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Outil D'identification Anatomique De Duramen De Quatre Espèces De Dalbergia De La Forêt De Kirindy

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Outil D'identification Anatomique De Duramen De Quatre Espèces De Dalbergia De La Forêt De Kirindy UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO DOMAINE SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES MENTION BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Mémoire pour l’obtention du diplôme de MASTER Parcours : SYSTEMATIQUE ET GESTION DURABLE DE LA DIVERSITE VEGETALE (SYGEDUR) Outil d’identification anatomique de duramen de quatre espèces de Dalbergia de la forêt de Kirindy (Morondava, Région Menabe) Présenté par : Satila Gilberte NARIVOLA Soutenu publiquement le 30 décembre 2016 Devant le jury composé de Président : Pr. Bakolimalala RAKOUTH Rapporteur : Dr. Bako Harisoa RAVAOMANALINA Examinateur : Dr. Harison RABARISON UNIVERSITE D’ANTANANARIVO DOMAINE SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES MENTION BIOLOGIE ET ECOLOGIE VEGETALES Mémoire pour l’obtention du diplôme MASTER Parcours : SYSTEMATIQUE ET GESTION DURABLE DE LA DIVERSITE VEGETALE (SYGEDUR) Outil d’identification anatomique de duramen de quatre espèces de Dalbergia de la forêt de Kirindy (Morondava, Région Menabe) Présenté par : Satila Gilberte NARIVOLA Soutenu publiquement le 30 décembre 2016 Devant le jury composé de: Président : Pr. Bakolimalala RAKOUTH Rapporteur : Dr. Bako Harisoa RAVAOMANALINA Examinateur : Dr. Harison RABARISON Titre des photos de la couverture : a. Tronc d’individu de Dalbergia lemurica b. Rameaux feuillés fertiles (fleurs et fruits) de Dalbergia cf. emirnensis c. Coupe transversale du tronc de Dalbergia cf. emirnensis vue microscopique Remerciements Tout d’abord, nous remercions notre Dieu tout puissant pour sa grâce, sa protection et ses miséricordes. Cette recherche est le fruit de la collaboration entre la Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétales (MBEV) et le Missouri Botanical Garden (MBG) par le biais du projet sur la capitalisation des acquis sur les bois précieux de Madagascar, financé par le consortium Organisation Internationale des Bois Tropicaux (OIBT) et Convention Internationale sur les espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d’extinction (CITES). Au terme de ce travail, nous tenons à exprimer notre profonde gratitude à : Professeur Bakolimalala RAKOUTH, Enseignant chercheur à la Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, qui malgré ses nombreuses responsabilités, elle nous a accepté de présider le jury de ce mémoire. Docteur Bako Harisoa RAVAOMANALINA, Enseignant chercheur à la Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, Maître de Conférences, qui nous a apporté toutes les aides ininterrompues et les conseils précieux durant la préparation de ce travail, et surtout d’accepter comme notre rapporteur malgré ses diverses fonctions. Qu’elle reçoit nos sincères remerciements. Docteur Harison RABARISON, Enseignant chercheur à la Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, Maître de Conférences, qui nous a fait un grand honneur en acceptant d’examiner ce mémoire et d’apporter de précieux critiques constructives pour l’amélioration de ce travail. Nos sincères remerciements. Nous exprimons également nos sincères remerciements : Au Responsable du laboratoire d’Anatomie des plantes (LABAP) ; A tous les enseignants chercheurs de la Mention Biologie et Ecologie Végétales surtout Docteur Mijoro RAKOTOARINIVO d’avoir partagé avec nous leur connaissance et savoir-faire depuis la classe de première année d’étude jusqu’à aujourd’hui; A l’équipe du MBG pour leur aide et soutien sur le terrain particulièrement Mr Charles RAKOTOVAO; A nos collègues du laboratoire d’anatomie des plantes (LABAP) : Minosoa NOMBANJANAHARY, Ravo RAMANANTSIALONINA et Ravaka RAKOTOMALALA pour leur amitié et soutien pendant les manipulations ; A la promotion RIANALA, L’Equipe Chrétienne d’Aujourd’hui à l’Aumônerie Catholique Universitaire pour leurs prières ; Nous tenons particulièrement à remercier nos parents Gilbert RANDRIANTODY et Jeannine RANARISOLO, nos frères et nos sœurs et notre famille de nous avoir toujours soutenu dans nos études ; Que tous ceux qui ont contribué de près ou de loin à la réalisation de ce travail trouvent ici l’expression de notre profonde gratitude. TABLE DES MATIERES ACRONYMES…………………………………………………………………………….. iii GLOSSAIRE………………………………………………………………………………. iv LISTE DES ANNEXES…………………………………………………………………… v LISTE DES CARTES…………………………………………………………………….. v LISTE DE FIGURE……………………………………………………………………… v LISTE DES PLANCHES…………………………………………………………………. v LISTE DES PHOTOS…………………………………………………………………….. vi LISTE DES TABLEAUX………………………………………………………………… viii INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………… 1 I.1. GENERALITES………………………………………………………………………. 4 I.1.1. Position systématique du genre Dalbergia ………………………………….. 4 I.1.2. Description générale du genre Dalbergia…………………………………….. 4 I.1.3. Utilisations……………………………………………………………………. 5 I.1.4. Menaces et pressions…………………………………………………………. 6 I.1.5. Etudes anatomiques antérieures du genre Dalbergia………………………… 6 I.1.6. Caractéristiques anatomiques macroscopiques des bois de Dalbergia de Madagascar………………………………………………………………………….. 7 I.2. MILIEU D’ETUDE…………………………………………………………………… 8 I.2.1. Localisation géographique………………………………………………………… 8 I.2.2. Milieu abiotique…………………………………………………………………… 8 I.2.2.1.Climat………………………………………………………………………. 8 I.2.2.2.Température………………………………………………………………… 8 I.2.2.3. Précipitation………………………………………………………………... 8 I.2.3. Milieu biotique…………………………………………………………………….. 10 I.2.3.1. Flore et végétation…………………………………………………………. 10 I.2.3.2. Faune……………………………………………………………………….. 10 I.2.3.3. Homme et ses activités…………………………………………………….. 10 Partie II. MATERIELS ET METHODES II.1. Matériels d’étude……………………………………………………………………... 11 II.1.1. Choix des espèces………………………………………………………………. 11 II.1.2. Collecte des échantillons……………………………………………………….. 11 II.1.3. Identification et description des espèces cibles………………………………… 11 i II.2. Méthodes d’étude…………………………………………………………………….. 17 II.2.1. Etude anatomique………………………………………………………………. 17 II.2.1.1.Confection des coupes du tronc……………………………………………... 17 II.2.1.2. Observation et description………………………………………………….. 18 II.2.1.3. Macération………………………………………………………………….. 19 II.2.2. Observations et mesures…………………………………...…………………… 21 II.2.3. Analyses des données…………………………...……………………………… 22 Partie III. RESULTATS ET INTERPRETATIONS III.1. Descriptions anatomiques des espèces cibles……………………………………….. 23 III.1.1. Dalbergia davidii Bosser & R. Rabev…………………………………………. 23 III.1.2. Dalbergia cf. emirnensis Benth………………………………………………... 25 III.1.3. Dalbergia greveana Baill……………………………………………………… 28 III.1.4. Dalbergia lemurica Bosser & R. Rabev………………………………………. 31 III.2. Etudes anatomiques comparatives et proposition de clé d’identification…………… 37 III.2.1. Etudes anatomiques comparatives……………………………………………. 37 III.2.1.1.Caractères communs………………………………………………………. 37 III.2.1.2.Caractères propres à chaque espèce ………………………………………. 37 III.2.2. Proposition de clé d’identification…………………………………………….. 38 Partie IV. DISCUSSIONS IV.1. Dalbergia cf. emirnensis Benth …………………………………………………….. 40 IV.2. Dalbergia greveana Baill…………………………………………………………… 40 IV.3. Dalbergia lemurica Bosser & R. Rabev…………………………………………….. 41 CONCLUSION ET PERSPECTIVES…………………………………………………….. 43 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES………………………………………………….. 45 WEBOGRAPHIE………………………………………………………………………….. 49 ii ACRONYMES APG : Angiosperm Phylogeny Group AP : Aires Protégées NAP : Nouvelles Aires Protégées CNFEREF : Centre National de Formation, d’Etudes et de Recherche en Environnement et Forestier CITES : Convention Internationale sur le commerce des espèces de faune et de flore sauvages menacées d’extinction CLR : Coupe Longitudinale Radiale CLT : Coupe Longitudinale Tangentielle CT : Coupe Transversale D. : Dalbergia DHP : Diamètre à Hauteur de Poitrine DME : Diamètre Minimum Exploitable UICN : Union Internationale pour la Conservation de la Nature TAN : Acronyme de l’Herbier du Parc Botanique et Zoologique de Tsimbazaza TEF : Acronyme de l’Herbier de FOFIFA d’Ambatobe iii GLOSSAIRE Aliforme : En forme d’aile Aubier : Bois situé dans la partie vivante externe du bois d’un tronc ou d’une branche Cerne de croissance : Couches d’accroissement dans le bois et l’écorce vue en section transversale, Duramen : Bois situé dans la partie interne du tronc, constitué de cellules mortes et généralement de couleur sombre. Ovaire stipité : Partie inférieure du pistil, renfermant les ovules, porté sur un petit support ou stipe (http://www.tela-botanica.org) Parenchyme aliforme : Cellules vivantes entourant complètement ou sur une face le vaisseau avec des expansions latérales Perforation simple : Ouverture unique circulaire ou elliptique reliant longitudinalement deux vaisseaux Ponctuation : Amincissement de la paroi assurant la connexion horizontale des vaisseaux Stigmate capité : Sommet glanduleux du pistil à tête arrondie (http://www.tela-botanica.org) Thylle : Excroissance provenant de cellules parenchymateuses axiales ou radiales et traversant la paroi d’un vaisseau en passant par les ponctuations. iv LISTE DES ANNEXES Annexe 1 : Données climatiques de Morondava (Année 2010 -2015)………………. I Annexe 2 : Etapes de coloration des coupes………………………………………..... I Annexe 3 : Protocole de macération…………………………………………………. I Annexe 4 : Listes des 48 espèces de Dalbergia de Madagascar et leur localisation… II Annexe 5 : Les caractères anatomiques avec les caractères IAWA des quatre espèces cibles……………………………………………………………… IV Annexe 6 : Caractéristiques anatomiques du bois des espèces cibles selon Ravaomanalina et al., (2014) et Détienne (Insidewood)………………….. VII LISTE DES CARTES Carte 1 : Carte de localisation de milieu d’étude : site KIRINDY………………….. 9 Carte 2 : Distribution de Dalbergia davidii…………………………………………. 16 Carte 3 : Distribution de Dalbergia cf. emirnensis………………………………….. 16 Carte 4 : Distribution de Dalbergia
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