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Table De Matiere UNIVERSITE D'ANTANANARIVO DOMAINE DES SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES ECOLE DOCTORALE EN SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT THESE POUR L'OBTENTION DU DIPLOME DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT SPECIALITE : SCIENCES DU VEGETAL APPORTS DES ESPECES PIONNIERES ET DES PROPRIETES DU SOL A LA REGENERATION FORESTIERE DANS LE CORRIDOR FORESTIER FANDRIANA-VONDROZO Présentée par Andry RANDRIANARISON Soutenue publiquement, le 10 janvier 2017 devant le jury composé de : Président : Professeur Miadana Harisoa FARAMALALA Directeur de thèse : Professeur Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA Co-directeur de thèse : Professeur Alexandre BUTTLER Rapporteur interne: Professeur Bakolimalala RAKOUTH Rapporteur externe : Professeur Samuel RAZANAKA Examinateur : Professeur Josoa R. RANDRIAMALALA Invité : Docteur Dominique HERVÉ Laboratoire des systèmes écologiques (ECOS) UNIVERSITE D'ANTANANARIVO DOMAINE DES SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES ECOLE DOCTORALE EN SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT THESE POUR L'OBTENTION DU DIPLOME DE DOCTORAT EN SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT SPECIALITE : SCIENCES DU VEGETAL APPORTS DES ESPECES PIONNIERES ET DES PROPRIETES DU SOL A LA REGENERATION FORESTIERE DANS LE CORRIDOR FORESTIER FANDRIANA-VONDROZO Présentée par Andry RANDRIANARISON Soutenue publiquement, le 10 janvier 2017 devant le jury composé de : Président : Professeur Miadana Harisoa FARAMALALA Directeur de thèse : Professeur Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA Co-directeur de thèse : Professeur Alexandre BUTTLER Rapporteur interne: Professeur Bakolimalala RAKOUTH Rapporteur externe : Professeur Samuel RAZANAKA Examinateur : Professeur Josoa R. RANDRIAMALALA Invité : Docteur Dominique HERVÉ Remerciements Il m’est agréable de présenter ma profonde gratitude et de remercier tous ceux qui m’ont formé, aidé, soutenu, accueilli, et de quelque façon m’ont permis de mener à bien cette recherche. Je tiens à remercier le projet DEDUCTION, programme MEM-IRD-Université de Fianarantsoa qui a financé la phase de reconnaissance en 2010 et le projet FPPSM - FSP/PARRUR du MAE « Forêt, Parcs, Pauvreté au Sud de Madagascar » d’avoir financé les travaux de collectes et observations de terrrain en 2011-2012 et les analyses de sol au Laboratoire de Radio-Isotopes. Mes remerciements vont aussi à la Confédération Suisse, qui a financé ma formation de stage au laboratoire des écosystèmes écologiques (ECOS) à l’Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, en 2012-2013, sous la direction du Professeur Alexandre BUTTLER. Je remercie également l’équipe du laboratoire pour leur soutien et critique constructive qui ont contribué à l’achèvement de ce travail. Un profond remerciement pour les personnes ci-dessous pour leur contribution à l’achèvement de cette thèse : Docteur Dominique HERVÉ, infatigable conseiller qui a porté cette thèse à bout de bras et sans qui je n’aurais pas pu entrevoir la beauté de la recherche ; ainsi que toute l’équipe du projet MEM et FPPSM. Professeur Vonjison RAKOTOARIMANANA dont les encouragements et les critiques constructives ont beaucoup contribué à l’achèvement de ce travail. Professeur Alexandre BUTTLER de m’avoir accueilli dans son laboratoire et d’avoir par ses conseils et critiques constructives contribué à l’achèvement de ce travail. Professeur Samuel RAZANAKA, qui a accepté de s’engager en tant que rapporteur externe malgré ses nombreuses activités à cette tâche très difficile dont l’émulation intellectuel a été pour moi une source d’inspiration permanente. Professeur Stéphanie M. CARRIÈRE pour ses encouragements et sa participation dans l’amélioration du présent rapport à travers les articles scientifiques. i Professeur Rodolophe SCHLAEPFER, toute ma reconnaissance pour l’attention qu’il m’a toujours accordée et dont l’œil et l’esprit affûtés m’ont poussé à améliorer ce travail. Professeur Bakolimalala RAKOUTH d’avoir accepté de siéger parmi les membres du jury en tant que rapporteur de cette thèse. Professeur Josoa R. RANDRIAMALALA d’avoir accepté de faire partie des membres du jury en tant qu’examinateur de cette thèse. Professeur Miadana Harisoa FARAMALALA d’avoir accepté de présider le jury dans la soutenance de cette thèse. Les habitants d’Ambalavero, d’Ambendrana et de Sahabe qui m’ont très chaleureusement accueilli et qui ont accepté mes nombreuses interrogations avec compréhension ; leur patience et leur volonté de s’investir dans un développement plus harmonieux méritent tous nos égards. Enfin, un grand merci à ma famille et tous mes amis qui m’ont soutenu tout au long de la préparation de cette thèse. ii Table des matières Remerciements ........................................................................................ i Liste des cartes .................................................................................... vii Liste des tableaux ................................................................................ vii Liste des figures ................................................................................... vii Liste des photos et planches photographiques ..................................... ix Liste des Annexes .................................................................................. ix Lexique et abréviations .......................................................................... x Introduction générale ............................................................................ 1 PARTIE I : Etat de l’art et démarche de l’étude ................................... 4 I.1.Etat de l’art .................................................................................................... 5 I.1.1. Déforestation et mise en culture ................................................................................ 5 I.1.1.1. Perturbation climatique ....................................................................................... 5 I.1.1.2. Perturbation humaine .......................................................................................... 5 I.1.2. Pédologie forestière ................................................................................................... 7 I.1.2.1. Sol sous forêt ....................................................................................................... 8 I.1.2.2. Sol sous culture ................................................................................................... 9 I.1.3. Régénération forestière .............................................................................................. 9 I.1.3.1. Mécanisme de la régénération ............................................................................ 9 I.1.3.2. Facteurs de régénération : espèces pionnières et sol ......................................... 12 I.1.4. Dynamique des états d’occupation du sol ............................................................... 13 I.2. Démarche de l’étude .................................................................................. 16 PARTIE II : Milieu et méthodes d’étude ............................................. 18 II.1. Milieu d’étude .......................................................................................... 19 II.1.1. Localisation géographique ..................................................................................... 19 II.1.2. Climat ..................................................................................................................... 19 II.1.3. Geologie et pédologie ............................................................................................. 22 II.1.4. Faune ...................................................................................................................... 25 II.1.5. Flore et végétation .................................................................................................. 25 II.1.6. Activités agro-pastorales ........................................................................................ 27 II.2. Méthodes d’étude ..................................................................................... 28 iii II.2.1. Choix des sites d’étude ........................................................................................... 28 II.2.2. Choix des parcelles ................................................................................................. 28 II.2.3. Collectes des données ............................................................................................. 30 II.2.3.1. Enquêtes ........................................................................................................... 30 II.2.3.2. Relevé de la végétation .................................................................................... 31 II.2.3.3. Collecte de phytomasse ................................................................................... 33 II.2.3.4. Prélèvement de sol ........................................................................................... 33 II.2.4. Analyses statistiques des données .......................................................................... 34 II.2.4.1. Matrice d’association ....................................................................................... 35 II.2.4.2. Analyse d’ordination ....................................................................................... 35 II.2.4.3. Analyse d’ordination sous contrainte .............................................................. 37 II.2.4.4. Analyse de variance et test de Tukey .............................................................. 38 PARTIE III : Dynamique de la végétation des recrûs forestiers ........ 40
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