wearability, and appealing grain characteristics supply is extensive; found in commercial quantities and foundry patterns. make its use widespread. It is open grained in every state west of the Great Plains. Ponderosa and in its plain sawn or sliced form expresses a Pine grows in pure stands and is abundant in POPLAR, YELLOW (Liriodendron tulipfera) very strong “cathedral” type grain pattern. The mixed stands. Also, like most Pines, the proportion heartwood is reddish tan to brown and very of sapwood is high and its heartwood has only a Yellow Poplar, sometimes incorrectly called uniform in color. Its sapwood is lighter in color moderate natural decay resistance. Fortunately, its “Whitewood,” is an extremely versatile and and minimal in volume, making its elimination receptivity to preservative treatment is high, and moderately priced hardwood that is well adapted by selective cutting very easy. Red Oak is since all Pines should be so treated when used on to general interior woodwork usage. It is even also available in rift sawn or sliced form, which the exterior, it can be used interchangeably with textured, close grained, stable, of medium produces a very uniform straight grained effect. them. hardness, and has an inconspicuous grain pattern. Less frequently it is quarter sawn or sliced, still The heartwood is pale greenish yellow while producing a straight grain but with the fleck PINE, EASTERN WHITE (Pinus strobus) the sapwood is white. Occasional dark purple (sometimes called flake) of the medullary ray streaks also occur. The tight, close grain results accented. Some sacrifice in width and length Found from Maine to Northern Georgia and in outstanding paintability, while its modest figure availability occurs when producing either rift or the Great Lake States, it is typically called and even texture permits staining to simulate quarter sawn lumber. White Pine. Heartwood light brown, often with more expensive hardwood. Due to its indistinct a reddish tinge and turns darker when exposed grain figure, Poplar is seldom used for decorative to air. Has relatively uniform texture, straight veneered products. Its white sapwood is not grain, low shrinkage and high stability. It’s light appropriate for use in exterior applications. weight, moderately low in strength and stiffness. Extensively used in patterns, sash, doors, furniture, interior woodwork, knotty paneling and caskets.

REDWOOD - heartwood (Sequoia sempervirens) WALNUT, AMERICAN BLACK (Juglans nigra) USE OF RECLAIMED TIMBER AND LUMBER

Redwood is the product of one of nature’s most American Black Walnut is perhaps our most highly Interest in timber reclaimed from old logs cut from impressive accomplishments. The enormous prized domestic wood species. Its grain pattern old growth forests and lumber salvaged from old size and unique inherent characteristics of variations are extensive and in veneered form structures has increased recently. this tree produce a material ideally suited for produces, in addition to its normal plain sliced cut, exterior applications. Its heartwood color is a quartered or “pencil striped” as well as specialty Sources and types of reclaimed materials coming fairly uniform brownish red, while its very limited cuts such as crotches, swirls, burls, and others. from underwater salvage as well as demolished sapwood is lemon colored. In its plain sawn form Its heartwood color varies from gray brown to buildings and structures vary greatly in their medium “cathedral” type figure develops, while dark purplish brown. The sapwood, which is very type, quality, availability. aesthetics and cost. A 3 in the vertical grain a longitudinal striped figure prevalent in solid lumber, is cream colored and its sample of the material used for selection may not results. Its availability in “all heartwood” form complete elimination by selective cutting is very match actual available material in species, color, with its outstanding natural resistance to decay costly. Fortunately, if this natural effect is felt to be texture, surface quality or structural composition accounts for its wide usage for exterior purposes. undesirable, its appearance can be neutralized by when it comes time to make a purchase. Design It is considered a very stable wood and its paint sap staining in the finishing process. The growth professionals and specifiers should be aware retention qualities are excellent. Redwood’s conditions of Walnut result in significant width and of the limitations of availability of species, cut, principal identity with painted exterior application length limitations in its lumber form. Its potential is quantity, lead time, waste factor and cost of should not preclude its consideration for either best expressed in veneered products. material. These materials are normally sold “as is” exterior or interior use with transparent finish. Its and are not returnable. pleasing and uniform color lends to a variety of OTHER SPECIES such finishes suggesting the warmth and honesty Design professionals need to be aware that of wood in its natural state. The size of the trees There are many other species, both domestic there is no NHLA Grade for reclaimed materials, yields lumber of unusually character free widths and imported, used in woodworking. Nearly all therefore there are no measurable characteristics and lengths. are ecologically sound and appropriate for use. and defects established by which to reject Using hardwoods for architecture gives value unsuitable materials once they are delivered. TEAK (Tectona grandis) to the species, encouraging improved forest It is advisable that the design professional and management techniques and the continuation of woodworker see the material at the supplier to Teak is one of the most versatile and valuable the species. determine the availability and suitability for the woods and has attained great prestige value. The intended use. figure variations are extensive and it is available ENDANGERED SPECIES in both lumber and veneered products. Adding to Logs harvested over 100 years ago and its appeal is its distinctive tawny yellow to green to For a current list of endangered species see the transported by water often sank en route to mills. dark brown color, often with light and dark accent Convention on International Trade in Endangered The resulting “lost underwater forest” lay on the streaks. It is perhaps most appealing in plain sawn Species (CITES) Appendix I restricted table at bottoms of rivers and lakes until recently as proper or sliced cuts. While it has unique stability and www.cites.org. environmental and mechanical procedures for weathering properties, making it ideal for exterior retrieving them have been developed. applications, its high cost usually limits its use to decorative interior woodwork, most often in veneer Reclaimed submerged materials are utilized in all form. Its great beauty and interest dictate it being aspects of construction of furniture, architectural finished in its near “natural state.” woodwork and musical instruments. Submerged lumber is generally processed in both solid lumber, plain sliced and rotary veneer.

The uniqueness of the harvesting procedures, the high quality of the material and unusual aesthetic qualities are a few of desirable traits associated with this special material.

ENGINEERED PRODUCTS • Grain - The appearance produced by the METHODS OF SAWING arrangement of wood fibers and pores of the Structural Composite Lumber (SCL) — A man species. Lumber grain may not match veneer Lumber is typically furnished plain sawn unless made composite that utilizes grain oriented wood grain. otherwise specified. Sawing methods, and the strands from a variety of tree species, providing selection of boards after sawing the log, as shown an alternative to dimension lumber. The material • Open Grain and Closed Grain - Open below, produce the following types of lumber: is engineered for strength and stability. While SCL grain woods are said to be ring porous and Plain Sawn is not really “lumber,” it is marketed as a lumber usually show a distinct grain pattern. Close Tangential grain substitute. SCL can be specified as core, stile grain woods are said to be diffuse-porous backers, and core for stiles and rails, so long as with even grain. The size and distribution of all other criteria of the AWS are met in relation to the cellular structure of the wood influences 3 its use. the appearance and uniformity. Open grain hardwoods, such as Elm, Oak, Ash, and Radial grain Quarter Sawn ±60-90 AESTHETIC CHARACTERISTICS Chestnut are ring-porous species. These species have distinct figure and grain patterns. “Rift” Characteristics ±30-60 One of the qualities which contributes to the Close grain hardwoods, such as Cherry, Maple, widespread use of wood is the option offered for Birch, and Yellow Poplar, are diffuse-porous Figure: 3-003 species. Most North American diffuse-porous aesthetic selection. It varies between species, • Plain Sawn - Plain sawing, the most common woods have small, dense pores resulting in between two logs of the same species, and type of lumber sawing, yields broad grain, the less distinct figure and grain. Some tropical between two boards from the same log. Aesthetic widest boards and least waste. The annular diffuse-porous species (e.g., Mahogany) have considerations in specifying wood are influenced rings are typically 30 degrees or less to the rather large pores. by the following characteristics: face of the board. • Color - The basic hue of the species, which • Figure - Various species produce different may be further enhanced by the finishing grain patterns (figures), which influence the process employed. selection process. There will be variations of • Sapwood and heartwood - The color of wood grain patterns within any selected species. within a tree varies between the “sapwood” The manufacturer cannot select solid lumber (the outer layers of the tree that continue cuttings within a species by grain and color in to transport sap), which is usually lighter in the same manner in which veneers may be color than the “heartwood” (the inner layers selected. in which the cells have become filled with natural deposits). If desired, sapwood may • Finishing Characteristics - The many species Plainsawn Lumber Figure: 3-004 be stained in the finishing process to blend of wood vary considerably in their receptivity with the heartwood. This difference in color to the multitude of finishing processes on the is so pronounced in certain species that market. Some woods, because of their open the sapwood is marketed under a different pores, will accept fillers while tighter grained nomenclature from the heartwood. woods will not. Some will show greater contrast between the “early wood” and the “late wood” Some examples are: when stained than others. Design professionals should take into consideration the finish that • Select White Birch - sapwood of Yellow or will be applied when selecting a particular Paper Birch species. Consult with a Sponsor Association • Select Red Birch - heartwood of Yellow Birch member about finishing prior to selection or Riftsawn Lumber • Natural Birch - both sapwood and heartwood specification. Providing large samples of the of any Birch desired finish to manufacturers during the design phase and bidding process will assure • Select White Ash - sapwood of White or the designer of obtaining an acceptable final Green Ash product, while enabling the manufacturer to • Select Brown Ash - heartwood of Black Ash be aware of exactly what is required. Lumber might not accept transparent finishes in the • Natural Ash - both sapwood and heartwood same manner as veneer and special finishing of any Ash techniques may be required. • Select White Maple - sapwood of the Sugar Quartersawn Lumber Maple

METHODS OF SAWING (continued) AVAILABILITY and SIZE LIMITATIONS DIMENSIONAL STABILITY, RELATIVE HUMIDITY, and MOISTURE CONTENT • Quarter Sawn - Most often cut as Rift and The supply of lumber is in constant flux throughout Quartered, and then sorted for appearance, the world. It is affected by many factors such All woods are affected significantly by moisture Plainsawnquarter sawn Lumber lumber is available in certain as current demand, export regulations of the and to a lesser degree by heat. Lumber swells and species, yields a straight grain, narrow boards, country of origin, natural forces of weather, fire, shrinks primarily in two directions: thickness and and fleck (sometimes called flake) or figure disease, political situations, etc. Certain trees width. There is insignifcant change in length. The which runs across the grain in some species (species) naturally grow larger, thus producing changes in dimension due to moisture vary with (notably the Oaks). Dimensional stability across longer and wider lumber. Other trees are smaller different species, thus influencing the selection of the grain is the best. The annular rings run and produce narrow and shorter boards. The lumber to use and the design elements. 3 approximately 60 to 90 degrees to the face of manufacturer must work with the available lumber, the board, with the optimum being 90 degrees. which must be considered when selecting any Prevention of dimensional problems in Quartered lumber is generally narrower and species. Consult a Sponsor Association member architectural woodwork products as a result of more expensive than plain sawn of the same before specifying an uncommon species, or uncontrolled relative humidity is possible. Wood products perform, as they have for centuries, Riftsawnspecies. Lumber thickness, and/or long lengths which may not typically be available. If available, the cost may be with complete satisfaction when correctly substantially higher. Economies can be realized designed and used. Problems directly or indirectly by detailing and specifying thicknesses and widths attributed to dimensional change of the wood within the finish sizes of these standards. are usually, in fact, the result of faulty design or improper humidity conditions during site storage, Veneered construction installation, or use.

Lumber can be used to secure wide and thick Wood is a hygroscopic material, and under members in species with limited cutting potential. normal conditions all wood products contain An acceptable technique is to apply thin lumber some moisture. Wood readily exchanges this Quartersawn Lumber Figure: 3-005 or veneer to the faces and edges of a compatible moisture with the water vapor in the surrounding density lumber, structural composite lumber (SCL), atmosphere according to the relative humidity. • Rift Sawn - Rift sawing produces small flecks or a medium density fiberboard core. In high humidity, wood picks up moisture and caused by cutting through the wood rays. Only swells. In low humidity, wood releases moisture certain species produce these flecks, primarily Lumber or Veneer Face and shrinks. As normal minor changes in humidity Red and White Oak. Rift cutting reduces occur, the resulting dimensional response in .yield and increases cost. The annular rings properly designed construction will be insignifcant run about 30 to 60 degrees to the face of the Core To avoid problems, it is recommended that the board, with the optimum being 45 degrees. appropriate recommendations from Section 2 of Plainsawn Lumber Lumber edges the AWS be maintained. Uncontrolled extremes are likely to cause problems. Together with proper Figure: 3-007 design, fabrication, and installation, humidity control is the important factor in preventing dimensional change problems. The book Understanding Wood by Bruce Hoadley contains excellent data of wood and moisture.

EXPANSION Due to Moisture in the Air 7-1/8" 7-1/4" (181 mm) (184 mm)

Riftsawn Lumber Figure: 3-006

25% relative humidity 85% relative humidity

Expansion of 1" x 8" x 10' (25.4 x 203 x 3,048 mm) Figure: 3-008 When relativity humidity increases from 25% to 85%

Quartersawn Lumber

ADAPTABILITY FOR EXTERIOR USE PRESERVATIVE TREATMENTS SHRINKAGE Due to Drying WIDTH Years of performance have shown certain species Modern technology has developed methods of (Tangential) treating certain species to extend their life when LENGTH 5%-10% to be more durable for exterior applications. (Longitudinal) Heartwood shall be furnished when these species exposed to the elements. Some lumber species 0.1%-0.2% are designated for external use, excluding used for exterior architectural woodwork may the sapwood. The following is a list of species be treated with an industry tested and accepted generally considered acceptable for exterior use, formulation. One such formulation is a liquid THICKNESS (Radial) from USDA’s The Wood Handbook (latest edition), containing 3-iodo-2-propynyl butyl carbamate 2%-5% published by their Forest Products Laboratory: (IPBC) as its active ingredient, which must be used according to manufacturer’s directions. • Cherry, Black 3 Shrinkage of 1" x 8" x 10' (25.4 x 203 x 3,048 mm) Dried from Green to Oven Dry • Chestnut The Window & Door Manufacturers Association Approximates: 3/64” (1.2 mm) in thickness 3/4” (19 mm) in width • Douglas, Fir (WDMA), through the treatments and coatings 1/8” (3.2 mm) in length committee, has reviewed information from third TS=2RS Tangential Shrinkage • Eastern and Western Red Cedar Figure: 3-009 party testing laboratories which indicates that Approximates Twice the Radial Shrinkage the number of formulations at the stated in use Wood is anisotropic in its shrinkage • Locust, Black concentration meet the requirements of WDMA characteristics. It shrinks most in the direction • Mahogany, American I.S.4 (latest edition). The formulations are of the annual rings when it loses moisture from • Oak, White acceptable for use under the WDMA Hallmark the cell walls. This illustration from USDA’s The Water Repellent Non Pressure Preservative Wood Handbook (latest edition), published by their • Redwood, heartwood Treatment Certification Program and are adopted Forest Products Laboratory, shows the typical • Spanish Cedar to meet all requirements. distortion of cuts from various parts of a log. • Teak, old growth Flame Spread ClassificatioNS Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) has a long tradition as a species resistant to decay, but This is the generally accepted measurement for beware! There are at least nine other species of fire rating of materials. It compares the rate of four different genus which are marketed under flame spread on a particular species with the rate the common name cypress. Only the heartwood of flame spread on untreated Oak. Most authorities of Baldcypress, often marketed as Tidewater or accept the following classes for flame spread: Red Cypress, is decay resistant. Sinker Cypress, that is old trees which have been brought up from • Class I or A. 0-25 below water in which they have been submerged • Class II or B. 26-75 for some time and properly cured and dried, is

Figure: 3-010 also resistant. None of this Cypress will come • Class III or C. 76-200 from new cutting, but as salvaged wood. Moisture can also cause iron stain (oxidation) in wood, also referred to as blue/black stain. Iron stain is a natural reaction of acids with iron, oxygen, and moisture (either high relative humidity or direct moisture) in wood. Control of moisture is a simple way to protect wood products from iron stain.

Table: 3-011 - Flame Spread and FIRE RETARDANT WOOD According to the traditional model codes in the Smoke Developed Indexes USA and subject to local code modifications, The natural fire retardant qualities and untreated wood and wood products can usually Common woods species, adapted from USDA’s acceptability of treatments vary among the be used in up to 10% of the combined surface The Wood Handbook (latest edition), published by species. Where items of architectural woodwork area of the walls and ceiling. Casework, their Forest Products Laboratory, and based on are required to have a flame spread classification furniture, and fixtures are rarely fire rated, and 3/4” (19 mm) thick solid lumber: to meet applicable building and safety codes, the can be built of combustible materials. choice of lumber species must be a consideration. Flame Smoke Most treated species are structural softwoods. Species Spread Developed 3 Index Index Following are some references to assist in SOFTWOODS making these choices. Additional data on various species may be available from USDA’s The Wood Yellow Cedar 78 90 Handbook (latest edition), published by their Baldcypress 145 - 150 --- Forest Products Laboratory. Cedar, Western Red 70 213 • Built-up construction to Improve Fire Rating: Fir, Douglas 70 - 100 --- In lieu of solid lumber, it is often advisable, Fir, Pacific Silver 69 58 where a fire rating is required, to build up Hemlock, Western 60 - 75 --- members by using treated cores clad with untreated veneers not thicker than 1/28” Pine, Eastern White 85 - 215 --- (1 mm). Some existing building codes, except Pine, Ponderosa 105 - 230 --- where locally amended, provide that facing Pine, Red 142 229 materials 1/28” (1 mm) or thinner finished Pine, Southern 130 - 195 --- dimension are not considered in determining the flame spread rating of the woodwork. Pine, Western White 75 --- Redwood 70 --- In localities where basic model building codes have been amended, it is the responsibility Spruce, Eastern 65 --- of the specifier to determine whether the Spruce, Sitka 74 - 100 --- application of the facing material specified will meet the code. HARDWOODS • Fire retardant treatments (FRT): Some Birch, Yellow 105 - 110 --- species may be treated with chemicals to Cottonwood 115 --- reduce flammability and retard the spread of flame over the surface. This usually involves Maple 104 --- impregnating the wood, under pressure, with Poplar, Yellow 170-185 --- salts suspended in a liquid. The treated wood Oak, Red / White 100 100 must be re-dried prior to fabrication. FRT wood Sweetgum 140-155 --- may exude chemicals in relative humidity above 85%, damaging finishes and corroding Walnut 130 - 140 --- metals in contact with the FRT surface. Consult with a manufacturer about the resulting appearance and availability of treated woods prior to specification.

Hardwoods currently being treated (Flame spread less than 25) include 4/4 Red Oak, and 4/4 to 8/4 Poplar. These woods can be machined after treatment, although machining may void the label classification. Fire retardant treatment does affect the color and finishing characteristics of the wood.

SPECIFY requirements for • If none of the above species is specified, these standards require exterior woodwork • Uniform color; special finishing tech- to be treated with an industry-tested and niques might be required (see Section 5). accepted preservative formulation listed by WDMA. • Special characteristics, such as sapwood, heartwood, ribbon stripe, quarter sawn, rift sawn, or vertical grain are only required if so specified.

• Natural as a type selection of a species allows an unlimited amount of heartwood 3 or sapwood within a face and is the default selection.

• Select Red or White means all heartwood or sapwood, respectively for Birch and Maple.

• Select Brown means all heartwood for Ash.

• Exterior applications, where species selection should take decay resistance into consideration. The following species, when selected for heartwood only, exhibit the listed decay resistance adapted from USDA’s The Wood Handbook (latest edition) published by their Forest Products Laboratory:

• Decay Resistant Woods: VERY RESISTANT: Domestic: Locust, Black Yew, Pacific Import: Goncalo Alves Lignumvitae Ipe (Iapacho) Purpleheart Jarrah Teak (Old Growth)

RESISTANT: Domestic: Baldcypress (Old Growth) Juniper Cedar Oak, White Cherry, Black Redwood (Old Growth) Chestnut Walnut, Black Cypress, Arizona Import: Mahogany, American Spanish Cedar

MODERATELY RESISTANT: Domestic: Baldcypress (Young Growth) Redwood (Young Growth) Fir, Douglas Tamarack Larch, Western Import: Avodire Mahogany, African Benge Meranti, Dark Red Bubinga Sapele Keruing Teak (Young Growth)

The COMPLIANCE portion of this Section has been intentionally excluded to protect our sale of Grade Rules, which allows us to provide these standards free of charge to Design Professionals.