THE INTERNATIONAL PHONET IC ALPHABET (revised to 2018)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2018 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ kɡ q ɢ ʔ Nasal m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Trill ʙ r ʀ Tap or Flap ⱱ ɾ ɽ Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕh ɦ Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Lateral l ɭ ʎ ʟ approximant

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Front Central Back Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ Examples: ɪ ʏ ʊ  Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar pʼ Bilabial Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o ǃ (Post)alveolar ʄ Palatal tʼ Dental/alveolar ə  Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ  Alveolar lateral ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar fricative

æ ɐ OTHER SYMBOLS Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. w Voiced labial-velar approximant ɺ Voiced alveolar lateral flap ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x SUPRASEGMENTALS ʜ Voiceless epiglottal fricative ˈ Primary stress Affricates and double articulations ͡ ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols ts kp ˌ Secondary stress joined by a tie bar if necessary. ͜ ʡ Epiglottal plosive ː Long eː

ˑ Half-long eˑ DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.̊ŋ ̆ Extra-short ̆e Voiceless n d Breathy voiced b a ̪ Dental ̪ dt ̪ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̤ ̤ ̤ | Minor (foot) group Voiced s t Creaky voiced b a ̺ Apical ̺t d̺ ‖ Major (intonation) group ̬ʰ ̬ʰ ̬ʰ ̰ ̰ ̰ Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal t d ̼ ̼t d̼ ̻ ̻t d̻ . Syllable break ɹi.ækt ʷ ʷ ʷ ̃ ̃ ̹ More rounded ɔ̹ Labialized t d Nasalized e ͜ Linking (absence of a break) ʲ ʲ ʲ ⁿ ⁿ Less rounded ɔ Palatalized t d Nasal release d ̜ ̜ TONES AND WORD ACCENTS ˠ ˠ ˠ ˡ ˡ ̟ Advanced u̟ Velarized t d Lateral release d LEVEL CONTOUR ˤ ˤ ˤ Extra Retracted e Pharyngealized t d ̚ No audible release d̚ ̋e or ˥ high ̌e or  Rising ̄ ̠ ́e ˦ High ̂e  Falling ̈ Centralized ë ̴ Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ High ē ˧ Mid ᷄e  rising ̽ Mid-centralized e̽ Raised e ( ɹ = voiced alveolar fricative) ̝ ̝ ̝ Low Low ̀e ˨ ᷅e  rising ̩ Syllabic n̩ Lowered e ( β = voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising- ̞ ̞ ̞ ̏e ˩ low e᷈  falling Non-syllabic e Advanced Tongue Root e ̯ ̯ ̘ ̘ ꜜ Downstep ↗ Global rise ˞ Rhoticity ɚ a ˞ Retracted Tongue Root e ꜛ Upstep ↘ Global fall ̙ ̙