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Russia and China. a Political Marriage of Convenience www.ssoar.info Russia and China: A political marriage of convenience - stable and successful Lubina, Michał Veröffentlichungsversion / Published Version Monographie / monograph Zur Verfügung gestellt in Kooperation mit / provided in cooperation with: Verlag Barbara Budrich Empfohlene Zitierung / Suggested Citation: Lubina, M. (2017). Russia and China: A political marriage of convenience - stable and successful. Opladen: Verlag Barbara Budrich. https://doi.org/10.3224/84742045 Nutzungsbedingungen: Terms of use: Dieser Text wird unter einer CC BY-SA Lizenz (Namensnennung- This document is made available under a CC BY-SA Licence Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen) zur Verfügung gestellt. (Attribution-ShareAlike). For more Information see: Nähere Auskünfte zu den CC-Lizenzen finden Sie hier: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.de Diese Version ist zitierbar unter / This version is citable under: https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:0168-ssoar-66516-2 Michał Lubina Russia and China Michał Lubina Russia and China A political marriage of convenience – stable and successful Barbara Budrich Publishers Opladen • Berlin • Toronto 2017 An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. The Open Access ISBN for this book is 978-3-8474-1072-0. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org © 2017 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0. (CC- BY-SA 4.0) It permits use, duplication, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you share under the same license, give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ © 2017 Dieses Werk ist beim Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH erschienen und steht unter der Creative Commons Lizenz Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-SA 4.0): https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ Diese Lizenz erlaubt die Verbreitung, Speicherung, Vervielfältigung und Bearbeitung bei Verwendung der gleichen CC-BY-SA 4.0-Lizenz und unter Angabe der UrheberInnen, Rechte, Änderungen und verwendeten Lizenz. This book is available as a free download from www.barbara-budrich.net (https://doi.org/10.3224/84742045). A paperback version is available at a charge. The page numbers of the open access edition correspond with the paperback edition. ISBN 978-3-8474-2045-3 (hardcover) eISBN 978-3-8474-1072-0 (PDF) DOI 10.3224/84742045 Verlag Barbara Budrich GmbH Stauffenbergstr. 7. D-51379 Leverkusen Opladen, Germany 86 Delma Drive. Toronto, ON M8W 4P6 Canada www.barbara-budrich.net A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from Die Deutsche Bibliothek (The German Library) (http://dnb.d-nb.de) Jacket illustration by Bettina Lehfeldt, Kleinmachnow – www.lehfeldtgraphic.de Copy-Editing: Máiréad Collins, Belfast, UK Type-Setting: Anja Borkam, Jena – [email protected] Contents Preface ............................................................................................................. 9 Introduction .................................................................................................... 13 I. Theoretical Introduction .......................................................................... 13 1. Between Neorealism and Constructivism ......................................... 14 2. The Asymmetric Win-Win ............................................................... 19 3. The Argument: 17th Century as the Model for Sino-Russian Relations ............................................................... 22 II. The Domestic Determinants of Russia’s and China’s Policymaking ...... 27 1. Historical and Cultural Determinants ............................................... 27 2. The “Russian Idea” ........................................................................... 29 3. Russia’s Great Power Syndrome ...................................................... 32 4. Russia in Asia ................................................................................... 38 5. China’s Sinocentricism ..................................................................... 42 6. China’s (post)Confucianist Ideational Eclecticism........................... 44 7. War and Peace by China and Russia ................................................ 47 8. Two Different Authoritarianisms ..................................................... 49 9. Personalities in Russia-China Relations ........................................... 50 10. Yeltsin’s Russia and his Policy Concepts ......................................... 51 11. Putin and Putinism ............................................................................ 53 12. Putin and China ................................................................................ 55 13. China’s Third and Fourth Generation of Leadership ........................ 61 14. Xi Jinping and his “Chinese Dream” ................................................ 63 15. Putin and Xi ...................................................................................... 65 16. “Hot on top, cold at bottom” ............................................................ 67 III. “Democratization of International Relations”: International Roles of Russia and China ................................................. 70 1. “Soft Revisionists” ........................................................................... 71 2. “Strategic Screen” ............................................................................ 75 3. The USA and Beyond the USA in Russia-China Relations ............. 79 4. Russia’s Foreign Policy Goals .......................................................... 83 5. China’s Foreign Policy Goals ........................................................... 86 6. Russia and China in International Organizations, Groups, and Forums ......................................................................... 89 7. Alexander Nevsky Paradigm? .......................................................... 92 5 8. Summary: The Changing International Roles .................................. 93 Part One. Geopolitics and Beyond: Bilateral Political Relations 1991-2017 ......................................................... 95 1. Before 1991: Overshadowed by Russia ............................................ 95 2. From Lack of Interest to Rapprochement ......................................... 96 3. “Strategic Partnership” ................................................................... 101 4. Changed Leadership, Continued Policy Agenda ............................ 110 5. 11 September 2001 ......................................................................... 112 6. Putin’s Policy of Balancing Powers ............................................... 114 7. Towards Rapprochement with China ............................................. 117 8. The Economic Crisis of 2008 and Its Consequences for Bilateral Relations .................................................................... 126 9. The US Pivot to Asia and Its Impact on Sino-Russian Relations .............................................................. 132 10. Xi Jinping and the Intensification of Sino-Russian Relations ........ 135 11. Ukrainian Crisis and China-Russia Relations ................................. 142 12. Embracing One Belt One Road: the Recent Sino-Russian Relations ................................................. 146 Part Two. Pipelines and Arms: Economic and Military Relations ............... 160 I. Economic Relations .............................................................................. 160 1. Economic Cooperation in the 1990s ............................................... 160 2. Economic Cooperation in 2000-2017: The Geopolitics of Energy and Beyond.......................................... 166 3. The ESPO Oil Pipeline and the “Power of Siberia” Gas Pipeline .................................................................................... 168 4. Trade Volume ................................................................................. 177 5. Summary ........................................................................................ 183 II. Military Relations.................................................................................. 184 1. Arms Sales ...................................................................................... 185 2. Military Cooperation, Joint Exercises ............................................ 194 3. Summary ........................................................................................ 199 Part Three. China’s Appendix? The Russian Far East ................................ 200 1. The Domestic Context .................................................................... 200 2. From Open to Closed Borders: The Russian Far East in Russia-China Relations in the 1990s .......................................... 201 6 3. The Final Demarcation of Russian-Chinese Border ....................... 205 4. Chinese Migration to the Russian Far East ..................................... 211 5. Big Plans, Little Results: Russia and the Russian Far East in the 2000s ................................. 222 6. Pivot to China:
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