UNITIPA International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2018)

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UNITIPA International Phonetic Alphabet (Revised to 2018)

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONET IC ALPHABET (revised to 2018) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2018 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ kɡ q ɢ ʔ Nasal m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Trill ʙ r ʀ Tap or Flap ⱱ ɾ ɽ Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕh ɦ Lateral fricative ɬ ɮ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Lateral approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Front Central Back Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ Examples: ɪ ʏ ʊ Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar pʼ Bilabial Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o ǃ (Post)alveolar ʄ Palatal tʼ Dental/alveolar ə Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar Open-mid ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ Alveolar lateral ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar fricative ɐ æ OTHER SYMBOLS Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. w Voiced labial-velar approximant ɺ Voiced alveolar lateral flap ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x SUPRASEGMENTALS ʜ Voiceless epiglottal fricative ˈ Primary stress Affricates and double articulations ͡ ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols ˌ Secondary stress ʢ ts kp joined by a tie bar if necessary. ͜ ʡ Epiglottal plosive ː Long eː ˑ Half-long eˑ DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g.̊ŋ ̆ Extra-short ̆e Voiceless n d Breathy voiced b a ̪ Dental ̪ dt ̪ ̥ ̥ ̥ ̤ ̤ ̤ | Minor (foot) group Voiced s t Creaky voiced b a ̺ Apical ̺t d̺ ‖ Major (intonation) group ̬ʰ ̬ʰ ̬ʰ ̰ ̰ ̰ Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal t d ̼ ̼t d̼ ̻ ̻t d̻ . Syllable break ɹi.ækt ʷ ʷ ʷ ̃ ̃ ̹ More rounded ɔ̹ Labialized t d Nasalized e ͜ Linking (absence of a break) ʲ ʲ ʲ ⁿ ⁿ Less rounded ɔ Palatalized t d Nasal release d ̜ ̜ TONES AND WORD ACCENTS ˠ ˠ ˠ ˡ ˡ ̟ Advanced u̟ Velarized t d Lateral release d LEVEL CONTOUR ˤ ˤ ˤ Extra Retracted e Pharyngealized t d ̚ No audible release d̚ ̋e or ˥ high ̌e or Rising ̄ ̠ ́e ˦ High ̂e Falling ̈ Centralized ë ̴ Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ High ē ˧ Mid ᷄e rising ̽ Mid-centralized e̽ Raised e ( ɹ = voiced alveolar fricative) ̝ ̝ ̝ Low Low ̀e ˨ ᷅e rising ̩ Syllabic n̩ Lowered e ( β= voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising- ̞ ̞ ̞ ̏e ˩ low e᷈ falling Non-syllabic e Advanced Tongue Root e ̯ ̯ ̘ ̘ ꜜ Downstep ↗ Global rise ˞ Rhoticity ɚ a ˞ Retracted Tongue Root e ꜛ Upstep ↘ Global fall ̙ ̙.

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