Estratégias De Dispersão De Sementes No Bioma Cerrado: Considerações Ecológicas E Filogenéticas

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Estratégias De Dispersão De Sementes No Bioma Cerrado: Considerações Ecológicas E Filogenéticas UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA ESTRATÉGIAS DE DISPERSÃO DE SEMENTES NO BIOMA CERRADO: CONSIDERAÇÕES ECOLÓGICAS E FILOGENÉTICAS Marcelo Kuhlmann Peres Orientador: José Felipe Ribeiro Tese de Doutorado Brasília, DF, Março de 2016 UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASÍLIA INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOLÓGICAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BOTÂNICA PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM BOTÂNICA ESTRATÉGIAS DE DISPERSÃO DE SEMENTES NO BIOMA CERRADO: CONSIDERAÇÕES ECOLÓGICAS E FILOGENÉTICAS Marcelo Kuhlmann Peres Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Botânica do Instituto de Ciências Biológicas da Universidade de Brasília como parte dos requisitos necessários para a obtenção do título de Doutor em Botânica. Brasília, DF, Março de 2016 2 3 Estratégias de dispersão de sementes no bioma Cerrado: considerações ecológicas e filogenéticas Marcelo Kuhlmann Peres Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-graduação em Botânica da Universidade de Brasília e Aprovada pela Banca Examinadora abaixo discriminada. Dr. José Felipe Ribeiro (Orientador) Embrapa Cerrados Dr. Mauro Galetti Rodrigues (Titular externo) UNESP – Rio Claro/SP Dr. Marcelo Fragomeni Simon (Titular interno) Embrapa- Cenargen Dr. Bruno Machado Teles Walter (Titular externo) Embrapa- Cenargen Dra. Ludmilla Moura de Souza Aguiar (Titular externo) Universidade de Brasília – UnB (Zoologia) Dr. Christopher William Fagg (Suplente) Universidade de Brasília – UnB (Botânica) Brasília, 22 de Março de 2016 4 DEDICO ESSE TRABALHO A TODOS AQUELES QUE AMAM O CERRADO 5 AGRADECIMENTOS À natureza bela e diversa que nos proporciona tanto prazer em estudá-la e desvendar seus mistérios. Aos meus pais, irmã e família por TUDO até hoje. À Ana Carolina Dias, minha “amora”, pelo amor e companheirismo. Ao meu orientador Dr. José Felipe Ribeiro pela paciência e troca de saberes nos últimos anos. Aos professores e pesquisadores Carolyn Proença, Cássia Munhoz, Bruno Walter, Mauro Galetti, Marcelo Simon, Ludmilla Aguiar, Christopher Fagg, Paulo Eugênio, Regina Célia pelas valiosas contribuições para melhorar esse trabalho. Aos professores Micheline Carvalho e Paulo Camara e à amiga Thais Nogales pelo valioso auxílio na construção das filogenias. Ao amigo Adriano Darosci pela amizade, parceria nos trabalhos e aventuras de campo. Aos amigos da Pós-graduação: Rosinha, André Moreira, Jair Faria, Daniel Villarroel, Kadja Milena, Priscila Reis, Priscila Oliveira, Joicy Morais, Giselle Lopes, e todos aqueles que de alguma forma contribuíram nessa jornada. Ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica da Universidade de Brasília e à Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela concessão da bolsa. À Embrapa Cerrados pelo apoio logístico. À Rede de Sementes do Cerrado pelo apoio nas publicações, cursos ofertados e troca de experiências. Ao Jardim Botânico de Brasília, ICMBio e IBRAM pelas autorizações de pesquisa nas Unidades de Conservação do DF. 6 SUMÁRIO APRESENTAÇÃO DO TRABALHO........................................................................................8 GENERAL ABSTRACT......................................................................................................11 ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS.........................................................................................................14 ÍNDICE DE TABELAS........................................................................................................18 CAPÍTULO I - ESTRATÉGIAS DE DISPERSÃO E TIPOS DE FRUTOS NO BIOMA CERRADO: CONSIDERAÇÕES ECOLÓGICAS E FILOGENÉTICAS........................................................21 Introdução.................................................................................................................22 Material e Métodos..................................................................................................24 Resultados..................................................................................................................31 Discussão....................................................................................................................45 Considerações finais..................................................................................................52 Referências Bibliográficas........................................................................................53 CAPÍTULO II - INTERAÇÕES PLANTA-FRUGÍVOROS NAS FORMAÇÕES DO CERRADO. 67 Introdução.................................................................................................................68 Material e Métodos...................................................................................................70 Resultados..................................................................................................................80 Discussão....................................................................................................................95 Conclusões...............................................................................................................104 Referências Bibliográficas......................................................................................105 CAPÍTULO III - CHAVE INTERATIVA ILUSTRADA PARA IDENTIFICAÇÃO DE GÊNEROS E ESPÉCIES ZOOCÓRICOS DO CERRADO.........................................................................118 Introdução...............................................................................................................119 Material e Métodos................................................................................................121 Resultados................................................................................................................130 Discussão..................................................................................................................134 Conclusões...............................................................................................................136 Referências Bibliográficas......................................................................................137 ANEXO I – Lista de gêneros de angiospermas do bioma Cerrado (1.512 gêneros). ANEXO II – Lista de espécies da Flora do DF (3.200 spp.). ANEXO III – Árvore filogenética para angiospermas do Cerrado (605 gêneros). ANEXO IV – Lista de espécies zoocóricas coletadas (325 spp.). ANEXO V – Lista de espécies zoocóricas (945 spp.). ANEXO VI – Lista de vertebrados frugívoros (258 spp.). 7 APRESENTAÇÃO DO TRABALHO A dispersão de sementes é processo chave no ciclo de vida das plantas e entender esse processo em comunidades naturais, de um ponto de vista ecológico e evolutivo, pode ajudar a prever fatores ambientais necessários para a reprodução e sobrevivência da vegetação, auxiliando trabalhos de conservação e recuperação de áreas degradadas, como aquelas presentes no bioma Cerrado. No entanto, pouco ainda se sabe sobre a influência das diferentes estratégias de dispersão das plantas na constituição florística desse bioma megadiverso e na evolução e regeneração natural dos seus diferentes tipos de vegetação. Com base nisso, esse estudo teve como objetivo entender como as angiospermas das formações florestais, savânicas e campestres do bioma Cerrado se apresentam em termos de dispersão de sementes e as interações com animais frugívoros num contexto ecológico e filogenético. Para tanto, trabalhamos com as espécies da flora e da fauna do Distrito Federal, região bastante representativa sobre a biodiversidade do Cerrado, para responder questões relacionadas à evolução das estratégias de dispersão no bioma. O estudo foi dividido em três capítulos, sendo que, no primeiro deles, foi investigada a distribuição das síndromes zoocóricas, anemocóricas e autocóricas e das diferentes categorias de frutos nas formas de vida e formações da vegetação do bioma. Também foi testado o sinal filogenético das síndromes e tipos de frutos para avaliar a conservação evolutiva dessas características, com base em uma árvore filogenética construída com marcadores moleculares de mais de 600 gêneros de angiospermas que ocorrem no Cerrado. O segundo capítulo empregou abordagem semelhante, mas com foco sobre as espécies zoocóricas, em que foi avaliada a distribuição das síndromes associadas aos vertebrados (ornitocoria, mastocoria, quiropterocoria) e às formigas (mirmecocoria), além da distribuição dos animais frugívoros (aves, mamíferos não-voadores e morcegos) nas formações florestais, savânicas e campestres. Ainda, foram construídas redes de interações planta- frugívoros com ampla representatividade de táxons para essas três formações com base nos grupos funcionais de plantas e de animais, e também foi testada a presença de sinal filogenético nessas interações. Finalmente, o terceiro e último capítulo teve como objetivo construir uma chave interativa ilustrada de múltiplas entradas para identificação de gêneros e espécies de frutos do bioma Cerrado atrativos para fauna, baseada no banco de imagens e nas informações coletadas para as análises dos capítulos 8 anteriores. Essa chave foi construída para acesso livre pela internet, com o intuito de auxiliar estudantes e pesquisadores que trabalham com interações planta-frugívorosss no Cerrado e também servir como ferramenta de ensino e de divulgação da flora do bioma. Os resultados encontrados no capítulo I mostraram que a distribuição das diferentes síndromes de dispersão e tipos de diásporos foi significativamente associada às diferentes formações do bioma, mas, principalmente, às formas de vida mais encontras
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