DOULOS International Phonetic Alphabet

THE INTERNATIONAL PHONET IC ALPHABET (revised to 2018) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2018 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvula r Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʔ Nasal m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Tri ll ʙ r ʀ T ap or Flap ⱱ ɾ ɽ Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ L ateral fricative ɬ ɮ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Lat eral approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ

Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Front Central Back Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u ʘ Bilabial ɓ Bilabial ʼ Examples: ɪ ʏ ʊ ǀ Dental ɗ Dental/alveolar pʼ Bilabial Close-mid e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o ǃ (Post)alveolar ʄ Palatal tʼ Dental/alveolar ə ǂ Palatoalveolar ɠ Velar kʼ Velar Open-mid Alveolar lateral Uvular Alveolar fricative ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ

ǁ ʛ sʼ

æ ɐ OTHER SYMBOLS Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ ʍ Vo iceless labial-velar fricative ɕ ʑ Alveolo-palatal fricatives Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. w Vo iced labial-velar approximant ɺ Voiced alveolar lateral flap ɥ Vo iced labial-palatal approximant ɧ Simultaneous ʃ and x SUPRASEGMENTALS ʜ Vo iceless epiglottal fricative ˈ Primary stress Affricates and double articulations ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols ts͜ kp͡ ˌ Secondary stress joined by a tie bar if necessary. Epiglottal plosive ː Long e ː ʡ ˑ Half-long e ˑ DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊ ̆ Extra-short ĕ ̥ Voiceless n̥ d ̥ Breathy voiced b ̤ a̤ ̪ Dental t ̪ d ̪ ̤ | Minor (foot) group Voiced Creaky voiced Apical ̬ s̬ t ̬ ̰ b̰ a̰ ̺ t ̺ d̺ ‖ Major (intonation) group Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal ʰ tʰ dʰ ̼ ̼ dt ̼ ̻ t ̻ d ̻ . Syllable break ɹi.ækt ̹ More rounded ɔ̹ ʷ Labialized t ʷ d ʷ ̃ Nasalized ẽ ‿ Linking (absence of a break)

Less rounded Palatalized Nasal release ̜ ɔ̜ ʲ tʲ dʲ ⁿ dⁿ TONES AND WORD ACCENTS LEVEL CONTOUR ̟ Advanced u ̟ ˠ Velarized t ˠ d ˠ ˡ Lateral release dˡ or Extra or Rising ̠ Retracted e̠ ˤ Pharyngealized t ˤ d ˤ ̚ No audible release d̚ e̋ ˥ high ě �� High Falling ̈ Centralized ë ̴ Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ é ˦ ê �� High Mid rising Mid-centralized Raised ( = voiced alveolar fricative) ē ˧ e᷄ �� ̽ e̽ ̝ e̝ ɹ̝ Low Low è ˨ e᷅ �� rising ̩ Syllabic n̩ ̞ Lowered e ̞ ( β̞ = voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising- ȅ ˩ low e᷈ ��� falling Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue Root ̯ e ̯ ̘ e ̘ ꜜ Downstep ↗ Global rise Rhoticity Retracted Tongue Root Upstep Global fall

˞ ɚ a˞ ̙ e̙ ꜛ ↘