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Social Perspectives on Nationalism, Normalization and East German-Polish Relations, 1965–1985

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Social Perspectives on Nationalism, Normalization and East German-Polish Relations, 1965–1985 Social perspectives on nationalism, normalization and East German-Polish relations, 1965–1985 Simon Daniel Coll Department of German School of European Languages, Culture and Society University College London A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy 1 I, Simon Daniel Coll, confirm that the work presented in this thesis is my own. Where information has been derived from other sources, I confirm that this has been indicated in the thesis. Simon Daniel Coll August 2020 2 Abstract This thesis explores popular attitudes within the German Democratic Republic (GDR) towards Poland and the Poles from 1965 to 1985, and the ways in which they were shaped by official propaganda campaigns in the GDR. The German-Polish relationship had been profoundly damaged by the events of the Second World War and its immediate aftermath, and the subsequent establishment of communism served to ossify the animosity between the two peoples, while adding a variety of new grievances. The thesis focuses on the effect of two discursive projects (a nation-building discourse and a discourse of German-Polish reconciliation) used by the Socialist Unity Party (SED) as part of its attempt to dominate public discourse in the GDR and mould the mindset of its citizens in order to legitimize its rule. It explores the ways in which these competing discourses were continually (re)constructed, reinforced and given emotive power through a variety of discursive practices, and situates them within broader frameworks of communist memory and nationalism politics. It draws on recent work in nationalism theory (notably Billig’s concept of ‘banal nationalism’) and memory studies (including Bell’s ‘mythscapes’) to model these discursive processes. Overall, the thesis argues that East German attitudes towards the Poles in this period, particularly as they evolved on a popular level, were largely a product of this ceaseless discursive contestation, or at least heavily influenced by it, and were marked by resentment and unresolved traumas. While this antipathy could no longer be expressed openly, the political structures and the value system of the socialist bloc offered an alternative framework in which it could be indulged, with the result that both German ethnonationalism and anti-Polonism were sustained under communism. 3 Impact statement This research has the potential to advance understanding in three distinct areas of scholarship. Its conclusions should be relevant to the closely related fields of memory and nationalism studies, particularly research on nationalism under communism. This encompasses both popular nationalist sentiment in communist states, and the ways in which popular nationalism was instrumentalized by ruling communist parties as a force for legitimization and mobilization. In its examination of both of these phenomena in the East German context, and of the interplay between competing nationalist discourses in the GDR, this thesis aims to make a meaningful contribution to the study of communist memory politics. It is of course hoped that this project will be of particular benefit to the study of GDR- Polish relations. While the German-Polish relationship more generally is a fertile area of research, East German-Polish relations remains an underdeveloped field—particularly in comparison with the sizeable body of work on relations between either state and West Germany. Much of the existing research on this topic discusses it only as part of a broader analysis of German-Polish relations, or of German or Central European post-war history. The forces shaping the GDR-Polish relationship were quite distinct, however, as was the way in which the relationship evolved over the communist period; both merit more explicit treatment. Last, the majority of previous studies have been confined to GDR-Polish relations on an official level between the two states and their respective communist parties. There is therefore value in a study focusing primarily on popular attitudes and interactions between East Germans and Poles, and the manner in which these related to official policy. 4 Acknowledgements First, many thanks indeed to the London Arts & Humanities Partnership, who were generous enough to offer me a full three-year research studentship for this project, as well as a number of smaller travel grants to support my archival research in Berlin and Dresden. Thanks too to the UCL German Department, whose award of a Margaret Richardson Scholarship kick- started my research at the very beginning, and to the German History Society, who provided additional travel funding at a crucial moment. I am also indebted to the archivists and support staff at both the Federal Archive (Bundesarchiv) in Berlin and the Dresden branch of the Saxony State Archives (Sächsiches Staatsarchiv, Hauptstaatsarchiv Dresden) for their unfailingly patient assistance during my multiple research trips. I am especially grateful to my supervisor, Professor Mary Fulbrook. It is no exaggeration to say that this thesis would not exist, in this or any other form, without her invaluable advice, inspiration, motivation and heartening belief in the value of this project. Many, many thanks. On a more personal note, I would like to thank my family, particularly my parents and my sister, for their encouragement throughout, as well as for the understanding they showed in not asking me too often how my writing was coming along. Thanks too to my friends, notably James, who provided valuable feedback on and proofreading for several chapters in the final pre-submission stage, and my fellow writers and researchers at History to the Public, who offered me a much-appreciated alternative forum for discussing and developing my ideas. My most profound thanks, however, are due to my partner, Ashley, for the truly phenomenal and unconditional love and forbearance she has shown throughout this project, and for her eventually heeded advice that a little discomfort goes a long way. Only she knows—I hope—how much I owe her. 5 Contents 1. Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 8 Theoretical approach .............................................................................................................. 9 Relations from a bi- and multi-lateral perspective .......................................................... 11 Relations at the intersection of nationalism and memory ................................................ 15 Historical context ................................................................................................................. 24 Methodology and sources .................................................................................................... 32 Structure of the thesis........................................................................................................... 36 2. Processing the legacies of war ....................................................................................... 40 Answering to the occupation ............................................................................................... 41 Strategies of exculpation ...................................................................................................... 48 Emphasizing German suffering ........................................................................................... 57 Dealing with the new border ................................................................................................ 61 The border as national injury .......................................................................................... 62 The expulsions as personal trauma.................................................................................. 70 Conclusions .......................................................................................................................... 76 3. Asserting the socialist brotherhood .............................................................................. 78 A ‘forced friendship’? .......................................................................................................... 78 Fostering the brotherhood .................................................................................................... 80 Selling socialist patriotism ............................................................................................... 80 The Federal Republic complication ................................................................................. 87 Rewriting history: the narrative of GDR-Soviet friendship ............................................. 94 Unable to enthuse: popular response to the friendship narrative ................................. 102 Conflicts over ideological conformity ............................................................................... 107 Polish anti-Sovietism ..................................................................................................... 116 6 Polish relations with the Federal Republic .................................................................... 123 Conclusions ........................................................................................................................ 128 4. Resurrecting national histories ................................................................................... 131 The need for redefinition ................................................................................................... 132
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