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The Lumberman's Hand Book of Inspection and Grading

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The Lumberman's Hand Book of Inspection and Grading 1' ^^^€'" v ;b' LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. ;^^i P^^ ®]^. Stqojtigi^i !f0. Shelf ...1^3... UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ^ ' m^.^^^ '} .-J ;^> ' b I'i^i^i..^''} ' V^? 't:^). i.>-' s^./ [j^jl^ 'M THE LUMBERMAN'S HAND BOOK OF Inspection and Grading. NE W EDITION i88q. By W; B. JUDSON. ! -/ OF: .' %v- ?'^^^. ILLUSTRATEIX K- ^^(^^.S. Copyright A .D. 1879, by IV. B. Jiidson, Copyright A.D. iSSi, '^y W. B. Jiidson. Copyright A.D. iSS'o,, [y W. B.Judson. /' /y I PRICE OF THIS BOOK, IJY MAIL, $1.25. — INDEX. PAGE. PAGE. Acre, dimensions of 198 Indiana Lien Law 164 Albany Inspection 6 Inspection Area of circles 199 Albany q Arkansas Lien Law 162 Arkansas pine 200 Arkansas yellow pine inspection.200 Baltimore, hardwood 62 Baltimore Inspection 62 Burlington, Vt 41 Bastard sawing 189 Chicago, cai^o 15 Boston Inspection 101 " Hardwood 23 Burlington, Vt., Inspection 41 " Yard Grading I8 Cincinnati, hardwood 65 Caliper measurement 135 Export, of white pine 100 Chesapeake & Ohio Ry. rules .... 128 Introductory 1 Chicago Cargo Inspection , 15 Louisville, " Hardwood 86 Hardwood Inspection, . 23 Maine Survey 39 " Yard Grading 18 " Pine 40 Christiana Standard 133 " Spruce 41 Cincinnati Inspection 65 Massachusetts State Law 101 Circles, areas of 199 " White pine 103 Cisterns, capacity of 195 ' ' Spruce and hemlock . 106 Connecticut Lien Law 163 " Yellow pine 107 Compression, resistance to 150 " Hardwood. Cumberland River Log Scale 136 m Michigan ; 7 Custom House caliper measure . 135 " Law of 1873 8 Deals, Quebec 55 Minneapolis . .60 Deals, standards .133 Nashville .-93 Doyle's Log Rule ;.,.... 140 New Orleans ,42 Dry measure ^ ......... , 196 New York Inspection 115 Edge grain sawing 189 North Carolina Pine, Rules of English Lumber measures .133 Manufacturers' Association 99 Flobr, Pensacola pitch pine 89 wall and roof measure. .197 Philadelphia Hardwood 71 Gauges of matched lumber 202 " White pine 78 Growth of timber 186 " Spruce 81 Hints to builders 146 " Hemlock 81 Hydraulic prime movers 198 " Yellow pine 82 Illinois Lien Law 163 *' North Carolina pine . 84 . INDEX. Inspection—Continued. page. PAGE. Poplar, Mfrs. Ass'n rules 51 Massachusetts Inspection Law. 101 Quebec culling 53 Massachusetts Lien Law 171 Saginaw pine 11 Measures of solids 196 St. Louis 31 Measures of surface 196 Williamsport 38 Measures of weight 197 Yellow pine 36 Mechanics Liens 163-1813 Iowa Lien Law. 166 Arkansas 162 Connecticut 163 Lien Kansas Law 168 Illinois 163 Kentucky Lien Law 168 Indiana 164 Iowa 166 Land Measure 196 Kansas 168 Law of Log Liens (see Log Liens) Kentucky 168 Laws of Liens (see Mechanics' Louisiana 169 Liens) Maine 170 Lien Laws (see Mech'ics Liens) Massachussetts 171 Liquid measure 196 Michigan 171 Liverpool string measure 13.") Minnesota 173 Load of timber 196 Mississippi 173 Load—of timber 134 Missouri 174 Log classification at Nashville. .137 Nebraska 175 Log Liens 183-185 New Hampshire 176 " Maine 183 New York 176 " Michigan 183 Ohio 177 " Minnesota 184 Pennsylvania 178 " New Hampshire 184 Tennessee 179 " Vermont 184 Texas 179 " Wisconsin 185 Vermont 180 Log Scales 136 West Virginia 181 ' ' Cumberland River 136 Wisconsin 181 " Doyle's 140 Michigan Inspection 7 " Lumbermau'fi Favorite 138 Michigan Lien Law 171 ' Scribner's 142 Michigan Log Lien 183 London deal and tbr. measures. 134 Minneapolis Inspection 60 Louisiana Lien Law 169 Minnesota Lien Law 173 Louisville Inspection 83 Minnesota Log Lien 184 Lumberman's Favorite Log Eulel38 Mississippi Lien Law 173 Maine Lien Law 170 Missouri Lien Law. 174 Maine Log Lien 183 ]\Iaine Survey 39 ''^Nashville Inspection , 93 Materials, estimates of 198 Nashville Log Classification . 137 — IOT)EX. PAGE. PAGE. Nebraska Lien Law 175 Spars, New Orleans 43 " Nebraska Sill 147 Quebec 54 New HampsMre Lien Law 176 Square or superficial measure . 196 New HampsMre Log Lien. 184 Square timber measures 134 New Orleans Inspection 42 Standard Hundreds 133 New York City Inspec, hdwd. .115 Staves, New Orleans 50 " Yellow pine 124 " Quebec 57 Staves, West India 58 New York State Lien Law 176 Strength materials North Carolina Pine Inspection. 99 of 148 String measurement 135 Ohio Lien Law 177 St. John lumber measure 134 St. Louis Inspection 29 Pensacola Classification 89 Pennsylvania Lien Law 178 Tanks, capacity of 195 Petersburg Standard 133 Tennessee Lien Law 179 Philadelphia Inspection 71 Tension, resistance to 149 Poplar Manufacturers' Inspect'n 51 Texas Lien Law 179 Timber in English load 196 Quar1;pr-sawing 189 Ton, of Timber 134 53 Quebec Culling Transverse strains, resistance to.l50 Quebec Standard Hundred 57 Vermont Lien Law 180 152 Ready Reckoner Vermont Log Lien 184 Rift-sawing (see quarter-sawing) 189 Water power 198 Saginaw Inspection 11 Water wheels 198 Scribner's Log Rule 142 Weight Seasoning of Timber. 186 Pine lumber per 1,000 feet. 23 Shingle Manufacture. 143 Weight, poplar lumber 53 Shingle Packing 145 Weights of Shingles 143 Shingles, weights of 145 ' ' yellow pine lumber 201 Shippers 100 West Virginia Lien Law 181 Shrinking of timber. 186 White pine export inspection . 100 Solid, or cubic measure 196 Wisconsin Lien Law 181 Southwestern Lumber Manu- Wisconsin Log Lien 185 facturers Association Stand- ard Gauges 202 Yellow pine classification 36 Southwestern Manufacturers Yellow pine merchantable insp. 114 Association Inspection " " 200 " : " .114 -m Lumber Inspection. One of the most difficult tasks in the domain of lumber literature is the putting upon paper of a description of those various divisions or grades which are found to prevail in different locahties. Surveying, as it is known in Maine and some other localities, Inspection, as it is termed in Albany and the West, consists of fixing a value to each individual piece of lumber. Inasmuch as no two are exactly ahke, it is impossible to estab- hsh an arbitrary rule for the guidance of the Inspector, and as a conse- quence, the individual judgment must determine the value of each, from a consideration of its general character, and the uses to which it can be put in house building or manufacture. As the judgment of men varies as much as each piece of lumber from its fellow, it becomes very difificult for one to see the value and character of a board exactly as it is seen by all others, and hence it is weU nigh impossible to prescribe what shall constitute a board of any particular grade. If it be perfect in all other respects, it may not be of equal value with another equally, but no more, perfect board, in that it is of a more glassy, brash and tough texture, less straight and free in grain, and wholy unfit for the finer uses to which its fellow may be well suited. All these and many other considerations enter into the proper and judici- ous assorting and valuing of lumber, and must be determined according to the judgment and experience of the Inspector. But while no arbitrary rule can be estabUshed, it was determined early in the history of the trade, that one could be applied to the general characteristics of lumber, which would guide both the buyer and seller in determining the value of a given piece. While these general characteristics apphed to the distributions between the manufacturer and the consumer in the infancy of the trade, while but a comparatively smaU quantity was produced and consumption kept pace with production, when the demand increased and it was found necessary to build mills in the forest at a distance from the consumer, middlemen became necessary, and at various points in the country immense depots were estabUshed, to which the mill product could be shipped, and whence it could be distributed. But the Btill incrsaeing population moving further and further from the points of IKTRODUCTORY. Bupply, necessitated another set of distributors, and the first began to confine their trade to selling, at wholesale, to the latter as retailers. Now, the rules that had guided the mill-man in selling to his customers, required modification, and to prevent too great an advance in price, the retailer was compelled to obtain his compensation through a division into grades, and this systena of grading has advanced to its present status, which may be almost classed among the fine arts, yet marked by as great a variance as there are individual judgments to determine it. It is the purpose of this work to endeavor to point out the general laws governing the inspection of lumber, without expecting to wholly har- monize the ever conflicting opinions of the grand army of knights of the board rule. If, however, it succeeds in establishing a more generally uniform system of Inspection and yard-grading, the effort may well be called successful. Albany. N. Y., after Bangor, Me., and Port Deposit, Pa., early became the most important center of the lumber trade of the country, and pro- mulgated a system of Inspection, or sorting into qualities, which soon superceded the early rule of Surveying, which was simply straight meas- ure, or the determining of the number of feet, regardless of quality. In this connection it may properly be said, that in the early days of lumber manufacture, it was the aim and custom of the producer to cut only the better class of trees, and it is within the memory of the writer, when the grades now known as Selects, Fine Common, or Picks, was the poorest which found its way to market as Common, and that which now comprises the bulk of the lumber handled, was considered as only fit to be sold at the mill, and such of it as by accident found its way to market was sold for what it would bring, often not realizing the cost of transportation.
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