THE INTERNATIONAL PHONET IC ALPHABET (revised to 2018) CONSONANTS (PULMONIC) © 2018 IPA Bilabial Labiodental Dental Alveolar Postalveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Uvula r Pharyngeal Glottal Plosive p b t d ʈ ɖ c ɟ k ɡ q ɢ ʔ Nasal m ɱ n ɳ ɲ ŋ ɴ Tri ll ʙ r ʀ T ap or Flap ⱱ ɾ ɽ Fricative ɸ β f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ ʂ ʐ ç ʝ x ɣ χ ʁ ħ ʕ h ɦ L ateral fricative ɬ ɮ Approximant ʋ ɹ ɻ j ɰ Lat eral approximant l ɭ ʎ ʟ Symbols to the right in a cell are voiced, to the left are voiceless. Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible. CONSONANTS (NON-PULMONIC) VOWELS Front Central Back Clicks Voiced implosives Ejectives Close i y ɨ ʉ ɯ u Bilabial Bilabial Examples: ʘ ɓ ʼ Dental Dental/alveolar Bilabial ɪ ʏ ʊ ǀ ɗ pʼ Close-mid (Post)alveolar Palatal Dental/alveolar e ø ɘ ɵ ɤ o ǃ ʄ tʼ Palatoalveolar Velar Velar ə ǂ ɠ kʼ Open-mid Alveolar lateral Uvular Alveolar fricative ɛ œ ɜ ɞ ʌ ɔ ǁ ʛ sʼ æ ɐ OTHER SYMBOLS Open a ɶ ɑ ɒ Voiceless labial-velar fricative Alveolo-palatal fricatives ʍ ɕ ʑ Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel. Voiced labial-velar approximant Voiced alveolar lateral flap w ɺ Voiced labial-palatal approximant Simultaneous and SUPRASEGMENTALS ɥ ɧ ʃ x Voiceless epiglottal fricative Primary stress ʜ ˈ Affricates and double articulations ˌfoʊnəˈtɪʃən ʢ Voiced epiglottal fricative can be represented by two symbols ts͜ kp͡ ˌ Secondary stress joined by a tie bar if necessary. Epiglottal plosive ː Long e ː ʡ ˑ Half-long e ˑ DIACRITICS Some diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊ ̆ Extra-short ĕ ̥ Voiceless n ̥ d ̥ Br eathy voiced b ̤ a ̤ ̪ De ntal t ̪ d ̪ ̤ | Minor (foot) group Voiced Creaky voiced A pical ̬ s̬ t ̬ ̰ b̰ a̰ ̺ t ̺ d̺ ‖ Major (intonation) group Aspirated Linguolabial Laminal ʰ t ʰ d ʰ ̼ ̼ dt ̼ ̻ t ̻ d ̻ . Syllable break ɹi.ækt ̹ More rounded ɔ ̹ ʷ Labialized t ʷ d ʷ ̃ Nasalized ẽ ‿ Linking (absence of a break) Less rounded Palatalized Nas al release ̜ ɔ̜ ʲ tʲ dʲ ⁿ dⁿ TONES AND WORD ACCENTS LEVEL CONTOUR Advanced Velarized Lateral release ̟ u ̟ ˠ tˠ dˠ ˡ dˡ or Extra or Rising ̠ Retracted e ̠ ˤ Pharyngealized t ˤ d ˤ ̚ No audible release d̚ e̋ ˥ high ě �� High Falling ̈ Centralized ë ̴ Ve larized or pharyngealized ɫ é ˦ ê �� High Mid rising Mid-centralized Raised ( = voiced alveolar fricative) ē ˧ e᷄ �� ̽ e ̽ ̝ e ̝ ɹ̝ Low Low è ˨ e᷅ �� rising Syllabic Low ered ( = voiced bilabial approximant) Extra Rising- ̩ n̩ ̞ e̞ β̞ ȅ ˩ low e᷈ ��� falling Non-syllabic Advanced Tongue Root ̯ e ̯ ̘ e ̘ Downstep Global rise ꜜ ↗ Rhoticity Retracted Tongue Root Upstep Global fall ˞ ɚ a˞ ̙ e̙ ꜛ ↘ .