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The Red List of Trees of Madagascar Emily Beech, Malin Rivers, Marina Rabarimanarivo, Noro Ravololomanana, Nadiah Manjato, Faranirina Lantoarisoa, Sylvie Andriambololonera, Brigitte Ramandimbisoa, Hélène Ralimanana, Solofo Eric Rakotoarisoa, Henintsoa Razanajatovo, Velosoa Razafiniary, Andotiana Andriamanohera, Vonona Randrianasolo, Franck Rakotonasolo, Andry Rakotoarisoa, Nomentsoa Randriamamonjy, Landy Rajaovelona, Nantenaina Rakotomalala, Tianjanahary Randriamboavonjy, Mamy Tiana Rajaonah, David Rabehevitra, Aro Vonjy Ramarosandratana, Mijoro Rakotoarinivo, Bako Harisoa Ravaomanalina and Vololoniaina Jeannoda Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road, Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK. © 2021 Botanic Gardens Conservation International ISBN-10: 1-905164-77-7 ISBN-13: 978-1-905164-77-6 Reproduction of any part of the publication for educational, conservation and other non-profit purposes is authorized without prior permission from the copyright holder, provided that the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission from the copyright holder. Recommended citation: Beech, E., Rivers, M., Rabarimanarivo, M., Ravololomanana, N., Manjato, N., Lantoarisoa, F., Andriambololonera, S., Ramandimbisoa, B., Ralimanana, H., Rakotoarisoa, S., Razanajatovo , H., Razafiniary, V., Andriamanohera, A., Randrianasolo, V., Rakotonasolo, F., Rakotoarisoa, A., Randriamamonjy, N., Rajaovelona, L., Rakotomalala, N., Randriamboavonjy, T., Rajaonah, M., Rabehevitra, D., Ramarosandratana, A.V., Rakotoarinivo, M., B.H. Ravaomanalina and Jeannoda, V. (2021). Red List BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI) of Trees of Madagascar. BGCI. Richmond, UK. is the world’s largest plant conservation network, comprising more than 500 botanic gardens in over 100 countries, and provides the secretariat to AUTHORS Emily Beech and Malin Rivers: the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group. BGCI was established in 1987 Botanic Gardens Conservation International and is a registered charity with offices in the UK, US, China and Kenya. Marina Rabarimanarivo, Noro Ravololomanana, Nadiah Manjato, Faranirina Lantoarisoa, Sylvie Andriambololonera and Brigitte Ramandimbisoa: Missouri Botanical Garden Madagascar Program Hélène Ralimanana, Solofo Eric Rakotoarisoa, Henintsoa Razanajatovo, Velosoa Razafiniary, THE IUCN/SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST GROUP (GTSG) Andotiana Andriamanohera, Vonona forms part of the Species Survival Commission’s network of over 7,000 Randrianasolo, Franck Rakotonasolo, Andry Rakotoarisoa, Nomentsoa Randriamamonjy, volunteers working to stop the loss of plants, animals and their habitats. Landy Rajaovelona, Nantenaina Rakotomalala, SSC is the largest of the six Commissions of IUCN – The International Tianjanahary Randriamboavonjy, Mamy Tiana Union for Conservation of Nature. It serves as the main source of advice Rajaonah and David Rabehevitra: Kew Madagascar Conservation Centre to the Union and its members on the technical aspects of species conservation. The aims of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group Aro Vonjy Ramarosandratana and Mijoro Rakotoarinivo: University of Antananarivo are to promote and implement global red listing for trees and to act in (Plant Biology and Ecology Department) an advisory capacity to the Global Trees Campaign. Bako Harisoa Ravaomanalina and Vololoniaina Jeannoda: Madagascar Plant Specialist Group The opinion of the individual authors does not necessarily reflect the opinion of either the authors or THE CRITICAL ECOSySTEM PARTNERSHIP FUND is a joint Botanic Gardens Conservation International. initiative of l’Agence Francaise de Dé veloppement, Conservation The authors and Botanic Gardens Conservation International, the European Union, the Global Environment Facility, the International take no responsibility for any Government of Japan and the World Bank. A fundamental goal is to misrepresentation of material from translation of this ensure civil society is engaged in biodiversity conservation. document into any other language. COVER PHOTOS Front cover: Delonix regia (Malin Rivers) Back cover: Hanging garden on a tree trunk in medium altitude moist evergreen forest, Montagne d’Ambre, Northern Madagascar (Laurent Gautier, Conservatoire TANy MEVA is the CEPF regional implementation team for the et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève) Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands biodiversity hotspot. Together, DESIGN they enable civil society to protect ecosystems and species. Seascape. www.seascapedesign.co.uk The Red List of Trees of Madagascar March 2021 Emily Beech, Malin Rivers, Marina Rabarimanarivo, Noro Ravololomanana, Nadiah Manjato, Faranirina Lantoarisoa, Sylvie Andriambololonera, Brigitte Ramandimbisoa, Hélène Ralimanana, Solofo Eric Rakotoarisoa, Henintsoa Razanajatovo, Velosoa Razafiniary, Andotiana Andriamanohera, Vonona Randrianasolo, Franck Rakotonasolo, Andry Rakotoarisoa, Nomentsoa Randriamamonjy, Landy Rajaovelona, Nantenaina Rakotomalala, Tianjanahary Randriamboavonjy, Mamy Tiana Rajaonah, David Rabehevitra, Aro Vonjy Ramarosandratana, Mijoro Rakotoarinivo, Bako Harisoa Ravaomanalina and Vololoniaina Jeannoda The Red List of Trees of Madagascar CONTENTS Acknowledgements. 3 Foreword/Avant-Propos . 4 Executive summary (English/Malagasy) . 6 Background . 7 Methods . 8 Results . 9 Criteria used in the Red List . 9 Habitats . 10 Uses. 11 Threats. 12 In situ Protection . 13 Ex situ Survey. 14 Alluaudia procera (KMCC SE Rakotoarisoa) Recommendations and Conclusions. 15 Case studies. 16 Conservation of a threatened Dalbergia in southwest Madagascar . 16 Wood Reference Library of Madagascar CITES-listed Dalbergia and Diospyros for taxonomy, identification and traceability.. 17 Conservation assessments in Malagasy Sapotaceae . 18 Bibliography . 20 Appendix 1 Tree Species of Madagascar, their IUCN Red List Categories and ex situ collections . 21 Appendix 2 Botanic Gardens with Madagascar Tree Species . 53 Appendix 3 IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria . 56 Karomia macrocalyx (KMCC SE Rakotoarisoa) 2 The Red List of Trees of Madagascar ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IUCN RED LIST CATEGORIES EX Extinct EW Extinct in the Wild CR Critically Endangered EN Endangered VU Vulnerable NT Near Threatened LC Least Concern DD Data Deficient Madagascar littoral forest (Paul Smith) NE Not Evaluated e would like to thank all the This work was funded by a Critical assessors who contributed Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) Wassessments for this analysis, as project (“Assessing the Conservation well as those taxonomic experts who Status of Madagascar’s Trees for Effective reviewed the assessments. We are grateful Conservation of Key Biodiversity Areas and to all members of the IUCN SSC Protected Areas”) and Fondation Franklinia. Madagascar Plant Specialist Group for their work to review the Red List We are indebted to Professor Bakolimalala assessments for this project. We are Rakouth for the translation of the Executive grateful to those who contributed to the Summary into Malagasy. Thanks to Fano case studies in this report. Rajaonary for the spatial analysis. Thanks go to the Global Tree Assessment All the gardens that shared their collection team at BGCI and the IUCN SSC Global information and published data on BGCI’s Tree Specialist Group for their efforts in PlantSearch database are gratefully preparing the assessments for submission acknowledged. to IUCN as well as organising and facilitating the Red List workshops. Thank you to the IUCN Red List Unit for their support in the entry and publication of these assessments. 3 The Red List of Trees of Madagascar FOREWORD he place of trees in the life of once there, a witness to the deforestation The causes of deforestation are multiple, humankind no longer needs to be that Madagascar has experienced since but here we are highlighting the anarchic Tproven. As an illustration of their the first arrival of humans to the island. exploitation of our valued woods, which importance, trees or Hazo in Malagasy Since 1950, or in the last 70 years, the leads to imbalances in their known are mentioned in many Malagasy island has lost almost half of its natural populations. Analyses to assess the proverbs and adages: forests (a loss of 44% has been recorded, conservation status of species are or 1.6% per year). This loss of forest cover necessary to better guide decision- Hazo avo alan-drivotra: the wind first is accentuated by the fragmentation of the making for tree species management. It destroys the emergent trees: (jealousy); remaining intact forest. is no longer necessary to demonstrate ny Hazo no vanonko lakana , ny ala the central ecological role of different tree naniriany no tsara: if we make a pirogue Many authors have repeatedly warned species in regulating the functioning of from a tree, it is thanks to the forest that that deforestation and fragmentation the elements of our ecosystem. nourished it (all good things are the fruit of constitutes a great danger to their environment); Hazo tokana tsy mba Madagascar’s unique biodiversity, causing This Red List of tree species mentions ala: a single tree is not a forest (union is a loss of both quality (taxa) and quantity that of the 2,904 endemic species, 1,828 strength). Nowadays, it is not unusual to (individuals). This loss could also be are assessed as threatened. This Red find a single tree in a vast bare landscape, thought of in terms of habitat decline as the List is an indicator for monitoring the with the distant
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  • Les Didiereaceae: Origine, Affinites Sustematiques Et Repartition a Madagascar

    Les Didiereaceae: Origine, Affinites Sustematiques Et Repartition a Madagascar

    Biogéographie de Madagascar, 1996 : 183-186 LES DIDIEREACEAE: ORIGINE, AFFINITES SUSTEMATIQUES ET REPARTITION A MADAGASCAR Lala H. RAKOTOVAO Charlotte RAJERIARISON & RAMAVOLOLONA Centre National de Recherches sur l’Environnement,B.P 1739 - 1O1 Antananarivo, MADAGASCAR Dt5partement de Biologie et Ecologie Végétales, Faculté des Sciences , B.P 906, Antananarivo 101, MADAGASCAR ABSTRACT.- Didieraceae comprise one of six endemic families present in Madagascar. The four genera and 11 species in this family have specific ecological preferences,and their systematic afFrnities have been problematical. Palynological and chemical systematic studies support the placement of the family amongthe Centrosperms. KEY-W0RDS.- Didieraceae, Origin,fini@, Endemic, Madagascar RESUME.- Les Didiereaceae, famille endémique malgache, présente une localisation géographique bien précise dont l’explication est encore discutée. Les4 genres et 11 espèces qui la composent ont des exigencesécologiques particulières (condifions édaphiques, précipitations) leurset affinités systématiques ont poséde nombreux problèmes aux systématiciens. L’étude palynologique et le développementde la chimiosystématique,ont permis de situer la familledans l’ordre des Centrospermales. MOTS‘ CLES.-Didiereaceae, Origine,finité, Endémique, Madagascar INTRODUCTION Les Didiereaceae constituent l’une des6 familles endémiques de Madagascar. Elles comportent 11 espèces réparties à l’intérieur de4 genres : - Didierea madaguscariensis Baill., D. trollii Capuron et Rauh. - Alluaudia ascendens Drake, A. proceraDrake, A. humberti Choux, A. dumosa Drake, A. comosa Drake, A. montagnacii Rauh. - Alluaudiopsis marnieriana Rauh, A.Jiherenensis Humbert & Choux. - Decaryia madaguscariensis Choux. La famille présente uneunité structurale dansla morphologie des différentes espèces (KOECHLIN et al., 1974). Ce sont toutes des plantes épineuses (Alluaudia dumosa est la moins épineuse de toutes), caractérisées parla présence de rameaux longs et derameaux courts et fortement adaptées à la sécheresse.
  • 621 R. Kool Leiden)

    621 R. Kool Leiden)

    Ixonanthaceae R. Kool Leiden) 2 This small family of or 3 Old World rain-forest genera was already recognized as a separate suprageneric taxon by PLANCHON (1847) and PLANCHON & KLOTZSCH (1856), who relegated it to the affinity of Ochnaceae, later correctly referred to Linaceae as a subfamily Ixonanthoideaeby HUB. WINKLER (1931) and finally recognized as a family of its own by EXELL & MENDONÇA (1951). the of the As to number genera containedin family, there is no unanimity of opinion. FORMAN 8 NOOTEBOOM that (1965: 523) referred genera to the family, but (1967) argued several belong to Simaroubaceae. After careful consideration 3 genera are admitted here in Ixonanthaceae sensu stricto: Cyrillopsis Kuhlm. from South America, Ochthocosmus BENTH. (incl. Phyllocosmus KLOTZSCH) from tropical America and Africa, and Ixonanthes JACK from Indo-Malesia. The three genera form a close-knit group. They are all small and the wide distributionin the tropics points to a high age of the group. We must mentionthat there is a, doubtful, fourth genus, Allantospermum FORMAN, which the author reckons to the Ixonanthaceae. It occurs with one species in Borneo and another one in Ma- NOOTEBOOM The dagascar. (1967, 1972) included this genus in Simaroubaceae. morphology, chemotaxonomy, and palynology corroborate this affinity, but the anatomy of wood and leaf (VAN WELZEN & BAAS, 1984) is just in favour of affinity with Ixonanthaceae. We refrain from a long discussion of the merits of HALLIER'S attempt (1923) to have Linaceae as a hugecomplex centre of affinities and confine ourselves to what is usually accepted nowadays in recognizing a few families grouped around Linaceae sensu stricto.
  • South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae)

    South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae)

    Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2013 South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) Lendel, Anita Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-93287 Dissertation Published Version Originally published at: Lendel, Anita. South American Cacti in time and space: studies on the diversification of the tribe Cereeae, with particular focus on subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae). 2013, University of Zurich, Faculty of Science. South American Cacti in Time and Space: Studies on the Diversification of the Tribe Cereeae, with Particular Focus on Subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae) _________________________________________________________________________________ Dissertation zur Erlangung der naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorwürde (Dr.sc.nat.) vorgelegt der Mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Zürich von Anita Lendel aus Kroatien Promotionskomitee: Prof. Dr. H. Peter Linder (Vorsitz) PD. Dr. Reto Nyffeler Prof. Dr. Elena Conti Zürich, 2013 Table of Contents Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 3 Chapter 1. Phylogenetics and taxonomy of the tribe Cereeae s.l., with particular focus 15 on the subtribe Trichocereinae (Cactaceae – Cactoideae) Chapter 2. Floral evolution in the South American tribe Cereeae s.l. (Cactaceae: 53 Cactoideae): Pollination syndromes in a comparative phylogenetic context Chapter 3. Contemporaneous and recent radiations of the world’s major succulent 86 plant lineages Chapter 4. Tackling the molecular dating paradox: underestimated pitfalls and best 121 strategies when fossils are scarce Outlook and Future Research 207 Curriculum Vitae 209 Summary 211 Zusammenfassung 213 Acknowledgments I really believe that no one can go through the process of doing a PhD and come out without being changed at a very profound level.