THE INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET (revised to 2016)

CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2016 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveola r Postalveola r Retroflex Palatal Vela r Uvula r Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ kɡ q ɢ ʔ Nasal m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Trill ʙ r ʀ Tap or Flap ⱱ ɾ ɽ Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð sz ʃ ʒʂʐ çʝ xɣχ ʁ ħ ʕhɦ Lateral fricative ɬɮ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Lateral l ɭ ʎʟ approximant

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS

Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Front Central Back Close iy ɨ ʉ ɯu ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ Examples: ɪʏ ʊ ǀ Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar pʼ Bilabial Close-mid eø ɘ ɵ ɤ o ǃ (Post)alveolar ʃ̵ Palatal tʼ Dental/alveolar ə ǂ Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar Open-mid ɛœ ɜ ɞ ʌɔ ǁ Alveolar lateral ʛ Uvular sʼ Alveolar fricative

æ ɐ OTHER SYMBOLS Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ ʍ Voiceless labial-velar fricative ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. w Voiced labial-velar approximant ɺ Voiced alveolar lateral flap ɥ Voiced labial-palatal approximant ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x SUPRASEGMENTALS ʜ Voiceless epiglottal fricative ˈ Primary stress Affricates and double articulations ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən

ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols ts͜ kp͡ ˌ Secondary stress joined by a tie bar if necessary. eː ʡ Epiglottal plosive ː Long

̥ ˑ Half-long eˑ DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ ̆ Extra-short ĕ ̥ Voiceless n ̥ d ̥ ̤ Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ ̪ Dental t̪ d̪ | Minor (foot) group ̬ Voiced s̬ t̬ ̰ Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ̺ Apical t̺ d̺ ‖ Major (intonation) group Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal ʰ tʰ dʰ ̼ t̼ d̼ ̻ t ̻ d ̻ . Syllable break ɹi .ækt

̹ More rounded ɔ̹ ʷ Labialized tʷ dʷ ̃ Nasalized ẽ ‿ Linking (absence of a break)

Less rounded ʲ Palatalized ʲ ʲ ⁿ Nasal release ⁿ ̜ ɔ̜ t d d TONES AND WORD ACCENTS

̟ Advanced u̟ ˠ Velarized tˠ dˠ ˡ Lateral release dˡ LEVEL CONTOUR Extra or or Rising ̠ Retracted e̠ ˤ Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ̚ No audible release d ̚ e̋ ˥ high ě ˩˥ é ˦ High ê ˥˥ Falling ̈ Centralized ë Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ ˜ High ē ˧ Mid e᷄ ˧˥ rising ̽ Mid-centralized e̽ ̝ Raised e̝ ( ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar fricative) Low è ˨ Low e᷅ ˩˥ rising

̩ Syllabic n̩ ̞ Lowered e̞ ( β ̞ = voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising- ȅ ˩ low e᷈ ˧˦˥ falling Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue Root ̯ e̯ ̘ e̘ ꜜ Downstep ↗ Global rise ˞ Rhoticity ɚ a˞ ̙ Retracted Tongue Root e̙ ꜛ Upstep ↘ Global fall

Typefaces: DejaVu Sans (symbols), Doulos SIL (metatext)