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Phonemes and Allophones of English Consonants

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Rough definition of phoneme • Phoneme (Concise Dictionary of English consonants: Linguistics, Oxford U. Press 1997) Phonemes and Allophones • “The smallest distinct sound unit in a given language: e.g. /»tIp/ in English realizes the Effects related to aspiration and three successive phonemes, represented in ‘devoiced’ voiced sounds and a few spelling by the letters t, i, and p. other issues Phonemic differences vs. Phonemes allophonic differences • Strict, detailed definitions of the term phoneme are • Differences in speech sound that can signal complex differences between two different words are – Not part of this course phonemic differences – Take phonology courses to fight over the details • Other differences in speech sound that are • Rough and ready idea is indispensable for practical phonetics clearly audible are only allophonic – Must make a distinction between phonemic and differences allophonic differences – ‘pronunciation variants’ that cannot signal different words. Representing allophonic Answer: ‘pie, spy, buy’ differences • ‘Broad’ (= coarse-grained) transcription enough Phonemes in ‘/’ (slash or solidus, pl solidi) for phonemic representation marks – Choose simple symbol for a ‘representative’ (allo)phone /p/ /b/ • ‘Narrow’ (= fine-grained) transcription often requires diacritics • Diacritics for stops [p] [pH] [b] [b8] pH - aspirated p p| - ‘p with inaudible release’ (‘unreleased p’) b8 - ‘(partially) devoiced b’ Phones in square brackets Examples ‘Stop.’, ‘Stop!’, Examples: ‘pie, spy, buy’ ‘Stop!!’, ‘Stob!’ • ‘pie’ [»pHaj] • ‘Stop.’ [»stAp|] • spy [»spaj] • ‘Stop!’ [»stAp] • ‘buy’ [»b8aj] or [»baj] • ‘Stop!!’ [»stapH] • Which of [b8] [pH] [p] are allophones of the • ‘Stob!’ [»stab] or [»stAb8] same phoneme? • Which of [b] [pH] [p] are allophones of the same phoneme? Answer: ‘Stop(!!!) Stob.’ Example allophone rule Phonemes in ‘/’ (slash or solidus, pl solidi) { [pH] / #__ marks /p/ --> { [pH] / v(__»V { [p|] / __# (optionally) /p/ /b/ { [p] / s__ { [p] elsewhere [p] [pH] [b] [b8] # = ‘word boundary’ v( = ‘weak stressed’ or ‘unstressed’ or ‘reduced’ vowel’ »V = primary- stressed full vowel Phones in square brackets «V = secondary-stressed (full) Rough notation Translation Conditioned allophone: The phoneme /X/ is • The phoneme /p/ is realized as an aspirated p (the realized as phone [y] in environment phone [pH]) at the beginning of a word or between between A and B a weak vowel and a stressed vowel. • It is realized optionally as an unreleased /X/ --> [y] / [A] _ [B] (inaudibly released) p ( the phone [p|] word finally Allophone in free variation • It is realized as an ordinary voiceless (un- or /X/ --> [y] or [z] (optionally) weakly- aspirated) stop after /s/ and elsewhere. Allophones of stops: Aspiration Allophone rule sheet to follow and release • We will examine some important • Consider the following words allophones in English Cs and Vs • ‘tip’, ‘pit’, ‘spit’, ‘plum’, ‘queen’, ‘apt’ – Then I’ll handout rule summary (and post on • Broad and Narrow transcriptions web) • ‘Line drawings’ showing relative timings of • For details see Chapter 3 of Rogers and constrictions at articulators Appendix F (p 292 - 298) – (See Rogers p 25-27 for overview) – Our rules will be much shorter Allophones of Consonants Aspiration etc. ‘pit, spit’ • Many important details in English ‘narrow ‘pit’ phonetics’ related to voiced/voiceless / »pIt / [»pHItH], [»pHIt|], [»pHIt] distinction in obstruents ‘spit’ / »spIt / [»spItH], [»spIt|], [»spIt] /p, t, k/ always aspirated at beginnings of words in stressed syllables (always) Never aspirated after /s/. Variable word finally, often with inaudible release (‘unreleased’) Timing of articulator movement Timing diagram Rogers p 51 • Many details of English consonant allophones can be illustrated with diagrams Graphic unavailable • Very rough sketches of (see Figure 3.3 • Relative degrees of constriction of supra laryngeal articulators of Rogers • Characterization of lottal activity 2000) • Relative timing of constrictions of different articulators and of changes in glottal activity SLVT articulators Simple example in Rogers’ line drawings • Consider: • Rough cut of major articulatory regions – Voiced, voiceless and voiceless aspirated stops – Supralaryngeal articulators – E.g. [d] [t] and [th] • Labial - bilabial or labiodental • All involve very similar activity of the supra • Coronal - tongue tip or blade glottal articulators • Dorsal - body of tongue • What differs is timing relations to glottal • Velic - velo-pharyngeal port events • Line diagrams can make this idea clear – Glottal activity (e.g voicing state) My timing drawings: glottal For supra glottal articulators states • Separation of lines relates to degree of constriction • Voiceless states of glottis at that articulatory region =:=:=:=: Slightly open (as in aspiration or [h]) • Closed : stops ====== Closed tight as in [/] __________ Unknown (either === or :=:=:) • Slightly open: fricatives • Voiced state of glottis (typing) vvvvvvvvv -- voicing (folds buzzing) • More open: approximants • Voice-ready (typing) xxxxxx -- vocal folds about ready to voice • Most open : vowels but not buzzing More articulators (assignment 2) Rogers p 35 Figure 2.5 My timing drawings: articulators • Graphic unavailable • Rogers’ “velic” = my “VPPort” • Typing: ––––––––– Closed articulator (as in stops) < Opening articulator (<<<< longer opening) > Closing articulator =:=:=: Slightly open (as in fricatives) ::::::::::::: Pretty open articulator (as in approximants) ooooooo Quite open articulators (as in vowels) Obstruents weakly voiced in Timing diagrams See Rogers p. 51 fig 3.3 /d A / Negative VOT English Coronal _____<oooooooooooooo Voicing starts before < • Many languages work hard to keep voicing Glottal vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv (voicing leads opening) going during obstruents / t A / Near Zero VOT – E.g. French, Russian Coronal _____<ooooooooooooo Voicing starts at < • English does not Glottal =:=:=:vvvvvvvvvvvvvvv (short voicing lag) – Phonemically voiced stops, fricatives and affricates only likely to show true voicing /tH A / Positive VOT Coronal _____<ooooooooooooo Voicing starts after < during constriction when they are between Glottal :=:=:=:=:=:vvvvvvvvv (long voicing lead) voiced sonorants (approximants and vowels) English ‘partly voiced’ stops (see Rogers’ p 47.) Examples [d A ] Fully voiced ‘d’ Coronal _____<oooooooooooooo Voicing starts before < Glottal vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv (voicing leads opening) • /»bA»bAbs´»bAb/ --> [»b8A»bAb8s´»bAb8] [ d8 A ] Devoiced ‘d’ Coronal _____<oooooooooooooo Voicing tries to start at or before < Glottal xxxvvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv (voicing leads opening) • /»zA»zAzs´»zAz/ --> [ t A ] Unaspirated ‘t’ [ ] Coronal _____<ooooooooooooo Voicing starts shortly after < »z8A»zAz8s´»zAz8 Glottal :=:=:=:vvvvvvvvvvvvvvv Devoiced ‘d’ and unaspirated ‘t’ may often be perceptually equivalent [d]8 vs. [t] ? Any real difference Side effects • ‘Devoiced’ obstruents can be very similar to • So far we’ve looked mainly at allophones of voiceless unaspirated sounds with respect to voiced and voiceless obstruents themselves ‘actual’ voicing – Some special things happen to things next to • Small differences may remain in obstruents ‘excitation’ from larynx • e.g. vowels are shorter before voiceless obstruents – Other ‘secondary features’ of ‘devoiced voiced’ • Next: Effects on approximants next to sounds resemble ordinary voiced sounds aspirated obstruents • so they may sometimes be perceptually separable Secondary features of Voiced vs ‘Spill-over’ effects of aspiration voiceless obstruents • Voiced • Voiceless /»pliz/ --> [ »pH l• i z ] – Lower amplitude of – Higher amplitude of __ burst or frication burst or frication Lab. <oooooooooooooo • (= ‘less loud’) • (= ‘louder’) Cor. ooooo:::::oooooo:=:= – Constriction duration – Constriction duration Glot. :=:=:=:=vvvvvvvvvvv shorter (VCV) longer (VCV) – Preceding vowels – Preceding vowels longer (VC) shorter (VC) Open glottis (aspiration) extends through much of /l/ Place assimilation and Flapping (tapping) coarticulation • Flapping (tapping) • Small changes in place of articulation in – /t/ and /d/ often realized as [! ! R ] / »V__ v( some consonants – Voiced alveolar flap (or tap) between stressed and – Alveolar consonants become dental before T D ‘weak’ vowel • This is ‘opposite’ of one good aspiration environment ‘tenth’ /»tEnT/ --> [»tEn5T] v(__»V • ‘width’ and ‘stealth’ may show similar changes in /d/ and /l/ – Roughly speaking » aspriation makes stops ‘more devoiced and less sonorant’ • Stops » flapping makes /t,d/ ‘more voiced and more sonornant’ – Labialized before rounded vowels [w] and [®] • Example: • ‘dwell’ [»dWwE…] ; ‘Gwen’ [»gWwE‚n], ‘twin’; [»tWHw•I‚n] or (?) [»t„„I‚n], ‘attack’ [´»tHQk] vs. ‘attic’ [»QRIk] Complex coarticulation in Flapping more examples /stop+r/ • Example from child’s speech – Baby: ‘Daddy’ [»dQ«di] • /t/ and /d/ retroflexed, rounded (and possibly – Toddler: ‘Daddy’ [»dQRˆ] affricated) before /®/ – 5-year old (extra polite): ‘Daddy’ [»dQ«tHi] – ‘train’ • More examples [»ˇH®8e‚jn] or [»ˇßW®8e‚jn] or maybe even [»ˇß„®8e‚jn] • Kids sometimes spell ‘train’ as ‘chrain’ ‘buddy’ /»b" dˆ/ --> [ »b8" R ˆ ] ‘butter’ /»b" d´®/ --> [ »b8" R ‘] ‘sitter’ /»sIt´®/ --> [ »sIR‘ ] – ‘drain’ [ [ ! ] ‘city’ /»sItˆ/ --> [ »sIRˆ ] »Í®e‚jn] or »Í W®e‚jn AK shows mainly pharyngeal constr. in […] ‘Spill-over’ effects aspiration and Articulation of some laterals rounding coarticulatic. (sagittal MRI tracings) /»kwIk/ --> [ »k „ „ I k| ] • Graphic unavailable. See web link below Lab ::::::oooooooooooooo
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  • Lexical Semantics

    Lexical Semantics

    Lexical Semantics COMP-599 Oct 20, 2015 Outline Semantics Lexical semantics Lexical semantic relations WordNet Word Sense Disambiguation • Lesk algorithm • Yarowsky’s algorithm 2 Semantics The study of meaning in language What does meaning mean? • Relationship of linguistic expression to the real world • Relationship of linguistic expressions to each other Let’s start by focusing on the meaning of words— lexical semantics. Later on: • meaning of phrases and sentences • how to construct that from meanings of words 3 From Language to the World What does telephone mean? • Picks out all of the objects in the world that are telephones (its referents) Its extensional definition not telephones telephones 4 Relationship of Linguistic Expressions How would you define telephone? e.g, to a three-year- old, or to a friendly Martian. 5 Dictionary Definition http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/telephone Its intensional definition • The necessary and sufficient conditions to be a telephone This presupposes you know what “apparatus”, “sound”, “speech”, etc. mean. 6 Sense and Reference (Frege, 1892) Frege was one of the first to distinguish between the sense of a term, and its reference. Same referent, different senses: Venus the morning star the evening star 7 Lexical Semantic Relations How specifically do terms relate to each other? Here are some ways: Hypernymy/hyponymy Synonymy Antonymy Homonymy Polysemy Metonymy Synecdoche Holonymy/meronymy 8 Hypernymy/Hyponymy ISA relationship Hyponym Hypernym monkey mammal Montreal city red wine beverage 9 Synonymy and Antonymy Synonymy (Roughly) same meaning offspring descendent spawn happy joyful merry Antonymy (Roughly) opposite meaning synonym antonym happy sad descendant ancestor 10 Homonymy Same form, different (and unrelated) meaning Homophone – same sound • e.g., son vs.