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Home , Foot (prosody), Internal rhyme

Rhyme:- The similarity of sound between two words (star/are), (smile/while)is generally known as the rhyme. In English verification , standard rhyme consists of the repetition, in the rhyming words ,of the last stressed vowel and of all the speech sounds following that vowel e.g. late-fate; follow- hollow . The most common form of rhyme , rhyme coming at the end of lines of is called end rhyme. For example: Twinkle twinkle little star How I wonder what you are, Up above the world so high Like a diamond in the sky. In this we observe the end words star- are, high- sky as end rhyme words . occur within a verse line, as in the Victorian poet Swinburne's "Sister my sister O fleet sweet swallow". A from Coleridge's " The Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner " illustrates the patterned use both of internal rhyme and of the end rhyme In mist or cloud, on mast or shroud, It perched for vesper nine Whiles all the night, through fog smoke white Glimmered the white moon - shine. Rhyme of one , as in Wordsworth's "Solitary Reaper" , is called as masculine rhyme e.g. still -hill , bore-more. Two syllable rhyme is called famine rhyme e.g. ending - bending observe here the stressed syllable is followed by an unstressed syllable. Identical repeat the same word or a homonym of the word for e.g. two-too, rain-reign. Slant rhyme are approximate rhymes, substituting either Assonance (comb-coat, rule-room)or Consonance (hope- heap, walk-weak) in place of exact rhyme. A traditional device of poetry , rhyme contributes to , helps organise the language of poetry, makes the poetry easier to memorise and is a source of pleasure in itself.

The literary device "foot" is a measuring unit in poetry which consist of stressed and unstressed . The stressed syllable is generally indicated by the mark(/), and unstressed syllable is marked by( u). A foot consists most often of at least one accented (stressed)syllable and one or more unaccented(unstressed )syllables. The number and type of feet in a line of a poem determine its meter. Syllable :- A unit of pronunciation which has one vowel sound , with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word . for example there are two syllable in the word water as / ' wↄ:t∂r/. The five most commonly used feet are given bellow. The iambus (iambic foot) consist of one unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable: r ue p'ly (reply) t uo da'y(today) (unstressed-stressed) The (trochaic foot) consists of one stressed syllable followed by one unstressed syllable: no'n seunse(nonsense) pla'y fuul (playful) (stressed-unstressed) The anapest (anapestic foot) consist of two unstressed syllable followed by one stressed syllable: uunderusta'nd (understand), inuau fla'sh (in a flash) (unstressed, unstressed -stressed) The (dactylic foot) consist of one stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables: sy'mpuathyu (sympathy), bou'ntiufuul (bountiful) (stressed - unstressed, unstressed) The (spondaic foot) consist of two stressed syllables: wi'despr'ead (widespread), bl'ue-gr'een(blue -green) (stressed-stressed)

The iambus and the anapest move toward stressed , they are called rising meters. The trochee and the dactyl, which move away from , are called falling meters. METER

The fixed or nearly fixed pattern of accented and unaccented syllables in the lines of a poem that produces its pervasive Rhythm. The basic unit of rhythm is the Foot, consisting most often of an arrangement of at least one accented syllable (') and one or more unaccented syllable(U). Meter is determined by the type and the number of feet in a line . The most common types of feet in English poetry are iambic,(U ' ) , trochaic(' U ) , anapestic (U U ' ) and dactylic(' UU) . The number of feet in a line is described as : 1) : one foot 2): two feet 3) : three meter 4): four feet 5) : five feet 6): six feet( an Alexandrine is a line of six iambic feet) 7) Heptameter: seven feet 8): eight feet Iambic:- The noun is is an unstressed syllable followed by stressed syllable. The meter of a line of poetry which has five iambic feet is called , for eg:- Theu c'ur|fuew t'olls| theukne'll| ofu p'ar|tuing da'y.| Trochaic:- ( the noun is trochee) is a stressed syllable by an unstressed syllable :- The're theuy |a're muy| fi'ftuy| me'n aund| wo' meun.| Anapestic:-( the noun is anapest )is two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable , eg:- Theu Aussy'r| iaun caume do'wn liuke au wo'lf o un theu fo'ld.| Dactylic:-( the noun is dactyl) is a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables, eg:- E've , wiuth heur| ba's keut, waus| De'ep uin theu |be'lls uand gr uass| Two other feet are often distinguished by special titles , although they occur in English meter only as variants from standard feet: Spondaic ( the noun is spondee) is two successive syllables with approximately equal strong stresses, as in each of the first two feet of this line : Go'od Stro'ng| thi'ck stu'|peu fy'|iung i'n|ceunse smo'ke| ( the noun is also pyrrhic) is a foot composed of two successive syllables with approximately equal light stresses, as in the second and fourth feet in this line:- My' wauy| isu tou | beu g'in | wiuth thue| beu g'in ni'ng| Poets occasionally vary the basic metrical pattern to avoid the monotonous rhythm of a metronome. Stanza Form

A section or division of a poem, especially a grouping of lines into a recurring pattern determined by the number of lines, the meter and the . A is a pair of rhymed lines that are equal in , it has four or eight stresses it is the shortest of the stanza forms. The , or triplet, is a stanza of three lines, usually with a single rhyme. The lines may be the same length or else of varying lengths. is composed of which are interlinked, in that each is a joined to the one following by a common rhyme; aba, bcb, cdc and so on. Dante composed his Divine Comedy in terza rima; although sir Thomas Wyatt introduced the form early in the sixteenth century, it has not been a common meter in English, in which rhymes are much harder to find than in Italian. Shelley's 'Ode to the West Wind' is an excellent example for this type of stanza. It also occurs in the poetry of Milton, Browning and T.S. Eliot. The , or four line stanza, is the most common in English versification and is employed with various meters and rhyme schemes. The is one common quatrain; when this same stanza occurs in hymns, it is called as common measures. The stanza of five lines are mostly used in narrative poems. The stanza of six lines generally have two divisions-of three (III) lines each or the first four (IV) lines and last two (II) lines. The most important type of seven - lined stanza is the 'Rime Royal'; Chaucer first used this, hence it is believed to take its name as Chaucerian Stanza. Here five foot lines are used; the rhyme scheme is ab ab bcc. This was common stanza form for political songs and moral treatise. It was greatly popularized by Spencer. Shakespeare also used it, but after Elizabethan age, it fell in to disuse. Rhyme royal is seven line stanza which Chaucer used in Troilus and Criseyde. It is in iambic pentameter. Of the eight lined an Italian form called Ottava Rima, is the most popular. This is either the combination of two or stanza with sections which has a division between the sixth and seventh lines. Keats used this in 'Isabella'; Byron also used it successfully for satirical purpose. The nine lined stanza introduced by Spencer was named after him as the 'Spenserian Stanza'. It perfectly suited his epic the Fairy Queen. There the first eight lines are five feet, and the ninth is a six-foot line. The Spenserian stanza is often used for descriptive and narrative purposes. Many other poets have used it. It is a nine line stanza, the first eight lines are iambic pentameter but the ninth line is an alexandrine, a six foot line. The rhyme scheme is ababbcbcc. There are ten-lined stanzas in Keats's, ' Ode to a Nightingale' with the eighth line a bit shorter than the rest. In some stanzas a phrase or a complete line goes on recurring, these are called 'Refrain Stanzas'; these are mostly used in Ballads. Reference : 1) Abrams M.H.(2001) A Glossary of Literary Terms. 7th Edition. Gopsons Paper Ltd. Noida. 2)Morner Kathleen and Ralph Rausch.(1998). NTC's Dictionary of Literary Terms. Viva Books Private Limited. New Delhi. 3) Dollegoudar Sannabasanagouda and Shakuntala Sannabasanagauda.(2011). Literary Criticism and Language . Shri Siddalingeshwara Prakashana Kalaburgi. THANK YOU