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Meter of Classical Arabic Poetry
Pegs, Cords, and Ghuls: Meter of Classical Arabic Poetry Hazel Scott Haverford College Department of Linguistics, Swarthmore College Fall 2009 There are many reasons to read poetry, filled with heroics and folly, sweeping metaphors and engaging rhymes. It can reveal much about a shared cultural history and the depths of the human soul; for linguists, it also provides insights into the nature of language itself. As a particular subset of a language, poetry is one case study for understanding the use of a language and the underlying rules that govern it. This paper explores the metrical system of classical Arabic poetry and its theoretical representations. The prevailing classification is from the 8th century C.E., based on the work of the scholar al-Khaliil, and I evaluate modern attempts to situate the meters within a more universal theory. I analyze the meter of two early Arabic poems, and observe the descriptive accuracy of al-Khaliil’s system, and then provide an analysis of the major alternative accounts. By incorporating linguistic concepts such as binarity and prosodic constraints, the newer models improve on the general accessibility of their theories with greater explanatory potential. The use of this analysis to identify and account for the four most commonly used meters, for example, highlights the significance of these models over al-Khaliil’s basic enumerations. The study is situated within a discussion of cultural history and the modern application of these meters, and a reflection on the oral nature of these poems. The opportunities created for easier cross-linguistic comparisons are crucial for a broader understanding of poetry, enhanced by Arabic’s complex levels of metrical patterns, and with conclusions that can inform wider linguistic study.* Introduction Classical Arabic poetry is traditionally characterized by its use of one of the sixteen * I would like to thank my advisor, Professor K. -
Editor's Introduction
Editor’s Introduction: Scansion DAVID NOWELL SMITH _______________________ I would like to start from an intuition.1 This might seem an abuse of editorial privilege, and indeed might strike one as more generally tendentious: is an issue on ‘scansion’ the place for discussing one’s intuitions at all? For a start, it contravenes quite brazenly the strict separation between description and performance, lain down most powerfully by John Hollander well over half a century ago. For Hollander, a ‘descriptive’ system of scansion would aim at presenting schematically the whole ‘musical’ structure of a poem, whether this consists, in any particular case, of the prosodic features of the language in which it is written, the arrangement of elements completely foreign to that language (syllable counting in English verse for example), or even the arrangement of type on a page. A performative system of scansion, on the other hand, would present a series of rules governing a locutionary reading of a particular poem, before a real or implied audience. It would end up by describing not the poem itself, but the unstated canons of taste behind the rules. Performative systems of scansion, disguised as descriptive ones, have composed all but a few of the metrical studies of the past. Their subjectivity is far more treacherous than even that of reading poems into oscilloscopes and claiming that the image produced describes, or even is, the true poem.2 1 My great thanks to Ewan Jones on his comments on an earlier draft of this introduction. 2 John Hollander, ‘The Music of Poetry’, The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism vol. -
Introduction to Meter
Introduction to Meter A stress or accent is the greater amount of force given to one syllable than another. English is a language in which all syllables are stressed or unstressed, and traditional poetry in English has used stress patterns as a fundamental structuring device. Meter is simply the rhythmic pattern of stresses in verse. To scan a poem means to read it for meter, an operation whose noun form is scansion. This can be tricky, for although we register and reproduce stresses in our everyday language, we are usually not aware of what we’re going. Learning to scan means making a more or less unconscious operation conscious. There are four types of meter in English: iambic, trochaic, anapestic, and dactylic. Each is named for a basic foot (usually two or three syllables with one strong stress). Iambs are feet with an unstressed syllable, followed by a stressed syllable. Only in nursery rhymes to do we tend to find totally regular meter, which has a singsong effect, Chidiock Tichborne’s poem being a notable exception. Here is a single line from Emily Dickinson that is totally regular iambic: _ / │ _ / │ _ / │ _ / My life had stood – a loaded Gun – This line serves to notify readers that the basic form of the poem will be iambic tetrameter, or four feet of iambs. The lines that follow are not so regular. Trochees are feet with a stressed syllable, followed by an unstressed syllable. Trochaic meter is associated with chants and magic spells in English: / _ │ / _ │ / _ │ / _ Double, double, toil and trouble, / _ │ / _ │ / _ │ / _ Fire burn and cauldron bubble. -
Exceptional Stress and Reduced Vowels in Munster Irish Anton Kukhto
Exceptional stress and reduced vowels in Munster Irish Anton Kukhto Massachusetts Institute of Technology [email protected] ABSTRACT 1.2. Exceptions to the basic pattern This paper focuses on reduced vowels in one of the Munster dialects of Modern Irish, Gaeilge Chorca There exist, however, numerous exceptions to this Dhuibhne. In this dialect, lexical stress depends on rule. Some are caused by the morphological structure syllable weight: heavy syllables (i.e. syllables that of the word. Thus, some verbal inflection morphemes contain phonologically long vowels) attract stress; if exceptionally attract lexical stress, e.g. fógróidh (sé) [foːgǝˈroːgj] ‘(he) will announce’, while others fail to there are none, stress is initial. There exist exceptions, j j one of them being peninitial stress in words with no do so contrary, e.g. molaimíd [ˈmoləm iːd ] ‘we heavy syllables and the string /ax/ in the second praise’; for more details on such cases, see [21]. Other syllable. Instead of deriving this pattern from the exceptions are lexical in the sense that the stress is properties of /x/ in combination with /a/ as has been unpredictable and does not obey the general laws done in much previous work, the paper argues for the outlined above. These are often found to exhibit presence of a phonologically reduced vowel in the anomalous behaviour in other Irish dialects as well, first syllable. The paper argues that such vowels are not only in the South, cf. tobac [tǝˈbak] ‘tobacco’ or phonetically and phonologically different from bricfeasta [brʲikˈfʲastǝ] ‘breakfast’. underlying full vowels that underwent a post-lexical Another class of exceptions seems to stem from process of vowel reduction. -
Chapter 1 "The Elements of Rhythm: Sound, Symbol, and Time"
This is “The Elements of Rhythm: Sound, Symbol, and Time”, chapter 1 from the book Music Theory (index.html) (v. 1.0). This book is licensed under a Creative Commons by-nc-sa 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/ 3.0/) license. See the license for more details, but that basically means you can share this book as long as you credit the author (but see below), don't make money from it, and do make it available to everyone else under the same terms. This content was accessible as of December 29, 2012, and it was downloaded then by Andy Schmitz (http://lardbucket.org) in an effort to preserve the availability of this book. Normally, the author and publisher would be credited here. However, the publisher has asked for the customary Creative Commons attribution to the original publisher, authors, title, and book URI to be removed. Additionally, per the publisher's request, their name has been removed in some passages. More information is available on this project's attribution page (http://2012books.lardbucket.org/attribution.html?utm_source=header). For more information on the source of this book, or why it is available for free, please see the project's home page (http://2012books.lardbucket.org/). You can browse or download additional books there. i Chapter 1 The Elements of Rhythm: Sound, Symbol, and Time Introduction The first musical stimulus anyone reacts to is rhythm. Initially, we perceive how music is organized in time, and how musical elements are organized rhythmically in relation to each other. Early Western music, centering upon the chant traditions for liturgical use, was arhythmic to a great extent: the flow of the Latin text was the principal determinant as to how the melody progressed through time. -
Some Problems in Prosody
1903·] Some Problems in Prosody. 33 ARTICLE III. SOME PROBLEMS IN PROSODY. BY PI10PlCSSOI1 R.aBUT W. KAGOUN, PR.D. IT has been shown repeatedly, in the scientific world, that theory must be supplemented by practice. In some cases, indeed, practice has succeeded in obtaining satisfac tory results after theory has failed. Deposits of Urate of Soda in the joints, caused by an excess of Uric acid in the blood, were long held to be practically insoluble, although Carbonate of Lithia was supposed to have a solvent effect upon them. The use of Tetra·Ethyl-Ammonium Hydrox ide as a medicine, to dissolve these deposits and remove the gout and rheumatism which they cause, is said to be due to some experiments made by Edison because a friend of his had the gout. Mter scientific men had decided that electric lighting could never be made sufficiently cheap to be practicable, he discovered the incandescent lamp, by continuing his experiments in spite of their ridicule.1 Two young men who "would not accept the dictum of the authorities that phosphorus ... cannot be expelled from iron ores at a high temperature, ... set to work ... to see whether the scientific world had not blundered.'" To drive the phosphorus out of low-grade ores and convert them into Bessemer steel, required a "pot-lining" capable of enduring 25000 F. The quest seemed extraordinary, to say the least; nevertheless the task was accomplished. This appears to justify the remark that "Thomas is our modem Moses";8 but, striking as the figure is, the young ICf. -
The Rhythm of the Gods' Voice. the Suggestion of Divine Presence
T he Rhythm of the Gods’ Voice. The Suggestion of Divine Presence through Prosody* E l ritmo de la voz de los dioses. La sugerencia de la presencia divina a través de la prosodia Ronald Blankenborg Radboud University Nijmegen [email protected] Abstract Resumen I n this article, I draw attention to the E ste estudio se centra en la meticulosidad gods’ pickiness in the audible flow of de los dioses en el flujo audible de sus expre- their utterances, a prosodic characteris- siones, una característica prosódica del habla tic of speech that evokes the presence of que evoca la presencia divina. La poesía hexa- the divine. Hexametric poetry itself is the métrica es en sí misma el lenguaje de la per- * I want to thank the anonymous reviewers and the editors of ARYS for their suggestions and com- ments. https://doi.org/10.20318/arys.2020.5310 - Arys, 18, 2020 [123-154] issn 1575-166x 124 Ronald Blankenborg language of permanency, as evidenced by manencia, como pone de manifiesto la litera- wisdom literature, funereal and dedicatory tura sapiencial y las inscripciones funerarias inscriptions: epic poetry is the embedded y dedicatorias: la poesía épica es el lenguaje direct speech of a goddess. Outside hex- directo integrado de una diosa. Más allá de ametric poetry, the gods’ special speech la poesía hexamétrica, el habla especial de los is primarily expressed through prosodic dioses es principalmente expresado mediante means, notably through a shift in rhythmic recursos prosódicos, especialmente a través profile. Such a shift deliberately captures, de un cambio en el perfil rítmico. -
Bevezetés Az Ógörög Verstanba (Antiquitas, Byzantium, Renascentia
Antiquitas • Byzantium • Renascentia I. Szepessy Tibor ANT I U YZ M B R E S N A A T S I C U E N Q I T T I A N A MMXIII Szepessy Tibor Bevezetés az ógörög verstanba BevezetésSzepessy az ógörög Tibor Bevezetés az ógörög verstanba ELTE Eötvös József Collegium 2013 Bevezetes_a_verstanba_borito.indd 1 2013.07.01. 17:39:22 i i i “metrika_gpp3” — 2013/6/30 — 20:02 — page 1 — #1 i Szepessy Tibor BEVEZETÉS AZ ÓGÖRÖG VERSTANBA *** Héphaistión: A metrumokról Fordította Sipos Emőke i i i i i i i “metrika_gpp3” — 2013/6/30 — 20:02 — page 3 — #3 i Szepessy Tibor BEVEZETÉS AZ ÓGÖRÖG VERSTANBA FÜGGELÉK Héphaistión: A metrumokról Fordította Sipos Emőke ELTE Eötvös József Collegium Budapest · 2013 i i i i i i i “metrika_gpp3” — 2013/6/28 — 10:58 — page 4 — #4 i TÁMOP-4.2.2/B-10/1-2010-0030 „Önálló lépések a tudomány területén” A jelen kiadvány a „Klasszikus ókor, Bizánc és humanizmus. Kritikai forráskiadás magyarázatokkal (NN 104456)” c. OTKA pályázat támogatásával jött létre. Szerkesztette Mayer Gyula (MTA-ELTE-PPKE Ókortudományi Kutatócsoport) ISBN 978-615-5371-10-3 Felelős kiadó: Dr. Horváth László, az ELTE Eötvös József Collegium igazgatója Borítóterv: Egedi-Kovács Emese Nyomdai kivitel: Pátria Nyomda Zrt., 1117 Budapest, Hunyadi János út 7. Felelős vezető: Fodor István vezérigazgató i i i i i i i “metrika_gpp3” — 2013/6/28 — 10:58 — page 5 — #5 i Előszó Ἀναγνώσοντι χαίρειν Üdvözlet a majdani olvasónak! Ez a kis könyv elsősorban azokhoz szól, akik antik nyelvekre szakosodott egyetemi hallgatóként vagy pusztán magánlelkese- désből az ógörög nyelv és irodalom iránt érdeklődnek, és az antik költők formavilágával, közelebbről az eposzban, a lírikus költészetben és a drámában alkalmazott versmértékekkel szeret- nének megismerkedni; más szóval tartalmát, célját és terjedel- mét tekintve szegről-végről rokona olyan idegen nyelvű görög metrikáknak, mint amilyen Bruno Snellé, Bruno Gentilié vagy Martin Litchfield Westé, csak néhány példát idézve. -
Robert Hayden (1913-1980)
ROBERT HAYDEN (1913-1980) “RUNAGATE RUNAGATE” (1962) √A highly moving—rhythmic—poetic evocation of the Underground Railroad: sights, sounds, fears, threats, the heroine Harriet Tubman, language from “WANTED” posters. Different VOICES. √ THE CONCISE OXFORD COMPANION TO AFRICAN AMERICAN LITERATURE: “One of Robert Hayden’s most successful historical poems, ‘Runagate Runagate’ (first published in 1962), employs a montage of voices to portray the tumultuous world of escaped slaves, and ultimately the fundamental human impulse toward freedom. ‘Runagate,’ a term for a runaway slave, refers specifically to Harriet Tubman and by extension to a series of symbols suggesting freedom and emancipation.” [http://oxfordindex.oup.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100433238] √ Cental Idea: Quest for Freedom, of slaves in the American South √ Poetic Meter: Utilizes a variety of meters: dactyl, iamb, amphibrach, cretic, anapest, spondee—yet is strongly grounded in the TROCHAIC. The poem’s opening line is in Trochaic Heptameter, with other major line-groupings of 6 trochees, 4 trochees, 3 trochees, pairs of trochees “bookending” another single meter; the “hoot-owl calling” quatrain near the poem’s conclusion has all 4 lines in Trochaic Tetrameter. The use of TROCHEE is, further, associated with moments of high drama. Three MOLOSSUS in highly emotionally charged moments. √ Historical, Evocative, Powerful, Personal √ Historical sources of some of the poetic language: spirituals, hymns, abolitionist songs, WANTED posters, voices of slaves, the voice of Harriet Tubman. √ Reiteration and Alliteration: “Catch them if you can….”; “she says”; “movering, movering”; “Mean (mean mean) to be free”; “brethren brethren”; “air”; “leaves”; “No more”; “Some go (some in)”; “for me”; “darkness”; “beckoning beckoning”; “and the hunters pursuing and the hounds pursuing”; “and the night cold and the night long”; “keep on going”; “when you try to catch them”; “Many thousands”; “If you see”; “woman of earth, whipscarred, a summoning, a shining”; “Tell me . -
Poetic Diction, Poetic Discourse and the Poetic Register
proceedings of the British Academy, 93.21-93 Poetic Diction, Poetic Discourse and the Poetic Register R. G. G. COLEMAN Summary. A number of distinctive characteristics can be iden- tified in the language used by Latin poets. To start with the lexicon, most of the words commonly cited as instances of poetic diction - ensis; fessus, meare, de, -que. -que etc. - are demonstrably archaic, having been displaced in the prose register. Archaic too are certain grammatical forms found in poetry - e.g. auldi, gen. pl. superum, agier, conticuere - and syntactic constructions like the use of simple cases for pre- I.positional phrases and of infinitives instead of the clausal structures of classical prose. Poets in all languages exploit the linguistic resources of past as well as present, but this facility is especially prominent where, as in Latin, the genre traditions positively encouraged imitatio. Some of the syntactic character- istics are influenced wholly or partly by Greek, as are other ingredients of the poetic register. The classical quantitative metres, derived from Greek, dictated the rhythmic pattern of the Latin words. Greek loan words and especially proper names - Chaoniae, Corydon, Pyrrha, Tempe, Theseus, Zephym etc. -brought exotic tones to the aural texture, often enhanced by Greek case forms. They also brought an allusive richness to their contexts. However, the most impressive charac- teristics after the metre were not dependent on foreign intrusion: the creation of imagery, often as an essential feature of a poetic argument, and the tropes of semantic transfer - metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche - were frequently deployed through common words. In fact no words were too prosaic to appear in even the highest poetic contexts, always assuming their metricality. -
Homeric Greek: a Book for Beginners Homeric Greek: a Book for Beginners
The Classical Review http://journals.cambridge.org/CAR Additional services for The Classical Review: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Homeric Greek: A Book for Beginners Homeric Greek: A Book for Beginners. By Clyde Pharr, Ph.D. (Yale), Professor of Greek in South-Western Presbyterian University. One vol. Octavo. Pp. xlii + 391. Two maps, ten plates, and numerous woodcuts. Boston, New York, Chicago: D. C. Heath and Co.; London: G. G. Harrap and Co. 8s. 6d. net. Frank Carter The Classical Review / Volume 36 / Issue 1-2 / February 1922, pp 24 - 25 DOI: 10.1017/S0009840X00015778, Published online: 27 October 2009 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/abstract_S0009840X00015778 How to cite this article: Frank Carter (1922). The Classical Review, 36, pp 24-25 doi:10.1017/S0009840X00015778 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/CAR, IP address: 130.126.162.126 on 14 Mar 2015 THE CLASSICAL REVIEW that the pre-Doric tradition was based stone, and hence, on his view, a later on thicker timber than the pre-Ionic; addition. This reasoning ignores the and it is unfortunate that he entirely fact that all the chief carved members gnores Thermon. Moreover, in his both of ' Ceres ' and of the ' Basilica' anxiety to discredit the features of are of this softer stone; it also ignores Doric which suggest wooden originals, Koldewey's demonstration that the he overrates the evidence for the archaic structure of this frieze is on that canti- omission of triglyphs. He writes lever principle, which is repeated in the (p. -
Filmar Habis 47 Color.Indd
http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/Habis.2016.i47.04 SOBRE EL PROBLEMA DE LA PAROXITONESIS Alejandro Abritta Universidad de Buenos Aires – Conicet [email protected] ON THE PROBLEM OF PAROXYTONESIS RESUMEN: El presente artículo propone una ABSTRACT: The following paper presents a re- reconsideración del fenómeno de la paroxitone- view of the phenomenon of paroxytonesis in the sis en el trímetro yámbico y el coliambo a partir iambic trimeter and the choriamb starting from a de una modificación de dos supuestos metodo- modification of two methodological assumptions lógicos (la interpretación del principio breuis in (the interpretation of the principle brevis in longo longo y la teoría del acento) del análisis del fe- and the theory of Ancient Greek accent) of Hans- nómeno de Hanssen (1883), que es todavía hoy la sen’s (1883) analysis of the phenomenon, which is principal fuente de datos sobre el tema, en par- still the main source of data on the subject, particu- ticular en el caso del trímetro. Tras una intro- larly in the case of the trimeter. After an introduc- ducción al problema y una serie de aclaraciones tion to the problem and a number of methodological metodológicas, el autor estudia en orden los dos clarifications, the author studies in order both types tipos de metro para concluir que las tesis de Hans- of meter in order to conclude that Hanssen’s theses sen admiten correcciones considerables. allow for considerable corrections. PALABRAS CLAVE: Trímetro yámbico, Co- KEYWORDS: Iambic trimeter, Choriamb, Paro- liambo, Paroxitonesis, breuis in longo. xytonesis, breuis in longo. RECIBIDO: 03.10.2015.