Ecologie De La Régénération De Dalbergia Chlorocarpa

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Ecologie De La Régénération De Dalbergia Chlorocarpa i ii ECOLOGIE DE LA REGENERATION DE Dalbergia chlorocarpa Viguier (FABACEAE) DANS LA FORET DE KIRINDY MORONDAVA. RAMANITRINIZAKA Fanilo Malala (Maitre ès-Sciences) Page de couverture : Photo 1 : Fruits de Dalbergia chlorocarpa Photo 2 : Graines germées de Dalbergia chlorocarpa Photo 3 : Régénération de Dalbergia chlorocarpa iii REMERCIEMENTS En préambule de ce document, nous tenons à exprimer nos reconnaissances à toutes les personnes, qui avec leurs aides précieuses, ont participé de près ou de loin à l’accomplissement de ce mémoire. Nos vifs remerciements et reconnaissances s’adressent aux membres du jury: - Professeur Bakolimalala RAKOUTH, de nous avoir fait le grand honneur de présider ce mémoire malgré ses nombreuses fonctions. - Docteur Edmond ROGER qui nous a encadré et nous a témoigné de ses suggestions, de ses expériences pour l’amélioration de ce travail. - Docteur Nivo RAZAFIMAMONJY, de nous avoir prodigué tant d’aides et de judicieux conseils et de nous avoir encadré soigneusement tout au long de la réalisation de ce mémoire depuis les phases de terrain jusqu’à l’aboutissement de ce manuscrit. - Docteur Fidèle RAHARIMALALA qui en dépit de ses multiples charges obligeantes a aimablement accepté d’examiner et de juger ce travail. Nos profondes gratitudes s’adressent aussi à: - l’institution CNFEREF, anciennement CFPF, à travers elle, le directeur et tout le personnel du centre, qui nous ont accueillis chaleureusement, nous ont octroyé des moments agréables durant nos descentes à Kirindy et nous ont témoigné de leur collaboration. - Tsizafy, notre assistant de terrain et paraécologiste, pour sa volonté, son dynamisme et son efficacité, qui nous a permis d’accomplir nos travaux en forêt aisément et dans le temps. - Monsieur Léonard RAZAFIMANANTSOA, directeur du DPZ de Kirindy, qui nous a gracieusement fourni les recueils de données climatiques de la station ; ainsi qu’à tout le personnel du DPZ à Kirindy pour leur accueil amical. - l’équipe du CIRAD à travers elle, Mme Sigrid Aubert-Gillon Coordonnateur DP Forêts et Biodiversité, Monsieur Jean Michel LEONG POCK TSY Responsable du laboratoire de Biologie moléculaire et Mme Voninavoko RAHAJANIRINA technicien du CIRAD, qui nous ont autorisé l’accès à leur département pour l’accomplissement des analyses au laboratoire. - Monsieur Benja RAKOTONIRINA, technicien au sein du DBEV, pour les dessins d’herbier. - tous nos chers et proches amis, la promotion « SATRANA » ainsi que nos amis ainés du DBEV. Particulièrement : - je remercie « Dada sy Neny » pour toute une vie de dévouement, d’encouragement et de soutien. - à tous les miens, merci d’avoir partagé mes moments de joie et d’inquiétude. Je vous serai éternellement reconnaissante. iv Ecologie de la régénération de Dalbergia chlorocarpa TABLE DES MATIERES INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 PREMIERE PARTIE: MILIEU D’ETUDE ............................................................................. 3 I- La concession forestière de Kirindy et le CFPF ....................................................................... 4 II- Milieu physique ........................................................................................................................ 4 II.1 Localisation .................................................................................................................................. 4 II.2 Relief et topographie ................................................................................................................... 6 II.3 Hydrographie ............................................................................................................................... 6 II.4 Géomorphologie et Pédologie ................................................................................................... 6 II.5 Climat ............................................................................................................................................ 6 III- Milieu biotique ........................................................................................................................ 9 III-1 Flore et végétation ..................................................................................................................... 9 III.2 Faune ......................................................................................................................................... 10 III.3 Milieu social ............................................................................................................................. 10 DEUXIEME PARTIE: MATERIELS ET METHODES D'ETUDE ……………………..13 I- Matériels d’étude .................................................................................................................... 13 I-1 Matériel végétal .......................................................................................................................... 13 II- Sites d’études .......................................................................................................................... 18 III- Méthode d’études .................................................................................................................. 20 III-1 Etude structurale de la végétation ........................................................................................ 20 III-2 Etude écologique de l’espèce cible ...................................................................................... 21 III-2-1 Etude de la flore associée à D. chlorocarpa .......................................................... 21 III-2-2 Profil écologique de D.chlorocarpa ...................................................................... 22 III-3 Etude de l’écologie reproductive ................................................................................... 24 III-3-1 Etude phénologique .................................................................................................. 24 III-3-2 Etude de la production de fruits et de graines ....................................................... 25 III-3-3 Etude de la dissémination et de la germination ..................................................... 26 III-3-3-1 Dissémination .................................................................................................. 26 III-3-3-2 La germination ................................................................................................. 26 i Ecologie de la régénération de Dalbergia chlorocarpa III-4 Etude de la régénération naturelle ....................................................................................... 30 III-4-1 Taux de régénération .......................................................................................................... 30 III-4-2 Structure démographique ................................................................................................... 31 III-5 Traitements statistiques des données .................................................................................. 31 III-6 Etude de l’utilisation de l’espèce ........................................................................................ 32 TROISIEME PARTIE : RESULTATS ET INTERPRETATIONS..................................... 33 I- Description et caractérisation des formations végétales des sites d’étude ............................ 34 II- Etude de la végétation............................................................................................................. 35 II-1 Structure de la végétation ................................................................................................ 35 II-2 Etude de la flore associée ........................................................................................................ 38 II-3 Profil écologique ....................................................................................................................... 39 III-Ecologie de la reproduction ................................................................................................... 42 III-1 Phénologie ............................................................................................................................... 42 III-2 Fleur et pollinisation ............................................................................................................... 44 III-3 Fruits ........................................................................................................................................ 45 III-4 Dissémination et germination ................................................................................................ 47 III-4-1 Dissémination ................................................................................................................. 47 III-4-2 Germination des graines ............................................................................................... 48 III-5 Analyse de la régénération naturelle .............................................................................. 52 III-5-1 Taux de régénération ..................................................................................................... 52 III-5-2 Structure démographique de la population de D. chlorocarpa .............................. 52 IV- Utilisations de Dalbergia chlorocarpa ................................................................................. 53 QUATRIEME PARTIE: DISCUSSION et RECOMMANDATIONS ................................. 55 I- DISCUSSIONS ..................................................................................................................
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