ASCI I Phonetic Symb ols for the World's Languages: Worldb et
James L. Hieronymus
AT&T Bell Lab oratories, Murray Hill, NJ 07974, USA
Abstract
A new ASCI I enco ding of the International Phonetic Alphab et IPA and additional symb ols for
sp eech database lab eling has b een designed for all languages. Many of the previous ASCI I versions
of the IPAwere targeted at Europ ean languages and therefore left out many of the sounds of the
other languages or used IPAsymb ols for non-Europ ean sounds likeclicks, for plosive bursts. When
an attempt was made to lab el a large numb er of languages with phonemic and phonetic symb ols,
these were found to b e inadequate. The presentscheme b orrows on earlier work by George Allen,
Ian Maddieson, John Wells, Laver et al. and Hieronymus et al. Wherever p ossible, the present
scheme was made similar to the base IPA symb ols, so that many of the symb ols will seem to have
obvious meanings. Many of the symb ols are the same as other schemes. The underlying principle is
that any sp ectrally and temp orally distinct sp eech sound not including pitch which is phonemic
in some language should have a separate base symb ol. In most cases the base symb ol consists of a
concatination of an IPA symb ol and diacritics. Thus it is easy to recognize the phonemic base symb ols
and compare the same broad phonetic sound across languages. Tone languages have diacritics applied
to the vowel phoneme symb ols to prop erly identify the phonemes in these languages. Allophonic
variations due to contextural coarticulation and stress may b e lab elled by a diacritic attached to
the base symb ol. It is p ossible that some sp eech sounds which are phonemic in at least one of the
world's languages, are missing from the presentversion. It is hop ed that anyoversights will b e
corrected in subsequentversions of Worldb et, and a standard metho d for constructing new symb ols
is presented.
Intro duction
Many systems have b een develop ed for writing the sounds of the world's languages. Manyofthe
early workers made their own systems b ecause there was no agreed standard or indeed knowledge
of the complete sp eech sound inventory. The International Phonetic Alphab et was develop ed in
1888 and revised several times into its present form. It represents 105 years of exp erience with
putting a symbol to each sound in all of the known languages in the world. The issues of economyof
representation and the distinction b etween allophonic variation and true baseform sound have b een
worked out for many more languages since the IPAwas originally formulated. Therefore it is a go o d
place to b egin for anymultilanguage sp eech database lab elling e ort.
There are some sounds which are not normally included in the IPA whichhave b een found to
b e useful in lab elling large sp eech corp ora like TIMIT, SCRIBE, BDSONS, and PHONDAT. These
mo dern attempts at a standard ascii form of the IPA resulted in TIMITBET, MRPA, SAMPA, and
SAMPA Extended to name a few of them. These phonetic alphab ets were restricted to English or
to Europ ean languages, and thus were to o restricted in scop e to b e used in other ma jor language
families. The issue is whether or not the ascii representation is consistent, complete and logical for
alloftheIPAsymb ols.
Worldb et is an attempt to have a phonetic alphab et whichcovers all of the world's languages
in a systematic fashion. It is an ascii version of the IPAplusanumber of symb ols whichwere found
useful in database lab elling, which are not currently in the ocial IPA set. This list of extra symb ols
may grow with time until all of the imp ortant phenomena have a coherent symb ol representation.
This pap er is organized to rst cover the general principles of Worldb et, discuss earlier lab eling
sets, give sp eci c symb ol assignments, and discuss lab eling metho ds. In App endix A is an exhaustive
list the Worldb et symb ols and their corresp onding lab els in a few other systems, namely TIMITBET,
SAMPA and JBET a phonetic alphab et used in sp eech synthesis. App endix B is a table of place
and manner of articulation v.s. Worldb et symb ols. In App endix C there are examples of Worldb et
symbol inventories for several languages. 1
General Principles
Worldb et is an ASCI I version of International Phonetic Alphab et IPA with additional broad
phonetic symb ols not presently in the IPA. It is designed for a large set of languages including
Indian, Asian, African and Europ ean languages. Considerations of the sp ecial sounds in eachof
these languages lead to the principle that eachbasesymb ol will represent a sp eech sound with
a sp ectrally distinct time sequence. Eachtyp e of /r/ will have its separate IPAlike designation,
rather than the more graphemic r used in some lab el sets. Allophones like aspirated plosives will
have a separate base symb ol from unaspirated plosives, if they are phonemic within the language in
question, otherwise they will b e marked using the base symb ol plus diacritic . Distinct means to b e
so di erent sp ectrally or temp orally as to b e p erceptually di erent, when the comp onents are heard
in isolation.
Vowels are classed into nominal place p ositions. It is recognized that the detailed vowel color
mayvary b etween languages for the same nominal vowel, yet separate symb ols will b e assigned only
when the di erences are large enough to constitute di erent phonemes. In actual lab eling exp erience
it has b een found that most of the di erences in phonetic lab els b etween trained phoneticians were
due to disagreements on the detailed vowel color, rather than the actual broad vowel color.
Therefore, Worldb et base symb ols will represent phonemic distinctions in some language, as in
the plosive example. The base symb ols are thus meant to b e broad phonetic, but can b e used as
surface phonemic symb ols within a given language as stated in the original principles of the IPA
[1] . Since the IPA has b een in use for over 100 years and has b een actively develop ed and evolved
over this p erio d [2], it should have all of the phonemic distinctions observed in the world's languages
to date. Therefore it is the natural starting p ointforany attempt to construct a phoneme set which
is sucienttocover all of the languages in the world.
Diacritics are used in general to mo dify the base symb ols to deal with allophones whichare
due to coarticulation e ects i.e.: labialized /s/ in the environment of /w/ , or phonological context
e ects. The diacritic allows the particular allophone to b e marked, which has as its base character
the phonemically based broad phone which is the origin of this allophone. Of course it is not always
easy to determine what is an allophonic variation and what is a change of broad phonetic category.
Normally the numb er of symb ols to b e used to lab el a particular language will b e limited, to keep
from having an overly large lab el inventory.
The motivating factor for Worldb et is to lab el sp eech for corpus driven sp eech research, phono-
logical inventories, automatic language identi cation, multi-language sp eech recognition, and multi-
language sp eech synthesis. It should also b e useful in constructing multi-lingual dictionaries. In all
of the ab ove uses it is most convenienttohaveeach sound lab eled with a particular symb ol closely
resemble all other sounds with the same lab el, no matter in which language it is uttered.
Previous Lab el Sets
Past work on ascii to ipa symb ol sets was reviewed including the Klatt phonb et Allen et al. [3] ,
the PHONASCI I system Allen [4] , Arpab et used in the rst ARPASpeech Understanding Pro ject
[5], TIMITBET used in lab elling the DARPA Acoustic Phonetic Database whichwas collected by
Texas Instruments and lab elled by MIT [6], the Esprit Sp eech Assessment Metho dology Phonetic
Alphab et SAMPA [7] , the Edinburgh Machine Readible Phonetic Alphab et MRPA [8] , the Alvey
Pro ject Phonetic alphab et [9], and the SCRIBE pro ject phonetic lab el set SAMPA Extended [10].
These were generally concerned with one or a few Indo-Europ ean Languages, and thus are missing
anumb er of the symb ols needed for other languages. For SAMPA some simpilifying assumptions
were made b ecause it was thought that they would b e used for transcription within one language,
not across languages. This leads to the same symb ol b eing used for quite di erent sounds, most
notably for /r/.
An e ort for world wide ASCI I to IPAcoverage by Ian Maddieson [11] of UCLA was thoughtto
b e to o complicated for the present application. It is a more detailed lab el set aimed at ne phonetic
distinctions in all the world's languages. It do es not distinguish b etween diacritics and baseforms.
With the full set of diacritics in Worldb et it should b e p ossible to have the same level of detail,
with the proviso that phonemes with multiple places of articulation mighthavetohave baseform
symb ols assembled using the Worldb et linking character . A new ascii version for the IPA which has 2
b een develop ed on the sci.lang email news group [12] has also b een examined, but seems to su er
from to o few languages b eing considered in detail. It is supp osed to b e used in email discussions
of phonetics and phonology. It is a full enco ding of the IPA and has some common symb ols with
Worldb et.
PHONASCI I, the ascii IPAsymbol set by George Allen [4] is the closest to having the symb ols
required, but has added symb ols for studying sp eech disorders and child language acquisition. Some
of the constructions of a ricates had the wrong fricativesymb ol and some of the monophthong vowels
had twocharacter symb ols, whichmakes the construction of diphthongs awkward. Otherwise it is a
complete enco ding of the IPAset.
In Worldb et eachIPA baseform symb ol is represented bytwo ASCI I normal characters which
may di er in case giving around 2,900 p ossibilities . Currently we are using 299 symb ols. One of
these characters may b e a space. This xed length baseform allows a unique sp eci cation, and ease
in computer pro cessing. It is envisioned that Worldb et will b e used in computer sp eechsynthesis and
recognition, as well as hand lab elling of sp eech in many languages. It b ecomes very imp ortant in this
context that each symb ol represent only one typ e of sound and that phonemes whichhave di erent
forms across languages have a unique symb ol for each form. Keeping a twocharacter baseform
will in practice prove to b e unattainable for rare phonemes, for example all double articulations
constructed with the linking symbol -. In Worldb et there are some symb ols whichgobeyond the
IPA set in an attempt to attain this goal, particularly for plosives.
Sp eci c Symb ol Assignments
Generally the Worldb et symb ol will b e as close as p ossible to the corresp onding IPAsymb ol. For
the more unusual IPAsymb ols this is more dicult, and is sometimes only true in the most abstract
sense. An e ort has b een made to consistantlyassignvowel and consonantsymb ols. The collection
of phonemes from the UCLA Phonological SegmentInventory Database UPSID was examined to
make sure that Worldb et covered all those used by 10 or more languages listed in Patterns of Sound
by Maddieson [11].
Monophthong vowels will have base symbols whichareusualvowel symb ols orthographically
i.e. a, A, o, O and numb ers 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 . Most of these will b e single printing symb ols.
This is so that the base diphthongs and free and checked vowels can b e constructed of twocharacters.
Since phonologically free and checked vowels are supp osed to di er only in length, and not in sp ectral
prop erties in the various languages e.g.: /i/ in English is free and usually written [i:] phonetically.
But it is a checked vowel in Dutch and written [i] phonetically. the simple addition of the symbol
: for long, allows this distinction to b e represented easily in twocharacters. The numerals 0 and 1
are not used for base symb ols b ecause of their confusibility with the letters o and l.
Diphthongs are constructed by concatenating the two monophthong symb ols which represent the
endp ointvowels. While the present list contains manyofthediphthongs seen in Europ ean languages,
this list is not presently exhaustive. New diphthongs can b e constructed by concatinating the two
vowel symb ols corresp onding to the b eginning and ending vowels of the diphthong.
Consonants can b e twocharacters, since they do not always come in long and short versions.
Many long consonants are actually geminates. It is recommended that geminates b e transcrib ed as
two consonants. Items like nasalization, rhotization and aspiration will b e explicity represented in
the baseform, since they are phonemic in many languages. If it is found that consonant length is
phonemic in some language, then : will b e added as a diacritic, as outlined b elow. See Table 1
for a comparison of IPAtoWorldb et base symb ols, and Table 2 for diacritics and suprasegmentals.
Exhaustive symb ol tables are shown in App endix A. A phoneme set for 12 languages are shown
in App endix B. Presently Danish, Dutch, English, French, German, Hindi, Japanese, Mandarin
Chinese, Russian, Castillian Spanish, and Tamil are listed. 3
CONSONANTS
The Worldb et representation of eachIPA symb ol is written b elow it. IPA symb ols in parentheses are rare
phonemes, for which no machine-readable co ding has yet b een prop osed. In these cases a co ding employing
diacritics is prop osed.
Bi- Labio- Dental Alveolar Post- Retro- Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn- Glottal
labial dental alveolar ex geal
pb t d tr dr c J k g q Q ?
m M n nr n N Nq
Trill b r r
B r R
Tap or I I I L
t d r
Flap t d r rr
Fricative H f v W s z S c R b c 0 x ^ P & g h '
FV f v TD s z S Z sr zr Cj^ x G XK H ! hhv
Lateral 5 7
fricative hl Zl
Approxi- [ M N j ;
mant V[ 9 9r j 4
Lateral l 6 ` l
approx. l lr L Lg
Ejective p' t' U' c' k' q'
stop p> t> t> r c> k> q>
Implosive 2 "
p Front Central Back Close i y , X : u i y ix ux 4 u i y .y Y I Y Ix U Close-mid e $ o e 7 2 o @ VOWELS & ox Op en-mid A E 8 ^ > @ ax Op en a a 6 A 5 y= ,is not an approved IPA symbol,butitisinsuch common use that wehave prop ose Ix as the most natural ASCI I representation for a \centralized i". TABLE 1: Worldb et ConsonantandVowel Symb ols 4 DIACRITICS The Worldb et representations are on the rightofeach column. Voiceless 0 More rounded w ] Labialized w ~ Nasalized - n Voiced v Less rounded / Palatalized j Nasal release n , $ l Advanced + Aspirated h Velarized 2 Lateral release l + g Breathyvoiced Hv Retracted - t No audible release c Pharyngealized ! Creaky voiced ? Centralized x Velarized or Pharyngealized \emphatic" x Raised ^ Linguolabial f Velar place g Mid-centralized x D m Lowered / Dental [ s Syllabic = Uvular place q j n Non-syllabic Apical ] Unaspirated * p Advanced Tongue Ro ot > t h } Laminal g e Glottalized ? o Retracted Tongue Ro ot < Rhoticity/retro exion r SEGMENTAL TONE 9 'e' extra high tone e 7 e high tone e 5 e mid tone e Shown on the vowel e. 3 e low tone e 1 `e` extra lowtone e SUPRASEGMENTALS Intonation and word-accents can b e represented on a separate tier, using TOBI notation. q Primary stress ` r Secondary stress , k Long : l Half-long ; Short ` Extra-short . Syllable break . Pause non-IPA Phrase b oundary non-IPA OTHER SYMBOLS \ W ? pj w w j j + jw ! tj h =j cj g- k lj d- O l cg * a zg 3 LINKING SYMBOL linking symbol - TABLE 2: Worldb et Diacritic and Suprasegmental Symb ols 5 For sp ecial allophones there will b e a diacritic linked to the main symbol by an underscore. Underscore will not b e used for any other purp ose. Base symb ols with diacritics generally will b e used for allophonic variations, rather than for phonetic symb ols of regular sp eech segments in the languages of the world. For example, a labialized allophone of /s/ which is due to a nearby /w/ would b e written [s w] and a rhoticized vowel /i/ will b e i: r. The diacritic symb ols are letters, math symb ols, numb ers or punctuation symbols. Numb ers with the exception of 2 and 0 as diacritics are reserved for tone designations in tone languages. Suprasegmentals are shown in the diacritic table for syllable b oundaries, primary and secondary stress. Making for intonation and pitch accent is also provided. In tone languages, the tone is marked byoddnumb er diacritics attached to the vowel on the broad phonetic level, since the tone is phonemic. Strictly sp eaking the tone is attached to the syllable rather than the vowel, but this allows a consistent lab el attachmentpoint across all syllables. Additional Broad Phonetic Symbols beyond IPA Several symb ols were added to the IPA set whichwere found to b e necessary to accurately lab el continuous sp eech databases whichhave b een collected over the past 5 years. Some of these symb ols have b een used by phoneticians in the past, and some of the phenomena which they capture have b een mentioned in the literature. The ma jor departure is the inclusion of hyp er aspiration for Indian languages and fricated plosives whichwere found in British English during the lab eling of the SCRIBE database [10]. Hyp er aspiration is meant to b e a strong aspiration. This may b e the prop erty called breathyvoiced aspiration in Hindi, but this is yet to b e determined exp erimentally. It is used to denote strong aspiration, while h denotes ordinary aspiration. Another non-IPA symbol is the symb ols for individual aps t and d in order to allow the study of duration di erences for the phonologically voicedorunvoiced aps. In the tables which follow, the IPA column has square brackets around symb ols which are not in the ocial IPA set, to mark them as pseudo IPAsymb ols. Lab eling Metho ds Using Worldb et Worldb et can b e used for three lab eling metho ds. The basic form of Worldb et is just an ACSI I representation of the IPA. As such it can b e used in exactly the same waythatIPA is used to do lab eling in which the phonetic and phonological or surface phonemic level are kept separate. The usual set of IPA diacritics are provided to mark variations. The second metho d for using Worldb et is as a single level broad phonetic lab eling whichis based on the phoneme inventory of each language plus diacritics.[14] This allows the recovery of most of the information in the two level lab eling scheme from one level of lab eling, by stripping the diacritics from the broad phonetic lab eling to collapse all allophones intothebasesymb ol. Since it takes almost twice as long to lab el twolevels as one, the single level scheme saves considerable time and e ort. Not all of the allophones are within the class of the broad phonetic lab el, so that not all of the surface phonemes are pro duced by diacritic stripping. However some 97 of them are based on exp erience with the British English SCRIBE database , and for practical applications this is enough to warrent using one level of lab eling. The phoneme is by de nition language sp eci c, denoting the minimal set of phonological ele- ments which is sucient to represent a sp eci c language. Once the phoneme inventory for a language is determined, a set of baseforms are constructed by taking the base symbol from Worldb et and con- catinating diacritic symb ols without the underscore. For example in Hindi there are unaspirated and heavily aspirated stop consonants, therefore these would b e representedasptkb dgpHtH kH bH dH gH. In American English aspiration is not phonemic but o ccurs as the default in voiceless stop consonants so the lab els would b e ph th kh b d g. The broad phonetic inventory of lab els which are phonemically based is thus constructed for each language. Sp eech is lab eled at a broad phonetic level using these phoneme based symb ols with diacritics to denote broad phonetic variations. For example, an aspirated d in English would b e lab eled d h. When the lab eling is nished, stripping the diacritics will then recover the surface phonemic lab els for most cases. The cases in which this metho d fails is when the allophonic variant is in a di erent manner or place of articulation distant from the default phoneme. In Japanese, the phoneme /h/ has variants /f/ and /C/, which are suciently di erent from /h/ that they cannot b e prop erly 6 constucted from the baseform /h/. For Japanese these allophonic variants o ccur in a very sp eci c context and the phonemic level can b e corrected with rules after the diacritic stripping. With the di erence b etween phonemic and allophonic variants lab eled it would b e p ossible to determine if b h and bh are similar across languages or whether phonemic distinctions are more carefully pro duced and therefore aspiration in bh is more consistent in strength and length. The third lab eling metho d is called acoustic-phonetic segment lab eling, which while using the phoneme based lab els, attempts to lab el the actual regions of allophonic pro duction. The part of avoiced fricative whichisdevoiced, z for example, with a separate diacritic, z 0toshow which section is voiced and which one is not. Similarly for labialized fricatives, the part during which the labialization is seen to have an e ect is lab eled s w and the non-labialized part is lab eled s. This detailed di erentiation of voicing and coarticulation e ects allows studies of the overlap of phonetic features and the study of durations of these segments. Often phonologically voiceless plosives liket are completely voiced in intervo calic p osition. Normally a voiced consonantwould b e shorter than a long one. Do es the sp eech pro duction mechanism require that the voiced voiceless consonantbe longer? This can only b e answered by studying sp eech lab eled with this level of detail captured in the lab els. The acoustic-phonetic segment lab eling should corresp ond to multi-level lab eling used in non- linear phonology.For example the nasalization of a vowel would b e lab eled as to its onset time and so the tier in non-linear phonology corresp onding to nasalization would include the nasal consonant and the nasalize p ortion of the vowel. This allows the study of the direction of feature spreading, and the limits on duration and overlap which form the parameters of the sp eech pro duction pro cess. Acoustic-phonetic lab eling can b e done on a single tier, and the broad phonetic lab els obtained by diacritic clumping. All of the lab els with the same adjacent lab el are examined, the diacritic with the longest duration can b e applied to the whole segment and the other diacritics removed. Finally the phonemic level can b e recovered by stripping o all of the diacritics, and retaining the baseform symb ols. Phonological Inventories Phonemes are, strictly sp eaking, de ned only within a single language. The set of all observed phonemes from all the world's languages can b e studied. Sets of these phonological elements across all languages are called phonological inventories. These have b een collected by Greenberg and Ferguson at Stanford University and by Maddieson amd Ladefoged at UCLA [11]. The aim of Worldb et is to include as a baseform all of the elements in the phonological inventory of all the languages of the world. These symb ols are created by concatinating the Worldb et ascii IPA set and diacritics to make a phoneme set for each language. Because these symb ols are constructed in a principled fashion, it is always easy to see what a Worldb et symb ol represents within the IPA equivalentset from which it is constructed. Sp eech from many languages lab eled with Worldb et symb ols will allow the study of the detailed characteristics of similar phonemes in di erent languages. Studies have b een done in the past comparing the same phonological elements, for example nasals in French and English. The existence of multilanguage sp eech databases lab eled with Worldb et will allow quanti cation of the di erence between phonemes across a sp ectrum of languages. Even sp eech databases which are not lab eled in Worldb et can have their phonetic lab el set mapp ed to Worldb et in order to simplify the pro cess of cross language studies. 7 References ^ 1. International Phonetic Asso ciation. 1888. fonetik titcr, August, 1888. 2. International Phonetic Asso ciation. 1989. Rep ort on the 1989 Kiel Convention. Journal of the International Phonetic Asso ciation 19:2, 67 - 80. 3. J. Allen, M. S. Hunnicutt and D. Klatt, "Klatt Symb ols", From text to speech: The MITalk System Cambridge University Press, 1987 , p. 197. 4. G. D. Allen 1988 , "The PHONASCI I system," J. IPA, 18:1, pp. 9-25. 5. Reference to arpab et 6. S. Sene and V. W. Zue, "Transcription and Alignmentofthe TIMIT Database," DARPA TIMIT CD-ROM Do cumentation, 1988. 7. J. C. Wells, Computer-co ded phonemic notation of individual languages of the Europ ean Community,J.IPA, 19, pp. 32-54 1989 . 8. J. Laver, M. Alexander, C. Bennett, I. Cohen, D. Davies, and J. Dalby, "Sp eech Segmentation Criteria for the ATR/CSTR Database, Progress Rep ort Numb er 1, 1988. 9. A. W. Bladon and J. C. Wells, "The Alvey Phonetic Alphab et," Pro ceedings of the IEE Conference on Sp eech Input and Output, London 1986 . 10. J. Hieronymus, M. Alexander, C. Bennett, I. Cohen, D. Davies, J. Dalby,J.Laver, W. Barry, A. Fourcin and J. Wells, "Sp eech Segmentation Criteria for the SCRIBE Pro ject," SCRIBE Pro ject Do cumentation 1990 available from Sp eech Research Unit, DRA, St. Andrews Road, Gr. Malvern, UK. 11. I. Maddieson, Patterns of Sound, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1984 . 12. E. Kirshenbaum, Second Draft, Article 8167 of sci.lang, Jan. 1993 13. C. A. Ferguson, and J. H. Greenb erg, The Stanford Phonlogy Archive. 14. W. J. Berry and A. J. Fourcin, Computer Sp eech and Language, 6,1-4 1992 . 8 App endix A: Worldb et Symbols VOWELS Monophthongs IPA WORLD TIMIT SAMPA JPO EXAMPLE i: i: iy i: E beat high front long English i i - i - vier high front short Dutch ~ i i - - - nasalized high front y y - y - tu rounded high front French i I ih I i bit mid-high mid-front short English ~i I - - - nasalized I i: I: - I: - long i y Y - Y - funf rounded i German [.] Ix ix [ - centralized i [,] ix - - - high front mid unrounded Russian [~.] Ix - - - nasalized centralized i e e - - - th e mid-high front French ~e e - - - nasalized e 7 - 2 - blod mid-high front rounded German E eh e e bet mid-low front short English ~ E - E - vin nasalized E French 8 - 9 - plotzlich mid-lowfront rounded German ~ 8 - 9 - brun nasalized 8 French @ ae f a bat mid-lowfront long English ~ @ - - - rounded @ ax - 6 - b esse r mid-lowcentral German ~ ax - - - nasalized ax a a - a - patte low front French 6 - & - rounded op en front A aa A: oand@ Bob lowback English ~ A - A - vent nasalized A French 5 - Q - pot lowback rounded Br. English V V ah V but mid-low back English A > ao O: > bought mid-low mid-back English V ~A > - O - bon nasalized French $ 2 - - - ge unrounded o Chinese o o - o - lunge mid-high back Danish ~o o - - - nasalized o $ 2 - - - ge unrounded o Chinese Y U uh U u book mid-high back short English ~Y U - - - nasalized U u u uw u: U boot high back English u~ u - - - nasalized u X ux ux g - suit fronted u English high back unrounded Japanese : 4 - - - kutsu :~ 4 - - - nasalized 4 & ax @ & ab out central short English ~ & - - - nasalized & @ ox - - - rounded 3 - @: - bird central long Br. English &0 ax-h @a - voiceless Japanese 3r er 3r R bird central retro exed am.english central retro exed short Am. English &r axr =r - butter :} 4r - - - retro exed : Chinese shi p o e App endix A: Worldb et Symb ols 9 Monophthongs Diphthongs IPA WORLD TIMIT SAMPA JPO EXAMPLE ia ia - - - - Saek ie ie - - - - Armenian i i5 - iQ - kirke Danish i iax - - - Tier German y yax - - - Tur German 7ax - - - Gehor German Eax - - - Gewahr German e eax - - - Gewehr German io io - - - - Kurdish iu iu - iu - ivrig Dutch i: i4 - - - - Japanese i i& - I@ - here Br. English yu yu - yu - syv Danish ie ie - - - - Gilyak ei ei ey eI A bait Am. English ei eI - - - bait Br. English eo eo - eo - eu eu - eu - peber Danish e e& - e@ - there Br. English i Ei - - - jn Dutch E5 - EQ - br Danish u Eu - Eu - evne Danish @5 - f Q - r Danish u @u - f u - stvle Danish Ai >i oy - Y boy Am. English Ai >I - OI - boy Irish English Ay >Y - OY - Kreuz German A >& - O@ - pore Br. English y 8y - 2y - huis Dutch u 8u - 2u - vle Danish ai ai - - - hegn Dutch ai aI ay aI I buy English ae ae - - - e eax - - - Gewehr German aY aU aw aU W down English a:i a4 - - - ao ao - - - au au - - - u Au - Au - goud Dutch oi oi - - - noi Italian oi oI - - - boy Irish English oY oU ow @U O show English oa oa - - - o oax - - - Tor German oY oU - - - gou Mandarin ou ou - - - o o5 - oQ - morsom Danish ui ui - ui - huj Danish ua ua - - - u uax - - - Ruhr German u u5 - uQ - hurtig Danish App endix A: Worldb et Symb ols 10 Diphthongs uo uo - - - u u& - U@ - poor Br. English :i 4i - - - :a 4a - - - u &u - - - Approximants and Trills IPA WORLD TIMIT SAMPA JPO EXAMPLE [ V[ - - - labio dental approximant English j j j j y you palatal approximant English + jw - H - juin voiced labial-palatal approximant French w w w w w wit voiced labial velar approximant English \ W - W - when voiceless w Scottish M 9 r r r rent British Eng N 9r - - - rent retro exed approximant Am. Englis h ; 4 - - - velar approximant b B - - - labial trill r R - - - uvular trill r r - rr - alveolar trill L rr - - - alveolar retro exed tap I r - - - r ap - not retro exed r P K - - - uvular fricative rond French l l l l l let alveolar lateral approximant l Lg - - - velar lateral approximant ` L - L - palatal lateral approximant 6 lr - - - retro exed lateral approximant 5 hl - - - alveolar lateral fricative 7 Zl - - - alveolar lateral voiced fricative App endix A: Worldb et Symb ols 11 Approximants and Trills CONSONANTS Plosives IPA WORLD TIMIT SAMPA JPO EXAMPLE pt pc pcl pc sp stop p closure English p p p p p p otholder labial voiceless plosive release English [p*] p* - p! - p burst without aspiration f [p ] pP - pf - fricated p Irish Engl p ph - - - p aspirated release H [p ] pH - - - p hyp er-aspirated release Hindi r p pr - - - p retro ex release rH [p ] pR - - - p hyp er-aspirated retro ex release Hindi n p pn - - - p nasal release Hindi [p ] pN - - - p hyp er-aspirated nasal release Hindi p' p> - - - p ejective release }p p< - - - p implosive tt t[ c - - - t[ with no release English j t t[ - - - dental voiceless plosive release j [t*] t[ * - - - t[ burst without aspiration j t t[ h - - - t[ aspirated release j n t t[ n - - - t[ nasal release j t' t[ > - - - t[ ejective release j }t t[ < - - - t[ implosive j tt tc tcl tc st streetcar t with no release English t t t t t apico-alveolar voiceless plosive release English [t*] t* - t! - t burst without aspiration f [t ] tT - tf - fricated t Irish Engl [I ] t dx t< - ap or tap t Am. Engl t t th - - - t aspirated release H [t ] tH - - - t hyp er-aspirated release Hindi U tr - - - t retro ex release H [U ] tR - - - t hyp er-aspirated retro ex release Hindi n t tn - - - t nasal release nH [t ] tN - - - t hyp er-aspirated nasal release Hindi t' t> - - - t ejective release }t t< - - - t implosive ct cc - - - c with no release c c - - - palatal voiceless plosive release [c*] c* - - - c burst without aspiration c ch - - - c aspirated release cpt cp c - - - cp with no release cp cp - - - labial palatal voiceless plosive release [cp*] cp * - - - cp burst without aspiration cp cp h - - - cp aspirated release kt kc kcl - sk clo ckwork k with no release English k k k k k cot velar voiceless plosive release English [k*] k* - k! - k burst without aspiration f ] kK - kf - fricated k Irish Eng [k l k kh - - - k aspirated release n k kn - - - k nasal release H [k ] kH - - - k hyp er-aspirated k release Hindi rH [k ] kR - - - k hyp er-aspirated retro ex release Hindi App endix A: Worldb et Symb ols 12 Plosives nH [k ] kN - - - k hyp er-aspirated nasal release Hindi k' k> - - - k ejective release 2 k< - - - k implosive kpt kp c - - - kp with no release kp kp - - - labial velar voiceless plosive release [kp*] kp * - - - kp burst without aspiration kp kp h - - - kp aspirated release qt qc - - - q with no release English q q - - - uvular voiceless plosive release English [q*] q* - - - q burst without aspiration English q qh - - - q aspirated release 2 q< - - - q implosive bt bc bcl bcv sb b obtail b with no release English b b b b b b oat labial voiced plosive release English [b*] b* - b! - b burst without aspiration f [b ] bB - bf - fricated b Irish Engl b bh - bh - b aspirated release H [b ] bH - - - b hyp er-aspirated release Hindi r b br - - - b retro ex release rH [b ] bR - - - b hyp er-aspirated retro ex release Hindi n b bn - - - b nasal release nH [b ] bN - - - b hyp er-aspirated nasal release Hindi b' b> - - - b ejective release b< - - - b implosive [I ] b - - - ap or tap b b dt d[ c - - - d[ closure English j d d[ - - - dental voiced plosive release English j [d*] d[ * - - - d[ burst without aspiration j d d[ h - - - d[ aspirated release j }d d[ < - - - d[ implosive j dt dc dcl dcv sd bloodclot d closure English d d d d d do ck d release English [d*] d* - d! - d burst without aspiration f [d ] dD - df - fricated d Irish Engl [I ] d dx d< - ap or tap d Am. English d d dh - - - d aspirated release H [d ] dH - - - d hyp er-aspirated release Hindi dr - - - d retro ex release rH [d ] dR - - - d hyp er-aspirated retro ex release Hindi n d dn - - - d nasal release nH [d ] dN - - - d hyp er-aspirated nasal release Hindi d' d> - - - d ejective release d< - - - d implosive 1t Jc - - - J with no release 1 J - - - palatal voiced plosive release [1*] J* - - - J burst without aspiration 1 Jh - - - J aspirated release c - - - Jb with no release 1bt Jb 1b Jb - - - labial palatal voiced plosive release * - - - Jb burst without aspiration [1b*] Jb 1b Jb h - - - Jb aspirated release gt gc gcl sg g game g with no release English g g g g g game velar voiced plosive release English App endix A: Worldb et Symb ols 13 Plosives [g*] g* - g! - g burst without aspiration [gf ] gG - gf - fricated g Irish Engl g gh - - - g aspirated release H [g ] gH - - - g hyp er-aspirated release Hindi r g gr - - - g retro ex release rH [g ] gR - - - g hyp er-aspirated retro ex release Hindi n g gn - - - g nasal release nH [g ] gN - - - g hyp er-aspirated nasal release Hindi g' g> - - - g ejective " g< - - - g implosive [I ] g - - - ap or tap g g gbt gb c - - - gb with no release gb gb - - - labial velar voiced plosive release [gb*] gb * - - - gb burst without aspiration gb gb h - - - gb aspirated release Gt Q - - - Q with no release G Q - - - uvular voiced plosive release [G*] Q* - - - Q burst without aspiration G Qh - - - Q aspirated release G Q< - - - Q implosive d- ?H - - - epiglottal plosive d ? q ? * glottal stop App endix A: Worldb et Symb ols 14 Plosives Flaps and Taps IPA WORLD TIMIT SAMPA JPO EXAMPLE [I ] b - - - puraib e:tono voiced labial ap Japanese b [I ] d dx d< - ladder voiced alveolar ap English d [I ] g - - - voiced velar ap Japanese g [I ] t dx t< - batter voiceless alveolar ap English t [I ] k - - - voiceless velar ap Japanese k ~I n nx - - banter English O l - - - alveolar lateral ap L rr - - - retro ex ap I r - - - r ap - not retro exed r Fricatives IPA WORLD TIMIT SAMPA JPO EXAMPLE H F - - - labial voiceless fricative f f f f f fat labio-dental voiceless fricative English W T th T T thing apico-alveolar voiceless fricative English s s s s s sat alveolar voiceless fricative English R sr - - - retro exed alveolar fricative S S sh S S shut p ostalveolar voiceless fricative English cg - - - alveolo-palatal voiceless fricative 5 hl - - - alveolar lateral voiceless fricative V - B - labial voiced fricative v v v v v vat labio dental voiced fricative English D dh D D that dental voiced fricative English z z z z z zo o alveolar voiced fricative English b zr - - - retro exed voiced p ost-alveolar fricative c Z zh Z zh azure p ostalveolar voiced fricative English 7 Zl - - - alveolar lateral voiced fricative a zg - - - alveolo-palatal voiceless fricative c C - C - ich palatal voicelessfricative German 0 j- - - - palatal voiced fricative x x - - - ach velar voiceless fricative German G - G - koge velar voiced fricative Danish ^ X - - - uvular voiceless fricative P K - - - rond uvular voiced fricative French h h hh - - head glottal voiceless fricativeh English ' hv hv hv - glottal voiced fricativeh & HH - - - pharyngeal voiceless fricative g HH v - - - pharyngeal voiced fricative h H - - - epiglottal voiceless fricative g- H v - - - voiced epiglottal fricative App endix A: Worldb et Symb ols 15 Taps and Fricatives A ricates IPA WORLD TIMIT SAMPA JPO EXAMPLE pHt pF c pcl - - bilabial voiceless a ricate closure pH pF - - - pF a ricate burst frication b t bVc bcl - - voiced bilabial a ricate closure b bV - - - bV a ricate burst frication pft pf c pcl pfc - pf a ricate closure pf pf - pf - Pfahl German bvt bv c bcl - - voiced labio dental a ricate closure bv bv - - - bv a ricate closure tst ts c tcl tsc - ts closure ts ts - ts - Zahl German tRt ts r c - - - alveolar retro ex a ricate closure Mandarin tR ts r - - - - Mandarin dzt dz c dcl - - voiced apicoalveolar a ricate closure dz dz - - - dz burst frication tSt tS c tcl tSc - tS closure tS tS ch tS C church English tS: tS: - - - chatri umbrella Hindi dct dZ c dcl dZvc - dZ closure dc dZ jh dZ J judge English dc: dZ : - - - jhari stream Hindi cct cC c - - - palatal voiceless a ricate closure cc cC - - - cC burst frication 10t Jj c - - - palatal voiced a ricate closure 10 Jj - - - Jj burst frication kxt kx c - - - velar voiceless a ricate closure kx kx - - - velar voiceless a ricate c - - - velar voiced a ricate closure gt gG g gG - - - velar voiced a ricate q^t qX c - - - uvular voiceless a ricate closure q^ qX - - - uvular voiceless a ricate g^t QK c - - - uvular voiced a ricate closure g^ QK - - - uvular voiced a ricate Clicks IPA WORLD TIMIT SAMPA JPO EXAMPLE ? pj - - - bilabial click j j - - - dental click ! tj - - - alveolar click jj lj - - - alveolar lateral click =j cj - - - palatal click App endix A: Worldb et Symb ols 16 A ricates and Clicks Nasals IPA WORLD TIMIT SAMPA JPO EXAMPLE m m m m m met labial nasal English M M - - - labio dental nasal n n[ - - - dental nasal j n n n n n net alveolar nasal English ~I n nx - - nasal ap > nr - - - retro exed nasal j n nj - - - oignon palatalized alveolar nasal French < n - J - canos ~ palatal nasal Spanish = N ng N ng sing velar nasal English N Nq - - - uvular nasal Syllabics IPA WORLD TIMIT SAMPA JPO EXAMPLE l l= el =l ll battle English . ms m= em =m mm b ottom English ns n= en =n nn button English s= N= eng =ng - camping French Silences and Pauses IPA WORLD TIMIT SAMPA JPO EXAMPLE - + .epi + * ep enthetic silence - .pau * [pause] - h [b egin/end] Non-sp eech Sounds IPA WORLD TIMIT SAMPA JPO EXAMPLE - .ls .ls - - lip smack - .br .br - - breath - .ct .ct - - clear throat - .laugh .laugh - - laughter - .tc .tc - - tongue click - .cough .cough - - cough - .sneeze .sneeze - - sneeze - .ln .ln - - telephone line noise - .ns .ns - - non-sp eechnoise - .bn .bn - - background noise - .ring .ring - - telephone ring App endix A: Worldb et Symb ols 17 Nasals and Syllabics Worldb et Charts: CONSONANTS Manner of Articulation Place Stop Nas Fricative A ricate Appr Lat Flap Tril Glottal Asp +Asp +HyAsp Ej Im Vel V +V V +V V +V V +V V +V labial p b ph bh pH bH m F V pF bV { { b B b> b< { { { { { { { { { { { { { { { { { p< { labio dent. { { { { { { M f v pf bv V[ { { { { { { dental t[ d[ t[h d[h { { n[ T D { { { ld { { t[> t[< j { { { { { { { { { { { { { { { { d[< { apicoalv. t d th dh tH dH n s z ts dz 9 { t r t> d< tj { { { { { { { { { { { { { d { { d< { laminoalv. { { { { { { sg zg { { { { lg { { { { { lateral alv. tl dl { { { { nl hl Zl ls lz l { l { { { lj retro ex tr dr { { tR dR nr sr zr { { 9r lr r { { { { nasalized tn dn { { tN tN { { { { { { { n { { { { p ostalv. { { { { { { nj S Z tS dZ { { { { { { { lam'pal'alv { { { { { { { Sg Zg { { { { { { { { { palatal c J ch Jh { { n C j- cC Jj j L { { c> c< cj { { { { { { { { { { { { { { { { J< { labial pal. cp Jb { { { { { { { { { jw { { { { { { velar k g kh gh kH gH N x G kx gG Rg { k { k> k< kj { { { { { { { { { { { { { g { { g< { labial vel. kp gb { { { { nm { { { { w { { { { { { uvular q Q qh Qh { { Nq X K qX QK RR { { R q> q< { pharyngl. { { { { { { { HH HH v { { { { { { { { { glottal ? { { { { { { h hv { { { { { { { { { epiglottal { { { { { { { H H v { { { { { { { { { VOWELS Front Central Back Close i y ix ux 4 u I Y Ix U Close-mid e 7 2 o & ox Op en-mid E 8 ^ > @ ax Op en a 6 A 5 Worldb et 18 Charts App endix B: Phonemic Sets for Some Languages DANISH Plosives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /p/ p pande /pan/ pan& /b/ b bande /ban/ ban& /t/ t tand /tandd/ ta n? /d/ d dan /dand/ dan? /k/ k kalde /kal/ ka l& /g/ g galde /gal/ gal& Fricatives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /f/ f nde /fen/ fen & /s/ s stand /sdand/ sdan? /v/ v vinde /ven/ ven & / / D bide /bi: / bi:D& /0/ j- Jul /0u:dl/ j- u: ? l // G koge /kA:/ kO:G& /h/ h hest /hsd/ hEsd Nasals IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /m/ m mile /mi:l/ mi:l& /n/ n ny /ny:d/ ny:? /=/ N lunge /lo=/ lo N& Semi-vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /l/ l land /lan?/ la n? /P/ K ride /Pi: / Ki:D& Worldb et 19 Danish Vowels Monophthongs: IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /i:/ i: mile /mi:l/ mi:l & /e:/ e: mele /me:l/ me:l & /:/ E mle /m:l/ mE:l & /a:/ a: male /ma:l/ ma:l & /y:/ y: byde /by: / by:th& / :/ 7: b de /b : / b7:th& /:/ 8: h ne /h:n/ h8:n& /i/ i ville /vil/ vil& /e/ e visse /vis/ vis& // E thkke /tk/ tEk& /a/ a hast /hast/ ha st /y/ y tyst /tyst/ tyst / / 7 st / st/ 7s t // 8 h nse /hns/ h8 nse /u:/ u: bude /bu: / bu:th& /o:/ o: go de /go: / go:th& /A:/ >: bade /bA: / b >:th& /u/ u kusk /kusg/ kusg /o/ o bunde /b on/ bo n& /A/ > kop /kAp/ k > p Diphthongs: IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /iu/ iu ivrig /iuPi/ iuKi /i/ i5 kirke /kik/ ki5k& /yu/ yu syv /syu/ syu /eu/ eu peber /p euvP/ peuv&K / u/ 7u d vstum /d usdom/ d7us do m /u/ Eu evne /un/ Eu n & // E5 br /b/ bE5 /ai/ ai hegn /haidn/ hai? n /u/ Au havn /haun/ hAun /u/ 5u vogn /vun/ v5un /u/ 8u st vle /sdul/ sd8ul& // 85 smr /sm/ sm85 /Ai/ > i /h j/ /hAi/ h >i /o/ o5 morsom /mosom/ mo5s o m /ou/ ou s vn /soun/ soun /ui/ ui huj /hui/ hui /u/ u5 hurtig /hudi/ /h u5 d i/ Worldb et 20 Danish DUTCH Plosives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /p/ p pak /pk/ pAk /b/ b bak /bk/ bAk /t/ t tak /tk/ tAk /d/ d dak /dk/ dAk /k/ k kap /kp/ kAp /g/ g goal /go:l/ go:l Fricatives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /f/ f fel /fl/ fE l /s/ s sein /sin/ sEn /v/ v vel /vel/ vel /z/ z zijn /zin/ zEin // G go ed /ut,xut/ Gut /x/ x to ch /tAx/ t > x /h/ h hond /hAnt/ h > nt /c/ C sjaal /ca:l/ Ca:l /S/ S sjaal /Sa:l/ Sa:l Nasals IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /m/ m met /mt/ mEt /n/ n net /nt/ nEt /=/ N bang /b=/ bAN Semi-vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /l/ l land /lt/ lAnt /P/ K rand /Pnt/ RAn t /r/ r rand /rnt/ rAn t /[/ V[ wit /[it/ V[ I t /j/ j ja /ja:/ ja: Worldb et 21 Dutch Vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /I/ I pit /pit/ pIt // E pet /pt/ pEt // A pat /pt/ pAt /A:/ >: pot /pAt/ p >:t /X/ ux put /pXt/ puxt // & gemakkelijk /gmklk/ g&mAk&l&k /i:/ i: vier /vi:r/ vi:r /y/ y vuur /vyr/ vyr /e:/ e: veel /ve:l/ ve:l /a:/ a: naam /na:m/ na:m /A:/ >: roze /rA:z/ r >:z& / :/ 7: deur /d :r/ d7:r /o:/ o: voor /vo:r/ vo:r /u/ u voer /vur/ vu r Diphthongs: IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /iu/ iu nieuw /niu/ niu /yu/ yu duw /dyu/ dyu /eu/ eu sneeuw /sneu/ sseu /i/ Ei jn /fin/ fEin /y/ 8y huis /hys/ h8 ys /ai/ ai draai /drai/ dr ai /u/ Au goud /xut/ xAut /oi/ oi mo oi /moi/ moi /ui/ ui roeiboot /rui bo:t/ ruibo:t Worldb et 22 Dutch ENGLISH Plosives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /p/ ph pan /pn/ ph @ n /b/ b ban /bn/ b@n /t/ th tan /tn/ th @ n /d/ d Dan /dn/ d@n /k/ kh can /kn/ kh @ n /g/ g gander /gnder/ g@nder Fricatives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /f/ f fan /fn/ f@ n /v/ v van /vn/ v@n /W/ T thing /Wi=/ TIng / / D that / t/ D@t /s/ s seen /si:n/ si:n /z/ z zone /zoYn/ zoUn /S/ S sheen /Si:n/ Si:n /c/ Z azure /@c/ @Z 3r /h/ h hop e /hoYp/ hoUp v ahead /'d/ &hvE d /'/ h A ricates IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /tS/ tS church /tStS/ tS 3r tS /dc/ dZ gin /dcin/ dZ I n Nasals IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /m/ m me /mi:/ mi: /n/ n knee /ni:/ ni: /=/ N weeping /wi:pi=/ wi:piN Worldb et 23 English Taps IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /[I ]/ d ladder /lI / /l @ d &r/ d d batter /bI / /b @ t &r/ /[I ]/ t t t ~ /[]/I n banter /b~I/ /b @ n &r/ Syllabics IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word e /btl/ b@tl= /l/ l= battl . . s s m /btm/ b Atm= /m/ m= b otto V s s /n/ n= butto n /btn/ b tn= ng /gmls= g @ mb lN= /s=/ N= gambli Semi-vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /l/ l long /lA=/ lO:N ~ /N/ 9r reed /Ni:d/ 9r i: d /M/ 9 rent /Mnt/ 9Ent Some British /j/ j you /ju/ ju /w/ w we /wi:/ wi: Worldb et 24 English Vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /i:/ i: seek /si:k/ si:k /i/ I sick /sik/ sIk /./ I x equipment /i:kw.pmnt i: k w I xp m&nt // E set /st/ sEt // @ sat /st/ s@t // A Bob /bb/ bAb V V // but /bt/ b t /A/ > bought /bAt/ b > t // 5 pot /pt/ p5 t British /Y/ U book /bYk/ bUk /u/ u due /du/ du x suit /sXt/ suxt /X/ u // & the / / D& 0 to go /t go/ t& 0g oU / / & / / 3r bird /bd/ b3rd V // &r butte r /bt/ b t&r Diphthongs: IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /i/ i& here /hi/ hi& British /iu/ iu few / u/ fiu /ei/ ei bait /b eit/ beit /e/ e& there /We/ Te& British /Ai/ > i boy /bAi/ b >i /ai/ aI buy /bai/ baI /aY/ aU down /daYn/ daUn /oY/ oU show /SoY/ SoU /u/ u& poor /pu/ pu& Some British Worldb et 25 English FRENCH Plosive IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /p/ p pont /pA/ pO ~ /b/ b bon /bA/ bO ~ /t/ t temps /t/ tA ~ /d/ d dans /d/ dA ~ /k/ k quand /k/ kA ~ /g/ g gant /g/ gA ~ Fricatives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /f/ f femme /fam/ fa m /v/ v vent /v/ vA ~ /s/ s sans /s/ sA ~ /z/ z zone /zon/ zo n /S/ S champ /S/ SA ~ /c/ Z gens /c/ ZA ~ /0/ j- ion /j-A/ j- > ~ /^/ X jota /^ot/ xo t& Nasals IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /m/ m mont /mA/ m > ~ /n/ n non /nA/ n > ~ / nj > ~ /=/ N camping /kmpi=/ kA mp iN ~ Syllabics IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word ng /kmps=/ kA mp N= /s=/ N= campi ~ Worldb et 26 French Semi-vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /l/ l long /lA/ l> ~ /P/ K rond /PA/ K > ~ /j/ j bien /b j/ bjE ~ /w/ w coin /kw/ kw E ~ /+/ jw juin /c+/ ZjwE ~ Vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /i/ i si /si/ si /e/ e ses /se/ se // E seize /sz/ sEz /a/ a patte /pat/ pat // A p^ate /pt/ pAt /A/ > comme /kAm/ k > m /o/ o gros /gPo/ gKo /u/ u doux /du/ du /y/ y d^u /dy/ dy / / 7 deux /d / d7 // 8 seul /sl/ s8l // & justement /cystm/ Zys t&mA ~ Nasalized Vowels Phonemic Distinction IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word // E vin /v/ vE ~ ~ // A vent /v/ vA ~ ~ /A/ > bon /bA/ b > ~ ~ /~/ 8 brun /bP/~ bK8 Worldb et 27 French GERMAN Plosives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /p/ ph Pein /pain/ ph aI n /b/ b Bein /bain/ baIn /t/ th Teich /taic/ th aI C /d/ d Deich /daic/ daIC /k/ kh Kunst /kYnst/ kh U n s t /g/ g Gunst /gYnst/ g Uns t Fricatives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /f/ f fast /fast/ fa st /v/ v was /vas/ va s /s/ s Tasse /tas/ ta s& /z/ z Hase /ha:z/ ha:z& s /S/ S waschen /vaSn/ waSn= /c/ Z Genie /ceni:/ Zen i: /c/ C sicher /zicax/ zICax /x/ x Buch /bu:x/ bu:x /h/ h Hand /hant/ hant A ricates IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /pf/ pf Pfahl /pfa:l/ pf a: l /ts/ ts Zahl /tsa:l/ ts a: l /tS/ tS Deutsch /dAytS/ d YtS /dc/ dZ Dschungel /dcY=l/ dZUNl= . Nasals IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /m/ m mein /main/ maIn /n/ n nein /nain/ naIn /=/ N Ding /di=/ dIN / n ak Worldb et 28 German Vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /i:/ i: Lied /li:d/ li:d /y:/ y: suss /sy:s/ sy:s /i/ I Sitz /sits/ sIts /y/ Y hubsch /hybS/ hYbS / / 7 Hohle /h :l/ h7:l& // E Bett /bt/ bEt /:/ E: ba te /b:t/ bE:t& // 8 Holle /hl/ h8l& /e:/ e: Beet /b e:t/ be:t /a/ a Satz /zats/ za ts /a:/ a: Saat /za:t/ za:t /A/ > Trotz /tPAts/ tK > ts /o/ o Foto /foto:/ foto: /o:/ o: rot /Po:t/ Ko:t /Y/ U Schutz /SYts/ SUts /u:/ u: Blu:t /blu:t/ blu:t setz /gsts/ g&sEts // & Ge /b s / bEs // ax b esser Diphthongs: IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /i/ iax Tier /t i/ t iax /y/ yax Tur /t y/ tyax / / 7ax Gehor /gh / g&h7ax // Eax Gewahr /gv / g & v Eax /e/ eax Gewehr /gve/ g & v eax /ai/ aI Eis /ais/ aI s /aY/ aU Haus /haYs/ haUs /a/ aax Jahr /j a/ jaax /Ay/ >Y Kreuz /kPAyts/ kK>Yts /o/ oax Tor /t o/ toax /u/ uax Ruhr /Ru/ Ruax Worldb et 29 German Syllabics IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word s s /m/ m= hab en /ha:bm/ ha:bm= s s /n/ n= hatten /hatn/ h atn= s s /ng/ N= Haken /ha:kng/ ha:kN= /l/ l= Kessel /ksl/ kE sl= . . Semi-vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /l/ l Lein /lain/ laIn /r/ R rein /rain/ RaIn /P/ K waren /va:Pn/ va:K& n /L/ rr Traumho /tLMaYmhAf/ trr9aUmh>f /r/ r Herr /her/ h E r Bavarian /j/ j Jahr /ja:P/ ja:K Worldb et 30 German HINDI Plosives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /p/ p - /-/ - H /p / pH - /-/ - /t/ t[ - /-/ - j H / t[H - /-/ - /t j /U/ tr - /-/ - H /U / tR - /-/ - /k/ k - /-/ - H /k / kH - /-/ - /b/ b - /-/ - H /b / bH - /-/ - /d/ d[ - /-/ - j H /d / dH - /-/ - j / / dr - /-/ - H / / dR - /-/ - /g/ g - /-/ - H /g / gH - /-/ - /q/ q - /-/ - Fricatives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /f/ f - /-/ - /v/ v - /-/ - /s/ s - /-/ - r - /-/ - /R/ s /z/ z - /-/ - /S/ S - /-/ - /Z/ Z - /-/ - /c/ C - /-/ - /h/ h - /-/ - A ricates IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /tS/ tS - /-/ - H /tS / tSH - /-/ - /dc/ dZ - /-/ - H / dZH - /-/ - /dc Worldb et 31 Hindi Nasals IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /m/ m - /-/ - /n/ n[ - /-/ - j />/ nr - - - / /=/ N - /-/ - Semi-vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /l/ l - /-/ - /I / r - /-/ - r /L/ rr - /-/ - H /L / rrH - /-/ - /I / r - /-/ - r /j/ j - /-/ - /w/ w - /-/ - Vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /i:/ i: - /-/ - /I/ I - /-/ - /./ Ix - /-/ - // @ - /-/ - // E - /-/ - /e:/ e: - /-/ - /a/ a - /-/ - /a:/ a: - /-/ - /o:/ o: - /-/ - /A/ > - /-/ - /u:/ u: - /-/ - /u/ u - /-/ - /Y/ U - /-/ - // & - /-/ - Diphthongs IPA WORLDBET BLYin Word WORLDBET word /ai/ ai - /-/ - /aY/ aU - /-/ - Worldb et 32 Hindi ITALIAN Plosive IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /p/ p copia /kopia/ kopia /p:/ p: coppia /kop:ia/ kop:ia /b/ b bacio /batSo/ b a tS o /b:/ b babb o /bab:o/ bab:o /t/ t tana /tana/ ta na /t:/ t latte /laT:e/ l a t: e /d/ d dito /dito/ dIto /d:/ d: cadde /kad:e/ ka d:e /k/ k casa /kasa/ ka sa /k:/ k: sacco /sak:o/ s a k: o /g/ g ago /ago/ ago /g:/ g: leggo /lg:o/ l E g: o Fricatives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /f/ f festa /festa/ fes ta /f:/ f: a etto /af:et:o/ a f: e t: o /v/ v vino /vino/ vino /v:/ v: ovvio /Av:io/ > v: io /s/ s sette sete sete /s:/ s: osso /os:o/ os:o /z/ z rosa /-/ rosa /z:/ z: zone /zon/ zo n /S/ S sci /Si/ Si /S:/ S: ascia /a S:ia/ aSia A ricates IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /ts/ ts zio /tsio/ ts io /ts:/ ts: azione /ats:ioni/ a ts: io m i /tS/ tS cinema /tSinema/ tS i n e m a /tS:/ tS: go cce /gAtSe/ g > tS e /dc/ dZ giro /dciro/ dZ i r o /dc:/ dZ: oggi /Adc:i/ > dZ: i Worldb et 33 Italian Nasals IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /m/ m mano /mano/ ma n o /m:/ m: mamma /mam:a/ ma m:a /M/ M inferno /iMferno/ iMfern o /n/ n vano /vano/ va no /n:/ n: vanno /va:no/ v a n: o /=/ N ancora /a=kora/ aNkora / /<:/ n: ogni /o<:i/ on:i Semi-vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /l/ l latte lat:e l a t: e /l:/ l: bello /bl:o/ b E l: o /r/ r serata /serata/ s era ta /r:/ r: serrata /ser:ata/ s e r: a t a /`/ L gli `i Li /`:/ L: aglio a`:io aL:io /j/ j piu /p ju/ pju /w/ w puo /pwA pw> Vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /i/ i vino /vino/ vino /I/ I vinacca /vinatSa v I n a tS a /e/ e nero /nero/ ner o // E epoca /poka/ Ep oka /a/ a case /k a s e/ ka se /A/ > cosa /kAsa/ k > sa /o/ o volo /volo/ vo lo /u/ u lumaca /lumaka/ lumaka V V allora /l:ora/ l:ora // // & Worldb et 34 Italian Diphthongs IPA WORLDBET BLYin Word WORLDBET word /ie/ ie eno / eno/ fieno /i/ iE piede /pide/ piEde /ia/ ia iato /iato/ ia t o /io/ io ore / ore/ fiore /iA/ i> ionio /ionio/ io n io /ei/ ei deiscente /deiente/ deiSente /i/ Ei lei /li/ lEi /eu/ eu neurologia /neurolo dcia/ neurolo dZia /u/ Eu reuma /ruma/ rEuma /oi/ oi noi /noi/ noi /ai/ ai farai /farai/ fa rai /au/ au causa /kauza/ kauza /ui/ ui altrui /altrui/ altrui /ue/ ue questo /kuesto/ kuesto /u/ uE querulo /kuerulo/ kuerulo /ua/ ua quasi /kuasi/ kuasi /uo/ uo liquore /likuore/ likuor /uA/ u> cuore /kuAre/ ku> re Worldb et 35 Italian JAPANESE Plosives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /p/ p - /-/ - /p:/ p: happa /-/ - /b/ b - /-/ - /b:/ b: mobbu /-/ - /t/ t[ - /-/ - j /t:/ t[: hatta /-/ - j /d/ d[ - /-/ - j /d:/ d[: b eddo /-/ - j /k/ k - /-/ - /k:/ k: hakka /-/ - /g/ g - /-/ - /g:/ g: baggu /-/ - Fricatives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /H/ F - /-/ - /f/ f - /-/ - /s/ s - /-/ - /s:/ s: hasso /-/ - /z/ z - /-/ - /S/ S - /-/ - /S:/ S: hassha /-/ - /x/ x - /-/ - /h/ h - /-/ - /c/ C - /-/ - /0/ j- - /-/ - A ricates IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /ts/ t[s - /-/ - j /tS/ t[S - /-/ - /dc/ d[Z - /-/ - /dz/ d[z - /-/ - j Worldb et 36 Japanese Nasals IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /m/ m - /-/ - /m:/ m: aNma /-/ - /n/ n[ - /-/ - j /n:/ n[: aNnai /-/ - j /=/ N - /-/ - Syllabics IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word s /m/ m= - - - /sn/ n[= - - - j s /ng/ N= - - - Semi-vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /j/ j - /-/ - /w/ w - /-/ - /N/ 9r - /-/ - Taps and Flaps IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /O/ l - /-/ - /I / r - /-/ - r - /-/ - /[I ]/ d[ d /[I ]/ g - /-/ - g /[I ]/ k - /-/ - k Worldb et 37 Japanese Vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /i:/ i: - /-/ - /i/ i - /-/ - /e/ e - /-/ - /e:/ e: - /-/ - /a/ a - /-/ - /a:/ a: - /-/ - V // - /-/ - /o/ o - /-/ - /o:/ o: - /-/ - /:/ 4 - /-/ - /::/ 4: - /-/ - // & - /-/ - / / & 0 - /-/ - Diphthongs: IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /ai/ aI hi /hai/ haI s /ei/ eI antei /antei/ a n=teI /oi/ oI - - - /i:/ i4 - - - Worldb et 38 Japanese MANDARIN Plosives IPA WORLDBET PinYin Word WORLDBET word /p/ p b bai pai /t/ t[ d dei t[ ei j /k/ k g gu ku /p/ ph p pai ph ai /t/ t[h t tai t[h ai j /k/ kh k kn kh @ n Fricatives IPA WORLDBET BLYin Word WORLDBET word /f/ f f fa fA /s/ s s sn s@n /R/ sr S shn sr@n /c/ C x xia CA /x/ x h hai hai /v/ v v wei v ei North A ricates IPA WORLDBET BLYin Word WORLDBET word /ts/ ts z zong ts > N /ts/ tsh c ci tsh i /tR/ thsr Z zhu thsr u /tR/ tsr C chi tsr /cc/ cC j jian jain /cc/ cCh q qian cCh ai n Nasals IPA WORLDBET BLYin Word WORLDBET word /m/ m m mei mei /n/ n n,N neng nEN /=/ N G zheng thsr E N Worldb et 39 Mandarin Semi-vowels IPA WORLDBET BLYin Word WORLDBET word /l/ l l li li: /N/ r+ r rang rAN /j/ j y xian Cj@ n /w/ w w tuan t[ w A n /+/ jw Y xuan Cjw n Vowels IPA WORLDBET BLYin PYWord WORLDBET word /i:/ i: i bi pi: f /i / If $ si sr If /i/ I - Qing-1 cCh I N // E e die t[ E // @ @ dan t[ @ n /y/ y U ju jy // A a pa ph A /A/ > o duo t[ > V /$/ 2 de t[ 2 /u/ u u zhu thsr u // & - dun t[ u & n // &r R er &r /:}/ 4r shi sr 4r Diphthongs and Glide-Vowels: IPA WORLDBET BLYin Word WORLDBET word /ai/ ai I pai ph ai /aY/ aU W gao kaU /ei/ ei A fei fei /oY/ oU O gou koU Worldb et 40 Mandarin RUSSIAN Plosives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /p/ p - /-/ - j /p / pj - /-/ - /t/ t[ - /-/ - j j /t / t[j - /-/ - j /k/ k - /-/ - j /k / kj - /-/ - /b/ b - /-/ - j /b / bj - /-/ - /d/ d[ - /-/ - j j / dj - g /-/ - /d j /g/ g - /-/ - j /g / gj - /-/ - Fricatives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /f/ f - /-/ - j /f / fj - /-/ - /v/ v - /-/ - j /v / vj - /-/ - /s/ s - /-/ - j /s / sj - /-/ - /z/ z - /-/ - j /z / zj - /-/ - /S/ S - /-/ - /Z/ Z - /-/ - /x/ x - /-/ - j /x / xj - /-/ - A ricates IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /ts/ t[s - /-/ - j j /tS / tSj - /-/ - Worldb et 41 Russian Nasals IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /m/ m - /-/ - j /m / mj - /-/ - /n/ n[ - /-/ - j j /n / n[j - /-/ - j Semi-vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /l/ l - /-/ - j /l / lj - /-/ - /r/ r - /-/ - j /r / rj - /-/ - /j/ j - /-/ - Vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /i:/ i: - /-/ - /,/ ix - /-/ - /e:/ e: - /-/ - /a:/ a: - /-/ - /o:/ o: - /-/ - /u:/ u: - /-/ - // & - /-/ - Diphthongs IPA WORLDBET BLYin Word WORLDBET word /-/ - - /-/ - /-/ - - /-/ - Worldb et 42 Russian SPANISH Castillian Plosives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /p/ p punto /pun to/ p unt o /b/ b banos ~ /b a /t/ t tino /tino/ tin o /d/ d donde /d onde/ donde /k/ k casa /k asa/ ka sa /g/ g ganga /g a=ga/ gaNga Fricatives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word / / V haba / a a/ aVa /f/ f falda /f alda/ fa lda /s/ s casa /k asa/ ka sa /z/ z mismo /mizmo/ mizmo /W/ T luces /lu Wes/ luT es / / D dedo /d e o/ d eDo /x/ x jam as /xam as/ xa mas // G lago /l ao/ la Go A ricates IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /tS/ tS chato /tS ato/ tS a t o /dc/ dZ un yugo /undcu o/ dZ u G o Worldb et 43 Castillian Spanish Nasals IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /m/ m mano /m ano/ ma n o /n/ n nada /n a a/ naDa / /=/ N banco /b a=ko/ b aNko Semi-vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /l/ l lado /l ado/ la do /`/ L p ollo older /p o`o/ poLoD /I / r p ero p e I o p e r o r r /r/ r p erro /p ero pero /j/ j mayo /m ajo/ ma j o /w/ w cuento /kw ento/ kw ento Vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /i/ i piso /piso/ piso /e/ e mesa /m esa/ me s a /a/ a caso /k aso/ ka so /o/ o mo do /m o o/ mo D o /u/ u cura /ku I a/ ku r a r Worldb et 44 Castillian Spanish TAMIL Plosives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /p/ p - /-/ - /p/ p v - /-/ - ^ /t/ t[ - /-/ - j /t / t[ v - /-/ - j ^ /t/ t - /-/ - /U/ tr - /-/ - v - /-/ - /U / tr ^ /c/ c - /-/ - /c/ c v - /-/ - ^ /k/ k - /-/ - v - /-/ - /k/ k ^ Fricatives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /f/ f - /-/ - /s/ s - /-/ - /R/ s r - /-/ - /c/ C - /-/ - A ricates IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word Nasals IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /m/ m - /-/ - /n/ n[ - /-/ - j />/ nr - - - / /=/ N - /-/ - Worldb et 45 Tamil Semi-vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /l/ l[ - /-/ - j /6/ lr - /-/ - /I / r - /-/ - r /r/ 9r - /-/ - /j/ j - /-/ - /w/ w - /-/ - /;/ 4 - /-/ - Vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /i/ i - /-/ - /i:/ i: - /-/ - /e/ e - /-/ - /e:/ e: - /-/ - /a/ a - /-/ - /a:/ a: - /-/ - /o/ o - /-/ - /o:/ o: - /-/ - /u/ u - /-/ - /u:/ u: - /-/ - // & - /-/ - Diphthongs IPA WORLDBET BLYin Word WORLDBET word /ai/ ai - /-/ - /aY/ aU - /-/ - Worldb et 46 Tamil VIETNAMESE Plosives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /p/ p - /-/ nal /t/ t - /-/ - /t/ th - /-/ initial /U/ tr - /-/ initial /c/ c - /-/ - /k/ k - /-/ initial /b/ b - /-/ - / / b< - /-/ - /d/ d - /-/ initial / / d< - /-/ - Fricatives IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /f/ f - /-/ initial /v/ v - /-/ initial /s/ s - /-/ initial- /z/ z - /-/ initial- /x/ x - /-/ initial- // G - /-/ initial- /h/ h - /-/ initial- /c/ C - /-/ initial- A ricates IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /dc/ dZ - - - Nasals IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /m/ m - /-/ - /n/ n - /-/ - / /=/ N - /-/ - Worldb et 47 Vietnamese Semi-vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /l/ l - /-/ initial- /r/ 9r - /-/ initial- /j/ j - /-/ - /w/ w - /-/ initial- Vowels IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /i/ i - /-/ - /e/ e - /-/ - // E - /-/ - // A - /-/ - V // - /-/ - /o/ o - /-/ - /$/ 2 - /-/ - /A/ > - /-/ - /u/ u - /-/ - /:/ 4 - /-/ - // & - /-/ - Diphthongs IPA WORLDBET Word IPAword WORLDBET word /i&/ i& - /-/ - /iu/ iu - /-/ - /ai/ ai - /-/ - /a4/ a4 - /-/ - /au/ au - /-/ - /ei/ ei - /-/ - /eo/ eo - /-/ - /eu/ eu - /-/ - /oi/ oi - /-/ - V /i/ i - /-/ - /aY/ aU - /-/ - /Ai/ >i - - - /AA/ >A - - - /A&/ >& - - - /ui/ ui - /-/ - /u&/ u& - /-/ - /:i/ 4i - /-/ - /:&/ 4& - /-/ - Worldb et 48 Vietnamese