Ilascu and Others V. Moldova and Russia 08Jul04

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Ilascu and Others V. Moldova and Russia 08Jul04 CONSEIL COUNCIL DE L’EUROPE OF EUROPE COUR EUROPÉENNE DES DROITS DE L’HOMME EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AFFAIRE ILASCU ET AUTRES c. MOLDOVA ET RUSSIE (Requête no 48787/99) ARRÊT STRASBOURG 8 juillet 2004 Cet arrêt est définitif. Il peut subir des retouches de forme. ARRÊT ILASCU ET AUTRES c. MOLDOVA ET RUSSIE i TABLE DES MATIÈRES INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................1 PROCÉDURE................................................................................................2 1. Procédure sur la recevabilité.........................................................2 2. Procédure sur le fond ....................................................................3 a) Observations des parties ...........................................................3 b) Audition des témoins ................................................................4 c) Les preuves documentaires.......................................................5 EN FAIT ........................................................................................................6 I. LES REQUÉRANTS.............................................................................6 II. L’ÉTABLISSEMENT DES FAITS .....................................................6 III. LE CONTEXTE GÉNÉRAL DE L’AFFAIRE..................................9 A. La dissolution de l’URSS et le conflit moldo-transnistrien relatif à la séparation de la Transnistrie............................................................9 1. La dissolution de l’URSS, la séparation de la Transnistrie et l’indépendance de la Moldova ...........................................................9 2. Le conflit armé (1991-1992).......................................................11 3. Événements postérieurs au conflit armé .....................................23 B. La présence de l’armée de la Fédération de Russie et de ses militaires en Transnistrie après l’accord du 21 juillet 1992.................27 1. Les troupes et le matériel du GOR présents en Transnistrie.......28 a) Avant la ratification de la Convention par la Fédération de Russie...........................................................................................28 b) Après la ratification de la Convention par la Fédération de Russie...........................................................................................31 2. Les relations entre le GOR et la « RMT » ..................................33 C. Les relations économiques, politiques et autres entre la Fédération de Russie et la Transnistrie ................................................34 1. Avant la ratification de la Convention par la Fédération de Russie, le 5 mai 1998 .......................................................................34 ii 2. Après la ratification de la Convention par la Fédération de Russie ..........................................................................................36 D. Les relations moldo-transnistriennes .............................................39 1. Avant la ratification de la Convention par la Moldova le 12 septembre 1997 .......................................................................39 2. Après la ratification de la Convention par la Moldova ...............40 IV. LES CIRCONSTANCES PARTICULIÈRES DE L’AFFAIRE......43 A. L’arrestation, la détention provisoire et la condamnation des requérants.......................................................................................43 1. Arrestation des requérants...........................................................43 2. Détention des trois premiers requérants dans les locaux de l’ex- 14e Armée.........................................................................................45 3. Détention au centre de détention provisoire des locaux de la police de Tiraspol et transfert en prison pendant le procès..............47 4. Le procès et la condamnation des requérants .............................48 B. Événements postérieurs à la condamnation des requérants ; libération de M. Ilascu.........................................................................50 C. La détention des requérants après leur condamnation...................52 1. Les conditions de détention ........................................................52 2. Les mauvais traitements..............................................................56 D. Démarches entreprises jusqu’en mai 2001 pour la libération des requérants.............................................................................................57 E. Libération de M. Ilascu le 5 mai 2001............................................58 F. Démarches entreprises pour la libération des autres requérants après mai 2001...............................................................................................60 G. Réactions internationales à la condamnation et à la détention des requérants.............................................................................................61 V. LE DROIT INTERNATIONAL, LE DROIT INTERNE ET AUTRES ACCORDS PERTINENTS......................................................................62 ARRÊT ILASCU ET AUTRES c. MOLDOVA ET RUSSIE iii EN DROIT ...................................................................................................72 I. SUR LA QUESTION DE SAVOIR SI LES REQUÉRANTS RELÈVENT DE LA JURIDICTION DE LA RÉPUBLIQUE DE MOLDOVA.............................................................................................72 A. Thèses défendues devant la Cour ...................................................72 1. Le gouvernement moldave..........................................................72 2. Le gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie .............................73 3. Les requérants .............................................................................74 4. Le gouvernement roumain, tiers intervenant ..............................74 B. Appréciation de la Cour .................................................................75 1. Principes généraux......................................................................75 a) Sur la notion de « juridiction » ...............................................75 b) La responsabilité de l’Etat quant à un fait illicite...................77 2. Application de ces principes .......................................................78 3. Sur la notion d’obligations positives...........................................80 4. Sur le respect par la Moldova de ses obligations positives.........81 II. SUR LA QUESTION DE SAVOIR SI LES REQUÉRANTS RELÈVENT DE LA JURIDICTION DE LA FÉDÉRATION DE RUSSIE....................................................................................................86 A. Thèses défendues devant la Cour ...................................................86 1. Le gouvernement de la Fédération de Russie .............................86 2. Le gouvernement moldave..........................................................88 3. Les requérants .............................................................................89 4. Le gouvernement roumain, tiers intervenant ..............................91 B. Appréciation de la Cour .................................................................92 1. Principes généraux......................................................................92 2. Application des principes précités ..............................................92 a) Avant la ratification de la Convention par la Fédération de Russie ......................................................................................92 iv b) Après la ratification de la Convention par la Fédération de Russie...........................................................................................94 III. SUR LA COMPÉTENCE RATIONE TEMPORIS DE LA COUR ..96 A. Quant au grief tiré de l’article 6 de la Convention.........................97 B. Quant aux griefs tirés des articles 3, 5 et 8 de la Convention........97 C. Quant au grief tiré de l’article 1 du Protocole no 1 à la Convention...........................................................................................97 D. Quant au grief de M. Ilascu tiré de l’article 2 de la Convention....97 IV. SUR LA VIOLATION ALLÉGUÉE DE L’ARTICLE 2 DE LA CONVENTION .......................................................................................98 A. Arguments présentés devant la Cour .............................................98 B. Appréciation de la Cour .................................................................99 V. SUR LA VIOLATION ALLÉGUÉE DE L’ARTICLE 3 DE LA CONVENTION .....................................................................................100 A. Les arguments présentés devant la Cour ......................................100 B. L’appréciation de la Cour.............................................................100 1. Principes généraux....................................................................100 2. Application des principes en l’espèce.......................................103 a) En ce qui concerne M. Ilascu................................................103 b) Les trois autres requérants : conditions de détention et traitement en détention...............................................................105 i. En ce qui concerne M. Ivantoc ..........................................105 ii. En ce qui concerne MM. Lesco et Petrov-Popa ...............107 VI. SUR LA VIOLATION ALLÉGUÉE DE L’ARTICLE 5 DE LA CONVENTION .....................................................................................108 VII. SUR LA VIOLATION
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