DESIGN FOR GLOBAL FORESTRY

A NEW PARADIGM FOR CREATIVE MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

GRACE JEFFERS, BA MA CONTENTS

3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

© GRACE JEFFERS 2017 4 AUTHOR’S NOTE 6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7 INTRODUCTION 8 PART – 1 SEEING THE FORESTS 8 WHAT IS A FOREST? 9 SEE THE FOREST 10 FORESTS ARE NOT RENEWABLE 11 THE STATE OF GLOBAL FORESTS 12 PART 2 – FOR THE TREES 12 FORESTS FIRST 12 ENDANGERED WOODS & FORESTS 13 LACEY ACT 13 FLEGT 14 CITES 14 IUCN 15 LEGAL CONSEQUENCES 16 THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS 16 DESIGN A SOLUTION 17 PART 3 – DECIMATING DEMAND 17 THINK EXTINCTION 17 EBONY 18 TEAK 18 TAIGA FORESTS 19 THE BIAŁOWIEŻA FOREST, POLAND 20 THE BUTTERFLY ECONOMY 21 CONCLUSIONS 22 APPENDIX – IUCN RED LIST WOOD 24 BIBLIOGRAPHY 24 PRINT 26 WEB 28 USEFUL LINKS

2 WILSONART ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

There are several individuals who provided significant assistance and without their help this document would not be as strong. My thanks to Julie Sandy, Peter Nolan, Candace Thompson, Rhett Butler, Don Trent Four Arrows Jacobs, Eric Meier, Bill Esler, Ellen La Nicca, Alison De Martino, Megan Mazzocco and Susan Szenasy.

I am also grateful to the professors at SUNY College of Environmental Forestry, Clemson University Forestry and Department of Conservation and Dr. Nalini Nadkarni (University of Utah) for her generosity of explanations. Thank you Mike Meier, material scientist, Davis, California, for helping me see the world differently.

Thank you to Wilsonart for their vision, courage and support in developing this document.

Thank you to The Ellen MacArthur Foundation and The National Science Foundation for their permission to use their wonderful illustrations. For their significant books I thank David Suzuki, Thomas Pakenham, Colin Tudge and Alex Shigo.

Thank you to my fellow designers for your encouraging willingness to play your part in saving our remaining forests and regenerating them for future generations.

3 WILSONART We were once few and lived simply. Now our population has risen AUTHOR’S NOTE to over 7 billion, including a rise in our living standards (UN, 2017). More of us living better for longer, all needing shelter, food, water and amenities and finally realizing that this planet is a finite resource.

Where forests were once vast and abundant they are now dwindling everywhere, and we need to ask ourselves not only how are we going to live on this planet, but also how are we going to live with this planet?

We rely on forests for survival. Inhale. We owe the air in our lungs to forests. I may be writing in an apartment in New York City, but if not for the boreal forest in Canada to the north or the Amazon to the south, I would not be here breathing. Forests are the lungs of the earth. They are also the reason why rain falls. No rain, no food, no food, no me. Most of us live far removed from the reality that affects us all. Nature is detached and far away.

This paper is the result of a life changing epiphany. I spent 10 years writing an encyclopedia about materials for Thames & Hudson London. My first realization was that the world of materials education and understanding is itself a fragmented landscape. Materials science examines ceramics, metals and polymers. Textiles are studied and pioneered by completely different artists, engineers and scientists, as are man-made and natural fibers. Wood science and paper science are different schools of study. So is the study of raw material extraction and processing. These academic silos operate in isolation, clinging to their knowledge, ignorant of its place within our global knowledge system.

But when I wanted to learn more about wood I had to understand where it came from, and what was happening there. Here was my moment of realization. The story of wood is one of the most complex in the whole field of materials. Rosewood, for example, is a term for the wood known as nigra, which represents 250 distinct sub-species found in at least a dozen countries across four continents. Each country has its own approaches to forestry and laws related to it, but perhaps most shockingly is that there are often differences in the seemingly simple question “What is a Forest?”

My academic and career background is in art and design. I was trained to identify the species that were made into objects. But I have come to see the story of wood as thousands of years old, a picture of colonization in which our hunger for it has driven us around the globe. This story is still playing out today, every day, all across the planet. What I am trying to show in this paper is how our selection of materials plays into that story.

4 WILSONART The disciplines of architecture and interior design, as well as decorative art history focus on only the aesthetic, micro-structure qualities of wood. This paper will offer a different context; the macro-structure. Quite literally my aim is to show you the forest instead of just the trees, because every single day you and I are impacting forests.

I hope to guide you to ask deeper questions, and it is in the asking of these questions and in respectfully listening to diverse points of view that humanity will find solutions. It is my deepest and most sincere hope that this will happen, but we cannot solve a problem without clearly understanding it. May my efforts provide you with more clarity.

With great reverence for all that is.

Grace Jeffers New York June 2017

5 WILSONART Wood is renewable but forests are not. This paper challenges EXECUTIVE today’s designers to consider how their choices impact this planet SUMMARY and its future. There is mass confusion, delusion and misleading concepts of what a forest really is. As humans we each have an idea of what a forest looks like, and yet barren, stripped landscapes are defined as forests. There is a world of difference between the wild primary forests of our ideals, and secondary growth or plantations that are “officially” WHEN GOOD INTENTION classed as forests. IS NOT ENOUGH Despite their good intentions, Prada Humans have irreparably destroyed up to 75 percent of primary, old-growth forests since the industrial revolution, emphasizing failed disastrously according to the premise that designers — in leading the hearts and minds of Greenpeace and Rainforest Relief. consumers — must urgently understand alternatives to wood so Prada did check if the wood specified as to protect our remaining forests. for the floor of their New York Designers, architects and engineers can help by realizing that “epicenter” store was endangered, but wood comes from unique and irreplaceable forests. By questioning a wood’s and where it comes from, designers that is not enough. can save forests and protect their practices and their clients from legal proceedings. The Rem Koolhaas designed “Wave” There are endangered woods just as there are endangered animals. floor became an environmental Would you upholster a chair in Siberian tiger? Of course not, yet we cause célèbre because it was crafted have furnished a store with a zebrawood skateboard ramp without a thought that this wood is nearly extinct. from zebrawood illegally logged in

Cameroon. (Metropolis, 2002) Various governments have developed laws and agreements to protect Yes, it is great design, but now over endangered species, and these have been extended to include forests and other life. There are clear regulations and punishments 15 years later we can learn from Prada’s outlined in the Lacey Act, CITES and IUCN. There are also clear mistakes. They perpetuated illegal guidelines within the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. logging the destruction of habitat and Just as it cannot save the rhino from the demand for its horn, animal life. In addition, zebrawood is legislation alone cannot solve the problem of illegal wood. In order now on the IUCN Red List as critically to be successful, legislation must be combined with education. This requires knowledgeable and outspoken designers, architects and endangered. (IUCN, 2017) engineers to lead the way, as they have so often done, in changing how and what our civilization consumes.

Right now there are repercussions for companies who ignore the laws. Gibson Guitars and Lumber Liquidators are two recent examples. Both were penalized $350,000 and $13,000,000 respectively for using illegal woods. Far greater punishment was the impact on Lumber Liquidators value. It fell from a high of $120 per share to $60 within months of the import ruling. Along with the subsequent formaldehyde scandal, shares fell to a low of $10. (Reuters, 2016)

6 WILSONART The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new way for designers, INTRODUCTION architects and engineers to think about wood. It intends to challenge design assumptions regarding the relationship between a wood species and forests around the globe, and to replace old thought processes with one that addresses a bigger picture — Earth’s life systems.

Designers have been trained to see the aesthetic beauty of wood, the rich colors and decorative grains. Beyond identifying the species — for instance, the difference between oak, maple and mahogany in terms of grain and micro-structure — very few humans can look at a wood species and tell you where it came from in the world and the state of the forest from which it was extracted.

This paper chronicles the complex issues of global forestry from the perspective of botany, biology, silviculture, agriculture, conservation, wood science, architecture, interior design and industrial design, so as to provide a comprehensive primer on the topic.

Our most influential of professions is familiar with the micro story of wood, but not its macro story. Yet we continue to design buildings, interiors, furniture and toys for an insatiable society that will consume not just our designs, but also the materials we have specified.

Another purpose of this paper is to suggest a different way for designers to make decisions about wood selection. Showing the relationship between a wood species and the forest in which it grew will assist design professionals in forging long-term, sustainable values and solutions. In the end you will make your own decisions for your own reasons; however, you should make them conscientiously.

As our forests continue to be decimated, it is time for us designers to protect them by broadening our understanding of wood, the value of forests, and their intrinsic role in the survival of all species on Earth.

7 WILSONART PART 1 WHAT IS A FOREST?

This is a simple question but there is no simple answer. We are living SEEING THE FORESTS in a world where culture gives us one set of definitions, biology and the natural sciences have given us another, and industry has lobbied for a self-serving set of values. Further complicating matters, each country can define what is legally a forest.

However, most of us might agree with Dr. Styles and her team at the Illinois State Museum: “…a forest is…an ecosystem or assemblage of ecosystems dominated by trees and other woody vegetation…The living parts of a forest include trees, shrubs, vines, grasses and other herbaceous (non-woody) , mosses, algae, fungi, insects, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and microorganisms living on the plants and animals and in the soil. These interact with one another and with the non-living part of the environment — including the soil, water, and minerals, to make up what we know as a forest.” (Styles et al. 2017)

This holistic definition of a forest, as a delicate balance of living organisms, is one that appeals to most. However there are also economic, legal and industrial-agriculture definitions — man-made obfuscations avoiding the original, simple question.

In fact, even the United Nations has two different definitions, neither of which mentions forests as sources of habitat or biodiversity. Indeed, “both definitions include the possibility of lands currently without trees to be classed as forest” if they are likely to become reforested again at some future point (Lund, 2009). This may make some sense as deforestation is not always human-driven — for example, natural disasters or forest fires — but the lack of clarity gives rise to a legal gray area, which is vulnerable to manipulation for fiscal or political benefit.

It is hardly surprising that whilst science seeks to increase understanding, business tends to complicate for profit. It is because of industry lobbyists, that even clear-cut land is considered a forest, as long as it is intended for future reforestation. This is clearly chicanery propagated by an industry intent on protecting profits at the expense of global ecologies.

In the United States, our national forests are “protected” in that they are managed by the U.S. Forest Service, a government agency under the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Although regulations vary by state, National Forests tend to be mixed-use, with some areas designated for three uses: production, recreation and conservation. National Forest production is government controlled rather than privately controlled, with a requirement to accept public comment but no obligation to act upon it. This means National Forests, established to provide “protection” for public lands, are under pressure to turn a profit to justify their existence. (FSC, 2013)

8 WILSONART This approach differs from the indigenous view in which forests are seen as family, as living independent entities with civil rights, including the right to survive. In this worldview, nature is a partner to be respected, not a resource to be conquered and managed. (Jacobs, 2016) In his book, “Project Drawdown”, Paul Hawken identifies indigenous land management as one of the top ways to halt environmental carbon emissions and mitigate climate change. (Hawken, 2017)

SEE THE FOREST

There are three major types of forests classed according to their global position — tropical, temperate and boreal (or taiga forests). (UCMP, 2017)

(National Science Foundation, 2017)

More than half of tropical forests have been destroyed despite possessing the richest biodiversity on Earth. In addition, only scattered remnants of the original temperate forests remain. Boreal forests represent the largest biome on earth: they are found in the broad belt of Eurasia and North America; two-thirds are in Siberia, and the rest in Scandinavia, Alaska, and Canada.

Within these geographical definitions there are sub-categories based upon human interference, as per the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations.

A wild primary or primeval forest (also called old-growth or virgin forests) is one that has been untouched by human activity and completely free from intervention. In essence the forest naturally regenerates itself over time. (FAO, 2017)

9 WILSONART A secondary forest may have been logged hundreds of years ago or within the last 50 years. The land may have been allowed to return to forest through natural processes. Alternatively, the land may have been planted but then left to mature on its own, a type of forest USGBC AND LEED management known as “reforestation.” (FAO, 2017) The U.S. Green Building Council Finally, in planted forests — also referred to as a production forest (USGBC) was established in or a plantation — trees are grown just like any other agricultural crop. 1993 with a mission to promote (FAO, 2017) sustainability-focused practices in the building and construction FORESTS ARE NOT RENEWABLE industry. It developed a green building rating system called One of the great mantras of materials is “wood is a renewable resource.” Yes, we cut down trees, replant them, they grow, and LEED in 2000 and it is now in this way wood is a renewable resource. But by cutting down an international standard for trees, we are destroying forests and their unique, unquantifiable ecosystems; therefore, a forest cannot be renewable. To better environmentally sound building understand, it is important to consider two factors — time and nature. and used to certify hundreds of thousands of square feet per day. In considering time, it is evident that there are resources that can be renewed quickly and those that take a long time to replenish, and

that both require different management approaches. The U.S. Green The council members “…are Building Council (USGBC) defines a renewable resource as “building looking at the nexus of system materials and products that are made from agricultural products that are typically harvested within a 10-year or shorter cycle.” LEED clearly goals…with the Sustainable defines renewable as a single decade. Any resource that takes longer Development Goals…continue than a decade to renew is considered finite. (2009) supporting implementation of the With this in mind, let us now consider the years of growth required Paris Agreement, here in the U.S. before timber can be harvested: Below are the top four commercially and around the globe…” harvested timber species, their life spans, and the average age at which they are reaped. (USGBC, 2017)

Species Lifespan (Years) Harvest Age (Years) White pine 200 25 – 35 White Oak 300 60 – 90 Black Walnut 150 60 – 80 Eucalyptus 250 8 – 10

The current average life span of a woman in the United States is 81.5 years — for a man it is 76.9 years. (SSA, 2017) It takes a human lifetime for a white oak or a black walnut tree to regrow. The wood we use in our lifetime will not be renewed within our lifetime.

Furthermore, studies have shown that per capita, humans consume the same amount of timber in our lifetimes as we have throughout history. (Dauvergne & Lister, 2011) The problem is compounded by exponential population growth. Demand is far beyond our planet’s capacity to supply.

10 WILSONART This is the single most important concept: Trees might be renewable, but forests most certainly are not.

It is fallacy to consider wood only as an agricultural product: While wood may be planted, grown and harvested as any other agricultural crop, this activity should not be mistaken for a forest, because it is monoculture. Just as a field of corn is not a prairie, a valley planted in a single species of tree is not a forest.

THE STATE OF GLOBAL FORESTS

It is a shock to realize the loss of primary forests on Earth. In 2010, the FAO indicated that only a third of all forests were primary (old- growth); however, more recent data suggests that “only one-quarter of [the world’s] original old-growth forest (remains).” (Wells, 2015) The sources clearly indicate we have irreparably changed the very nature of our Earth by destroying 66-75 percent of its old-growth forests in a relatively short period of time.

Of course, deforestation has been happening for millenniums — demand for wood motivated colonization, forests were and are cleared for agriculture and construction, wood was a fuel for our ancestors, and it still is for many on the planet. But between industrialization and now our packaging- and paper-based society, consumption has increased significantly over the last two centuries, and continues to increase in sync with our population growth.

With deforestation comes degradation. Degraded simply means “of a lower quality.” The remaining secondary forests are considered degraded compared to the primary forest. Inevitably, defining types of forests implies value judgments as to their quality. As Lund (2009) listed over 800 definitions for forests, he also notes the many definitions for degraded forests. A UNEP study of degraded forests shows that while the precise levels of damage may be far from clear- cut, the data indicates that 66-75 percent of our non-primary forests have been degraded by human activity. (UNEP, 2009)

Degradation rates are actually higher than deforestation rates according to Greg Asner, professor of earth system science at Stanford University. (Stanford, 2003) We also classify plantations as forests and manage as much as 30 percent of our forests for harvest. (FAO, 2010)

Every country has a different approach to forest management, too. According to the same FAO report, 80 percent of all forests were publicly owned, and yet, this does not guarantee them protection. Currently governments have protected only 13 percent of the world’s forests. Even primary forests in European countries such as Romania and Poland, which should be cherished and protected, are under threat from industry, in part by shifting public ownership to private interests. (EIA, 2015)

11 WILSONART PART 2 FORESTS FIRST

Ask three critical questions before specifying a wood: FOR THE TREES • What is this wood’s conservation status? • From where did this wood originate? • What is the state of the forest from which the wood was harvested?

Remarkably, considering the man-made complexity of this subject, these are the only questions you will need to answer. Of course, the answers are a little more complex as discussed below.

Regarding legislation, we must do our utmost to avoid illegally logged wood. The law is quite clear. It is up to us to understand and document the status of the wood, its forests and country of origin — including the politics involved — prior to specifying any wood.

ENDANGERED WOODS & FORESTS

One of the biggest threats to the survival of global species, both plants and animals, is the destruction of tropical forests. Many people are aware of this fact and know that illegal logging is largely to blame, but they might not be aware of how and why it is so destructive.

According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 70 percent of the ultimate deforestation of tropical forests for agricultural purposes is precipitated by the creation of logging roads.

Illegal logging roads initiate a chain of destruction like no other activity. Roads, initially bulldozed by loggers, provide ready-made paths for others to complete the process of deforestation through further logging, agriculture or both. These roads are built to access only a few large and valuable old-growth trees — these priceless, ancient trees are as irreplaceable as their forest home.

The moment a tropical forest is logged it immediately becomes eight times more likely to be completely deforested than one remaining unlogged. Our decimating demand is responsible for illegal logging, reducing forests to a source of income in countries with developing economies.

At least 50 percent of the Earth’s 10 million species rely on tropical rainforests as their habitat. If we continue business as usual, some of the most endangered habitats will be destroyed. We are living through the greatest extinction period since the dinosaurs gave mammals a chance to dominate. Current data shows the speed of extinction caused by humans is between 1,000 to 10,000 times the natural rate. (WWF, 2017)

12 WILSONART LACEY ACT

In 1900 Theodore Roosevelt introduced the Lacey Act to protect against illegal hunting of animal species for commercial purposes. ROSEWOOD – It was broadened in 2008 to protect plant species. It is the first ban on THE IVORY OF THE FOREST illegally sourced wood products in the world, and its enforcers, Rosewood trafficking is big money: as we shall see, are far from reticent to use their powers. (Forest Legality Alliance, 2017) The UN Organization on Drugs and Crime’s recent World Wildlife Crime The Lacey Act protects against the trade of illegally logged Report concluded that seizures of timber — which includes both raw lumber and finished products made of wood. It has been in the news, most visibly against Gibson illegally harvested rosewood between Guitars for the company’s use of illegally logged exotic wood, and 2005 and 2014 comprised 35 percent Lumber Liquidators. of the value of all wildlife seizures The key to understanding and complying with the Lacey Act lies in during that period — an amount equal understanding your supply chain and maintaining a robust document to the value of all seizures of elephant trail. Not only are importers and exporters required to prove the origin of a wood and that it was not illegally logged, everyone in the supply ivory, rhino horn, pangolins, big cats, chain is held responsible. corals and marine turtles combined. The explosive growth in Chinese In 2012 the Gibson Guitar Corporation was penalized $300,000, plus a $50,000 “community service payment” to the National Fish and Wildlife demand for classic-style hongmu Foundation. Gibson also agreed to develop a compliance program furniture over the past decade has to prevent the use of illegally harvested products. The company brought many rosewood species to surrendered about $260,000 worth of seized wood, including ebony. the brink of extinction. Traffickers are Gibson admitted to buying endangered Madagascar Ebony to use going deep into the world’s remaining in their guitars. The Justice Department also identified that they had illegally imported rosewood and ebony from India. The penalties were tropical forests in a frenzied search part of an agreement where Gibson would avoid being criminally for new species to feed the trade and charged for violating the Lacey Act. evade national prohibitions. U.S. Attorney Jerry Martin said, “This criminal enforcement agreement Perhaps the most famous example goes a long way in demonstrating the government’s commitment to of rosewood trafficking’s devastation protecting the world’s natural resources.” (www.wri.org, 2012) comes from Madagascar. A trafficking boom that spiked after a coup in 2009 FLEGT stripped most rosewood from forests across the country, including inside Founded in 2003 FLEGT stands for The Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade. It is the European Union’s Action Plan aiming national parks. Apart from the loss to reduce illegal logging. It works bilaterally with governments to of these old-growth trees, impacts strengthen sustainable and legal forest management; to improve included degradation of previously governance and promote trade in legally produced timber. intact forest areas, a surge in The EU partners with wood-exporting countries to develop a organized criminal activity, corruption, Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) with the intent to end illegal wood exports. The VPA process is both consultative and legally local booms in prostitution, and binding, and so far the EU has worked with countries in Asia, South wildlife poaching. (WRI.org, 2016) America and Africa. For EU consumers FLEGT-approved wood is verified as coming from legal sources.

13 WILSONART CITES

According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (2017), by the early 1960’s it was apparent that unregulated trade was threatening FORESTS AND THE GIANT PANDA animals and plants with extinction. Discussions involving 80 In 2016 the Giant Panda was taken off governments — including the United States — began, and eventually the endangered species list. China had in 1975 the international treaty called the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) came into force. previously reported it as endangered to the UN and it was listed on the Today over 181 countries implement the treaty and take guidance CITES list. from its nonprofit organization which documents trade in animal and plant species.

In the 1980s the giant panda The CITES organization maintains a database of species with plants and animals at various levels of threat, endangerment and trade population plummeted to a mere restrictions. The database can be searched online by scientific or 1,200 animals. Today there are 2,060 common name to determine where in the world the species comes pandas, an increase of 80 percent of from, its status, and if there are recent quotas on trade for that species. (CITES, 2017) the population.

The giant panda population decreased IUCN not because of hunting, but because The International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) works of loss of habitat. Ninety-nine percent to define the endangerment and conservation status for species of their diet consists of bamboo and a around the globe. CITES uses IUCN’s findings to determine a species’ degree of endangerment and whether to regulate its trade. radical decrease of their habitat lead to the crash in the number of the species. IUCN Red List conservation status is effectively an extinction ranking system — from unevaluated to endangered to completely extinct. While the numbers have increased, it Many factors are used to assess a species’ status, including its is important to understand that this is population, the overall increase or decrease in the population over because of captive breeding programs time, breeding success rates and known threats. that utilize artificial insemination. This The following is an explanation of the IUCN Red List categories: species’ numbers dropped because of When a species is listed as “vulnerable” on IUCN, it means the species human activity, but increased due to is at a “high risk of extinction in the wild.” An “endangered” status reflects a “very high risk of extinction” and a “critically endangered” human intervention, as well. A captive- status indicates a 90 percent decrease in population. (IUCN, 2017) bred giant panda in a zoo is not exactly the same as a wild bred-and-born panda. (WWF, 2017)

14 WILSONART LEGAL CONSEQUENCES

What is being done to enforce laws that protect disappearing habitats and biodiversity?

Globally, it is becoming increasingly easy to identify non-compliance (FLA, 2017). Organizations like IUCN fund scientific research and sound the alarm on behalf of threatened and endangered species.

In addition to CITES, IUCN works with the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to set global standards and quotas for trade in Red Listed species. CITES performs a monitoring role, and collaborates internationally with UNEP to promote countries’ compliance; however, enforcement and punishment remains within the realm of a nation’s government. (CITES, 2013)

In the case of Gibson Guitars, the United States government has shown that it is not afraid to prosecute companies that fail to take due care as per the Lacey Act. Another well-known Lacey Act prosecution is the case of Lumber Liquidators. They imported hardwood flooring from illegally logged Russian forests and received the largest Lacey Act fine to date — $13 million.

The United States, Japan, Australia and the European Union continue to monitor and legislate the trade of endangered and illegally logged wood; however, countries in Asia, Africa, South and Central America struggle to enforce the existing regulations. National police and wildlife protection officers are understaffed and without the resources to effectively protect endangered woods, resulting in a black market. When demand from richer countries for their wood is far, far greater than any available incentive, then the will to enforce consequences will remain weak. Corruption will always find a way to benefit from the demands of the wealthy — which is where we designers come in.

15 WILSONART SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS THE SUSTAINABLE 1. End poverty in all its forms DEVELOPMENT GOALS everywhere 2. End hunger, achieve food security, It seems to take us decades to learn our lessons. That is too long. improve nutrition, promote But at least we now have a legal and ethical infrastructure to guide sustainable agriculture us as we try to save what remains. It is over 100 years since the Lacey Act was passed, over 40 years since CITES was signed, yet our 3. Ensure healthy lives and promote destruction of animals, plants and their habitats continues. One can well-being for all at all ages only guess how much sooner we’d be eking out a living of sorts on a 4. Ensure inclusive and equitable planet without forests if it not for people with ethical foresight. quality education and promote lifelong learning for all Without people who are willing to campaign, to influence governments to draft laws, and to educate contrary cultures, most of 5. Achieve gender equality and us would be oblivious to what degree all the inhabitants of this planet empower all women and girls are interdependent. The United Nations has long been at the forefront 6. Ensure availability and sustainable when it comes to representing a wiser path for humankind. Many will management of water and disagree but there are many more who will agree. sanitation for all 7. Ensure access to affordable, In 2015 the United Nations launched the Sustainable Development reliable, sustainable and modern Goals (SDGs). Building on the Millennium Development Goals, the energy for all SDGs are a series of interconnected goals intent on seeking to “…end all forms of poverty, fight inequalities and tackle climate change...” 8. Promote sustained, inclusive and by 2030. (UN, 2017) In total there are 17 goals, and protecting forests sustainable economic growth, plays a major role in quite a few; in fact, Goal 15 specifically focuses decent work for all on protecting and restoring our forests. 9. Build resilient infrastructure, inclusive and sustainable industry, Professional organizations like the American Institute of Architects and foster innovation (AIA), and the World Design Organization (WDO) have embedded 10. Reduce inequality within and particular SDGs into their own strategic goals. Others, like the among countries American Society of Interior Designers (ASID) and the Interior Design Continuing Education Committee (IDCEC) have developed significant 11. Make cities and human settlements CEUs focusing on sustainability. The evidence is clear that designers inclusive, safe, resilient are becoming increasingly aware of their role in saving our forests. and sustainable 12. Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns DESIGN A SOLUTION 13. Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts Legal consequences are merely the tip of the iceberg. We are blindly, greedily rushing to an era when that analogy will be meaningless. 14. Conserve and sustainably use the Unless we design professionals end our role in this decimating oceans, seas and marine resources demand by no longer specifying endangered and illegally harvested 15. Protect and restore ecosystems like materials and turn to regenerative design principles, soon there will forests and halt biodiversity loss be no icebergs, no forests, no animals, and the blind watchmaker’s 16. Promote peaceful and inclusive work to sate our desires will be done. societies for sustainable development To save our rainforests we must reduce our tropical wood imports by at least 90 percent, with the remaining 10 percent from independently 17. Strengthen and revitalize the global certified, well-managed sources, third-party accredited by the Forest partnership for sustainable Stewardship Council and companies that are not logging from old- development (UN, 2017) growth forests. (Rainforest Relief, 2017)

16 WILSONART PART 3 THINK EXTINCTION

Time for a little thought experiment. Please think of three endangered DECIMATING DEMAND animals. Did you think of the black rhino or the mountain gorilla, or the giant panda? Did you pick another animal? There are so many to choose from.

Now, can you name three endangered woods? It may come as a shock to you to hear that many everyday woods are actually as endangered as the mountain gorilla.

Extinction is when a species’ deaths outnumber births and it SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT disappears. It is important to examine the causes of extinction GOAL 15 – WHY? because increasingly it is due to human activity, such as loss of habitat due to over-harvesting. Extinction is defined as “…the dying “Forests cover 30 percent of the out or termination of a species. Extinction occurs when species Earth’s surface and in addition to are diminished because of environmental forces.” (Encyclopedia providing food security and shelter, Britannica, 2017) forests are key to combating climate Rosewood, ebony and zebrawood are all listed as endangered, change, protecting biodiversity yet you will encounter them in the most everyday of settings, from store interiors to restaurant furniture. Not only is the wood itself and the homes of the indigenous endangered, but the forests in which it thrived are also endangered. population. Thirteen million hectares of forests are being lost every year The United States imports tropical woods as furniture, doors, coffins, boardwalks, decking, plywood and flooring. We import gigantic while the persistent degradation of quantities of it for use in paneling, cabinetry and furniture interiors dry lands has led to the desertification and backings, set construction, tractor-trailers, sub-flooring and door of 3.6 billion hectares. skins. And still more for boat building, flooring of trucks and shipping containers. We even use tropical wood to make bathroom plunger handles and pencils. (Rainforestrelief.org, 2017) Deforestation and desertification — caused by human activities and climate change — pose major EBONY challenges to sustainable development Ebony is the common name for 107 different species that come from Africa, Asia and southeast Asia — all of which are on the IUCN Red and have affected the lives and List. Ebony is much sought-after for its beautiful and exotic grain livelihoods of millions of people in the and coloration. It is used in musical instruments, and for veneer and fight against poverty.” (UN, 2017) furniture inlays.

Bob Taylor, co-founder of Taylor Guitars said: “Ebony has been a wood that for two, or three, or four hundred years, we’ve gone into countries, and we’ve used the ebony until it’s all gone. Literally. Then we move into another country, and we take their ebony till it’s all gone. Why do I say ‘we’? — because ebony isn’t cut in Africa for use by Africans. Ebony is cut in Africa to be sold to people like us, to make things like guitars out of. That’s the simple truth of the matter.” (Taylor Guitars, 2017)

17 WILSONART You may have heard of Texas Ebony, from southern U.S. and Mexico. Although sharing characteristics with ebony, it is a different species entirely. While in use for furniture to fence posts, “the species does not appear to be over-exploited at present, suggesting that KEEP AN EYE AND AN EAR ON THE the population is stable and it is therefore rated as Least Concern.” SUPPLY CHAIN (IUCN, 2017) Bob Taylor was told by legitimate ebony loggers that in order to find two TEAK trees of black ebony a single logger Teak is prized for its straight grain, rich golden color, and its chopped down 20 perfectly healthy exceptional durability. It is also especially water, rot and insect trees every day, leaving the rejected repellent. It is a tropical hardwood from south and southeast Asia, timber on the forest floor to rot including India, Indonesia, Malaysia and Burma (Myanmar). because their grain was “discolored.” Teak is now grown elsewhere — in Africa, Mexico and Central He informed them that his company America. The origin of the teak is particularly important because the majority of teak still comes from the wild and these habitats are in valued all colors of ebony equally and decline. One-third of the annual teak harvest comes from the native the practice ended. The loggers didn’t forests of Burma because it is perceived as the best quality. The global have to work as hard to make the same demand for teak far exceeds the combined capacities of forests and plantations. (FAO, 2017) money, and more ebony trees stayed alive in the forests. (Taylor Guitars, 2017) “Thai teak” is actually Burmese teak harvested by loggers and hauled across the Burma-Thai border. The Thai government has prohibited further logging of teak within its borders due to the environmental damage of teak logging. Sale of Burmese teak benefits the current Burmese military government infamous for human rights violations. (HRW, 2016)

Due to the worldwide scarcity and issues associated with deforestation, FSC-certified teak plantations have emerged in the last decade, in Africa, Ecuador, and the Pacific coasts of Costa Rica and Mexico. The geographic proximity of the Central American teak plantations is an additional cost benefit. Plantation-grown teak is sustainable and legally logged, with no noticeable differences in grain, color or quality from Asiatic teak. (FAO, 2017) However, we do need to be careful that native (primary) forests are not destroyed to make room for plantations.

TAIGA FORESTS

Russian taiga forests are a perfect example of non-threatened wood species in an endangered forest. These forests consist of a mixture of deciduous hardwoods such as oak mixed with coniferous trees. Oak is not a threatened of trees but the taiga forests of eastern Russia are also the habitat for endangered Siberian and Amur tiger populations. Less than 450 members of this species are known to exist in the wild. The forests are also home to the highly endangered Amur leopard of which fewer than 50 remain.

18 WILSONART These forests are protected under Russian law and logging is supposedly regulated in the other non-government-protected forests. As we know, governments can create regulations, but if there’s no enforcement, forests remain at risk.

Logging companies that abide by the rules are undercut by illegal logging activity. In fact, the Environmental Investigation Agency estimates that as much as 80 percent of the wood coming from the taiga could be illegally logged. (WWF, EIA 2013) Illegal logging is mainly trafficked through China where it is manufactured into products and furniture sold to western markets. Paper trails are falsified or disappear completely.

The case of Lumber Liquidators revealed the company was importing wood via China and intentionally ignoring its origin. In 2016 the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) prosecuted the biggest ever penalty for timber trafficking and Lumber Liquidators was penalized for more than $13 million, prompting a disastrous slump in their stock prices. The DOJ emphasized that the primary risk to the tigers’ survival is illegal logging. The tigers rely heavily on “intact” forests for hunting, and oak acorns are a chief food source for the tigers’ prey. (CBS, 2016)

THE BIAŁOWIEŻA FOREST, POLAND

“The Białowieża Forest is the last remaining primeval forest in the lowland Europe. It covers an area of over 1500 km2 in the tranquil corner of Poland and Belarus. Saved from logging [sic]…it became world’s last refuge for European Bison — the largest land mammal on our continent. Centuries old oak, elm, lime and several other species of trees grow here together in a tremendous variety of habitats. For this diversity, age and largely natural structure it has been recognized by UNESCO as a Biosphere Reserve and a World Heritage Site now visited by thousands from all over the world.” (Wild Poland, 2017)

We quote Wild Poland’s introduction to the Białowieża Forest to emphasize the fact that Poland is currently logging this incalculably precious habitat.

Despite the European Union’s highest court insisting the logging must be stopped, the Polish government continues to allow it under the guise of pest-control. The fact that the main logging company is state-owned indicates a significant level of bias.

There are estimates of 1,000 logged trees per day according to a zoologist at the Museum and Institute of Zoology at the Polish Academy. Of course there are protesters, but the logging company has its own security guards who tend toward confrontational solutions. All this is happening in a member state of the European Union. (New York Times, 2017)

We do not have to look very far to see where the demand for this wood originates — us. 19 WILSONART THE BUTTERFLY ECONOMY

Recently there has been progress developing progressive models to replace the old linear industrial thinking for designers. Regenerative design models like the Butterfly Economy model explained by Kate Raworth in Doughnut Economics is gaining acceptance across many professions, including economists, architects, engineers and designers.

Essentially, designers are asked to consider that “…all materials as belonging to one of two nutrient cycles; biological nutrients such as soil, plants and animals, and technical nutrients such as plastics, synthetics and metals.” In the regenerative design model these nutrients are reused again and again, never to be wasted. Design’s simple cradle-to-grave focus has been expanded to cradle-to-cradle solutions. The future of design and architecture, inspired by countries like Japan, recycling 98 percent of its metals, lies in greater awareness of regenerative design principles. (Raworth, 2017)

This graphic from the Ellen MacArthur Foundation provides clear guidance to designers who are committed to designing a better, safer and healthier earth for all its inhabitants.

A clear signal of change is reflected in the companies that have already signed up to this regenerative model; they include Unilever, Google and Nike. There seems to be clear evidence that we are finally applying the brakes to our old shortsighted linear economic model. Wood is renewable but forests are not.

20 WILSONART The first intention of this work was to present a wider and deeper CONCLUSIONS view of wood and forests to designers so that we make better design decisions.

There are more of us now. More humans and we designers are trying to navigate a constantly changing world with conflicting information from governments, commerce and science. So it makes sense to stop what we are doing to review what we have done and correct our course. Forests are not renewable.

Forests are so much more than invaluable habitats for the flora and fauna living in them, they are critical to the delicate life support system that is Earth. Human demand continues to decimate forests yet we have clear guidelines to navigate by. This leads us to our second intention to provide guidance for wise design decisions.

The Lacey Act, IUCN and CITES provide a clear framework by which designers can consciously measure their material specification.

We have seen companies punished for heedlessly purchasing illegally logged wood. And we have seen companies like Taylor Guitars that have consciously designed a better solution for their clients specifying new materials or ways to harvest wood. There is hope.

As designers we are the vanguard. Our influence impacts our environment. By learning to wield our influence wisely we may protect the habitats that remain, repair those we have damaged, and save what we are about to lose forever.

21 WILSONART APPENDIX Please consider alternatives to all of these woods. COMMON NAME SCIENTIFIC NAME IUCN Abura Mitragyna spp. RED LIST WOOD SPECIES Afrormosia Pericopsis elata Afzelia Afzelia spp. Balau Shorea spp. Bois de Rose Dalbergia maritima Bosse Guarea cedrata Brazilwood Caesalpinia echinata Brownheart Vouacapoua americana Cedar of Lebanon Cedrus libani Cedar, Port Orford Chamaecyparis lawsoniana Cedar, Spanish Cedrela odorata Cocobolo Dalbergia retusa Ebony, Brown Caesalpinia paraguariensis Ebony, Gaboon Diospyros crassiflora Ebony, Macassar Diospyros celebica Ebony, Mun Diospyros mun Etimoe salikounda Idigbo Terminalia ivorensis Imbuia Ocotea porosa Iroko Milicia spp. Keruing Dipterocarpus spp. Koto Pterygota macrocarpa Lignum Vitae Guaiacum spp. Mahogany, African Khaya spp. Mahogany, Cuban Swietenia mahogani Mahogany, Honduran Swietenia macrophylla Makore heckelii Meranti Shorea spp. Merbau Intsia spp. Moabi Baillonella toxisperma Monkey Puzzle Araucaria araucana Narra Pterocarpus indicus Nyatoh Palaquiuim spp. Okoume Aucoumea klaineana Peroba Rosa Aspidosperma polyneuron Pine, Longleaf Pinus palustris Pine, Norfolk Island Araucaria heterophylla Pine, Parana Araucaria angustifolia Pine, Sumatran Pinus merkusii Ramin Gonystylus spp. Redwood Sequoia sempervirens

22 WILSONART Rosewood, Brazilian Dalbergia nigra Rosewood, Burmese Dalbergia oliveri Rosewood, East Indian Dalbergia latifolia Rosewood, Madagascar Rosewood, Siamese Dalbergia cochinchinensis Sapele Entandrophragma cylindricum Satinwood, Ceylon Chloroxylon swietenia Satinwood, West Indian Zanthoxylum flavum Utile Entandrophragma utile Walnut, African Lovoa trichilioides Walnut, Claro Juglans californica Walnut, Peruvian Juglans spp. Wenge Millettia laurentii Zebrawood Microberlinia brazzavillensis

(Wood Database, 2017)

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