Stressed and Unstressed Poetry Examples
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Meter of Classical Arabic Poetry
Pegs, Cords, and Ghuls: Meter of Classical Arabic Poetry Hazel Scott Haverford College Department of Linguistics, Swarthmore College Fall 2009 There are many reasons to read poetry, filled with heroics and folly, sweeping metaphors and engaging rhymes. It can reveal much about a shared cultural history and the depths of the human soul; for linguists, it also provides insights into the nature of language itself. As a particular subset of a language, poetry is one case study for understanding the use of a language and the underlying rules that govern it. This paper explores the metrical system of classical Arabic poetry and its theoretical representations. The prevailing classification is from the 8th century C.E., based on the work of the scholar al-Khaliil, and I evaluate modern attempts to situate the meters within a more universal theory. I analyze the meter of two early Arabic poems, and observe the descriptive accuracy of al-Khaliil’s system, and then provide an analysis of the major alternative accounts. By incorporating linguistic concepts such as binarity and prosodic constraints, the newer models improve on the general accessibility of their theories with greater explanatory potential. The use of this analysis to identify and account for the four most commonly used meters, for example, highlights the significance of these models over al-Khaliil’s basic enumerations. The study is situated within a discussion of cultural history and the modern application of these meters, and a reflection on the oral nature of these poems. The opportunities created for easier cross-linguistic comparisons are crucial for a broader understanding of poetry, enhanced by Arabic’s complex levels of metrical patterns, and with conclusions that can inform wider linguistic study.* Introduction Classical Arabic poetry is traditionally characterized by its use of one of the sixteen * I would like to thank my advisor, Professor K. -
Editor's Introduction
Editor’s Introduction: Scansion DAVID NOWELL SMITH _______________________ I would like to start from an intuition.1 This might seem an abuse of editorial privilege, and indeed might strike one as more generally tendentious: is an issue on ‘scansion’ the place for discussing one’s intuitions at all? For a start, it contravenes quite brazenly the strict separation between description and performance, lain down most powerfully by John Hollander well over half a century ago. For Hollander, a ‘descriptive’ system of scansion would aim at presenting schematically the whole ‘musical’ structure of a poem, whether this consists, in any particular case, of the prosodic features of the language in which it is written, the arrangement of elements completely foreign to that language (syllable counting in English verse for example), or even the arrangement of type on a page. A performative system of scansion, on the other hand, would present a series of rules governing a locutionary reading of a particular poem, before a real or implied audience. It would end up by describing not the poem itself, but the unstated canons of taste behind the rules. Performative systems of scansion, disguised as descriptive ones, have composed all but a few of the metrical studies of the past. Their subjectivity is far more treacherous than even that of reading poems into oscilloscopes and claiming that the image produced describes, or even is, the true poem.2 1 My great thanks to Ewan Jones on his comments on an earlier draft of this introduction. 2 John Hollander, ‘The Music of Poetry’, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism vol. -
Introduction to Meter
Introduction to Meter A stress or accent is the greater amount of force given to one syllable than another. English is a language in which all syllables are stressed or unstressed, and traditional poetry in English has used stress patterns as a fundamental structuring device. Meter is simply the rhythmic pattern of stresses in verse. To scan a poem means to read it for meter, an operation whose noun form is scansion. This can be tricky, for although we register and reproduce stresses in our everyday language, we are usually not aware of what we’re going. Learning to scan means making a more or less unconscious operation conscious. There are four types of meter in English: iambic, trochaic, anapestic, and dactylic. Each is named for a basic foot (usually two or three syllables with one strong stress). Iambs are feet with an unstressed syllable, followed by a stressed syllable. Only in nursery rhymes to do we tend to find totally regular meter, which has a singsong effect, Chidiock Tichborne’s poem being a notable exception. Here is a single line from Emily Dickinson that is totally regular iambic: _ / │ _ / │ _ / │ _ / My life had stood – a loaded Gun – This line serves to notify readers that the basic form of the poem will be iambic tetrameter, or four feet of iambs. The lines that follow are not so regular. Trochees are feet with a stressed syllable, followed by an unstressed syllable. Trochaic meter is associated with chants and magic spells in English: / _ │ / _ │ / _ │ / _ Double, double, toil and trouble, / _ │ / _ │ / _ │ / _ Fire burn and cauldron bubble. -
A Crash Course in Foot Structure
Representations Foot Parsing A Crash Course in Foot Structure Jochen Trommer [email protected] University of Leipzig Department of Linguistics Concatenative Approaches to Nonconcatenative Morphology EGG 2008 Jochen Trommer [email protected] A Crash Course in Foot Structure Representations Foot Parsing Not all syllables are created equal ba A ma la py tech ro nic Jochen Trommer [email protected] A Crash Course in Foot Structure Representations Foot Parsing Word Stress Metrical prominence of syllables in (phonological) words Jochen Trommer [email protected] A Crash Course in Foot Structure Representations Foot Parsing Phonetic Correlates of Word Stress I Length I Loudness I Pitch contour Jochen Trommer [email protected] A Crash Course in Foot Structure Representations Foot Parsing Consequences of Word Stress for Vowel Reduction EI t@m tO mIk @ I Vowels are maintained under stress I and reduced to [@] if unstressed Jochen Trommer [email protected] A Crash Course in Foot Structure Representations Foot Parsing Word Stress in the IPA [man.da."öi:.n@] ["Py:.b5.mO5.g@n] Jochen Trommer [email protected] A Crash Course in Foot Structure Representations Foot Parsing Overview Foot Parsing Jochen Trommer [email protected] A Crash Course in Foot Structure Representations Foot Parsing Prosodic Phonology Iambs&Trochees Hayes (1995) Word Stress in Prosodic Phonology (Selkirk, 1980) Phonological Word Footw Foots σs σw σs σw a la ba ma s = strong w = weak Jochen Trommer [email protected] A Crash Course -
Exceptional Stress and Reduced Vowels in Munster Irish Anton Kukhto
Exceptional stress and reduced vowels in Munster Irish Anton Kukhto Massachusetts Institute of Technology [email protected] ABSTRACT 1.2. Exceptions to the basic pattern This paper focuses on reduced vowels in one of the Munster dialects of Modern Irish, Gaeilge Chorca There exist, however, numerous exceptions to this Dhuibhne. In this dialect, lexical stress depends on rule. Some are caused by the morphological structure syllable weight: heavy syllables (i.e. syllables that of the word. Thus, some verbal inflection morphemes contain phonologically long vowels) attract stress; if exceptionally attract lexical stress, e.g. fógróidh (sé) [foːgǝˈroːgj] ‘(he) will announce’, while others fail to there are none, stress is initial. There exist exceptions, j j one of them being peninitial stress in words with no do so contrary, e.g. molaimíd [ˈmoləm iːd ] ‘we heavy syllables and the string /ax/ in the second praise’; for more details on such cases, see [21]. Other syllable. Instead of deriving this pattern from the exceptions are lexical in the sense that the stress is properties of /x/ in combination with /a/ as has been unpredictable and does not obey the general laws done in much previous work, the paper argues for the outlined above. These are often found to exhibit presence of a phonologically reduced vowel in the anomalous behaviour in other Irish dialects as well, first syllable. The paper argues that such vowels are not only in the South, cf. tobac [tǝˈbak] ‘tobacco’ or phonetically and phonologically different from bricfeasta [brʲikˈfʲastǝ] ‘breakfast’. underlying full vowels that underwent a post-lexical Another class of exceptions seems to stem from process of vowel reduction. -
Chapter 1 Theoretical Issues
Chapter 1 Theoretical issues —… no language has a rule stressing the penultimate syllable unless it begins with a voiced consonant, in which case one stresses the antepenultimate syllable“ (Hyman 1985: 96) —(Karo) stress can be predicted by the onset of the last syllable: if it is a voiced stop consonant, then the stress shifts one syllable to the left“ (Gabas 1999: 39) 1.1 Syllable weight The notion of syllable weight is pervasive in phonology. Everywhere we look there are data that make reference to it. The idea behind syllable weight is that depending on their structure, syllables are treated in a different way; thus if a syllable contains a long vowel or - in some languages - a short vowel followed by a coda consonant, then it is heavier than one including a short vowel, i.e. VV, VC > V. The effects of this distinction are most prominently seen in stress, where in many languages heavy syllables attract stress more than light ones. Importantly, VC is heavy in some languages, e.g. Hopi, but light in others, e.g. Lenakel (see below). In Hopi (Gussenhoven and Jacobs 2005: 145), the first syllable is stressed if it is heavy (C)VV or (C)VC [(1a)], but if it is (C)V light, then the second gets stress [(1b)]1. (1) Hopi: VV/VC=heavy; V=light a. q1q .t1.som.pi ‘headbands’ soÂ9.ja ‘planting stick’ b. q1.t1. som.pi ‘headband’ ko.jo. Mo ‘turkey’ 1 In this chapter, unless stated otherwise, the acute accent marks primary stress, the grave accent means secondary stress, and underlining denotes the reduplicated portion. -
Rhyme in European Verse: a Case for Quantitative Historical Poetics
1 Rhyme in European Verse: A Case for Quantitative Historical Poetics Boris Maslov & Tatiana Nikitina Keywords rhyme, statistical methods, meter, Historical Poetics, Russian verse The past decade has witnessed an unprecedented rise of interest in objectivist, data-driven approaches to literary history, often grouped together under the heading of digital humanities. The rapid multiplication of software designed to map and chart literature, often on a massive scale, has engendered an anxious (and often unpublicized) reaction. A concern for the future of literary studies, traditionally committed to the study of individual texts accessed through “close reading” of individual passages, is exacerbated in the wake of the emergence of a version of “world literature” that normalizes the study of literary works in translation, effectively jettisoning the philological techniques of explication du texte. This article seeks to bypass these antagonisms by proposing an alternative approach to literary history which, while being rooted in data analysis and employing quantitative methods some of which have been part of a century-old scholarly tradition, retains a twofold focus on the workings of poetic form and on the interaction between national literary traditions—the two topics that have dominated theoretical poetics and comparative literature ever since the inception of these disciplines in the late nineteenth-early twentieth centuries. While close reading is admittedly of limited value in the study of 2 versification, a more rigorous type of statistical testing used in this study allows for reliable assessment of tendencies observed in relatively small corpora, while also making it possible to verify the significance of highly nuanced quantitative differences. -
PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS the Foot Domain in Bambara Christopher R
PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS The foot domain in Bambara Christopher R. Green University of Maryland —Center for Advanced Study of Language (CASL) Recent research has shed new light on the role and characteristics of prosodic domains, includ - ing segmental and tonal feet, in an array of languages. This research extends to African languages, but much work remains to be done. Tonal African languages are particularly problematic, as cor - relates of stress or metrical prominence are often not well defined or are absent altogether. In ad - dition, descriptive work may omit details of the structure and function of prosodic domains. An exception to this is Bambara, where research implicates a pivotal role for foot structure in seg - mental and tonal processes. These processes reference a foot domain; however , there are conflict - ing accounts of certain defining characteristics of its structure . This article aims to challenge two long-held claims about Bambara prosodic structure. The data presented support a claim that all Bambara feet are uniformly trochaic and parsed from left to right in all instances. I intend to illus - trate that Bambara segmental and tonal feet are a single, structurally unified prosodic entity. * Keywords : prosodic structure , foot domain , Bambara , Mande languages , headedness 1. Introduction . The characteristics of and roles played by prosodic feet and simi - lar structures (e.g. tonal complexes) in morphophonological phenomena have been the subject of many recent works (e.g. Akinlabi & Liberman 2006 , Akinlabi & Uria 2003 , Bennett 2012 , 2013, Bickmore 1995, 2003 , de Lacy 2002 , Green 2010 , Hannahs 2009 , Hermans 2011 , Jaker 2010 , Leben 1997, 2002, 2003 , Pearce 2006, 2007 , Yip 1996 , Zec 1999, among others). -
Audible Punctuation Performative Pause In
PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/140838 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-09-25 and may be subject to change. AUDIBLE PUNCTUATION Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Audible Punctuation: Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. Th.L.M. Engelen, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op donderdag 21 mei 2015 om 14.30 uur precies door Ronald Blankenborg geboren op 23 maart 1971 te Eibergen Promotoren: Prof. dr. A.P.M.H. Lardinois Prof. dr. J.B. Lidov (City University New York, Verenigde Staten) Manuscriptcommissie: Prof. dr. M.G.M. van der Poel Prof. dr. E.J. Bakker (Yale University, Verenigde Staten) Prof. dr. M. Janse (Universiteit Gent, België) Copyright©Ronald Blankenborg 2015 ISBN 978-90-823119-1-4 [email protected] [email protected] All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the author. Printed by Maarse Printing Cover by Gijs de Reus Audible Punctuation: Performative Pause in Homeric Prosody Doctoral Thesis to obtain the degree of doctor from Radboud University Nijmegen on the authority of the Rector Magnificus prof. -
Sharpe, Tony, 1952– Editor of Compilation
more information - www.cambridge.org/9780521196574 W. H. AUDen IN COnteXT W. H. Auden is a giant of twentieth-century English poetry whose writings demonstrate a sustained engagement with the times in which he lived. But how did the century’s shifting cultural terrain affect him and his work? Written by distinguished poets and schol- ars, these brief but authoritative essays offer a varied set of coor- dinates by which to chart Auden’s continuously evolving career, examining key aspects of his environmental, cultural, political, and creative contexts. Reaching beyond mere biography, these essays present Auden as the product of ongoing negotiations between him- self, his time, and posterity, exploring the enduring power of his poetry to unsettle and provoke. The collection will prove valuable for scholars, researchers, and students of English literature, cultural studies, and creative writing. Tony Sharpe is Senior Lecturer in English and Creative Writing at Lancaster University. He is the author of critically acclaimed books on W. H. Auden, T. S. Eliot, Vladimir Nabokov, and Wallace Stevens. His essays on modernist writing and poetry have appeared in journals such as Critical Survey and Literature and Theology, as well as in various edited collections. W. H. AUDen IN COnteXT edited by TONY SharPE Lancaster University cambridge university press Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, São Paulo, Delhi, Mexico City Cambridge University Press 32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521196574 © Cambridge University Press 2013 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. -
ED 105 498 CS 202 027 Introduction to Poetry. Language Arts
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 105 498 CS 202 027 TITLE Introduction to Poetry. Language Arts Mini-Course. INSTITUTION Lampeter-Strasburg School District, Pa. PUB DATE 73 NOTE 13p.; See related documents CS202024-35; Product of Lampeter-Strasburg High School EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$1.58 PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS Class Activities; *Course Descriptions; Course Objectives; *Curriculum Guides; Instructional Materials; *Language Arts; Literature; *Poetry; Secondary Education; *Short Courses IDENTIFIERS Minicourses ABSTRACT This language arts minicourse guide for Lampeter-Strasburg (Pennsylvania) High School contains a topical outline of an introduction to a poetry course. The guide includes a list of twenty course objectives; an outline of the definitions, the stanza forms, and the figures of speech used in poetry; a description of the course content .nd concepts to be studied; a presentation of activities and procedures for the classroom; and suggestions for instructional materials, including movies, records, audiovisual aids, filmstrips, transparencies, and pamphlets and books. (RB) U S Oh PAR TmENT OF HEALTH C EOUCATKIN WELFARE NAT.ONA, INSTITUTE OF EOUCATION Ch DO. Ls. 1 N THA) BE E 4 REPRO ^,,)I qAt L'e AS RECEIVED FROM 1' HI PE 4 sON OR ulICHLNIZA T ION ORIGIN :.' 4L, , T PO,N' s OF .IIE K OR OP .NICINS LiN .." E D DO NOT riFcE SSARL + RE PRE ,E % , Lr lat_ 4.% 00NAL INS T TUT e OF CD c D , .'`N POs. T 1C14 OR POLICY uJ Language Arts Mini-Course INTRODUCTION TO POETRY Lampeter-Strasburg High School ERM.SSION TO RE POODuCETHIS COPY M. 'ED MATERIAL HA; BEEN GRANTED BY Lampeter, Pennsylvania Lampeter-Strasburg High School TD ERIC AV) ORGANIZATIONS OPERATING P.t,EP AGREEMENTS .SiTH THE NATIONAL IN STTuTE Or EDUCATION FURTHER 1973 REPRO PUCTION OU'SIDE THE EPIC SYSTEMRE QUIRES PERMISS'ON OF THE COPYRIGHT OWNER N O INTRODUCTION TO POETRY OBJECTIVES: 1. -
How the Villanelle's Form Got Fixed. Julie Ellen Kane Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College
Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1999 How the Villanelle's Form Got Fixed. Julie Ellen Kane Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Kane, Julie Ellen, "How the Villanelle's Form Got Fixed." (1999). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 6892. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/6892 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been rqxroduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directfy firom the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter fiice, vdiile others may be from any typ e o f com pater printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, b^innm g at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.