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Responses to Information Requests
RIR Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada www.irb-cisr.gc.ca Français Home Contact Us Help Search canada.gc.ca Home > Research > Responses to Information Requests RESPONSES TO INFORMATION REQUESTS (RIRs) New Search | About RIR's | Help 07 September 2005 CHN100387.E China: Situation of Protestants and treatment by authorities, particularly in Fujian and Guangdong (2001-2005) Research Directorate, Immigration and Refugee Board, Ottawa General Information Estimates of the number of Protestants in China vary among sources consulted by the Research Directorate. The Chinese government claims that there are more than 15 million adherents of the official Protestant Three-Self Patriotic Movement, although Protestant church officials put the number of worshippers who attend registered churches at 20 million (International Religious Freedom Report 2004 15 Sept. 2004). Estimates of the number of Protestants who belong to "unregistered" church groups range from 30 million to 50 million (Christian Science Monitor 8 Mar. 2004; U.S. News & World Report 30 Apr. 2001; see also International Religious Freedom Report 2004 15 Sept. 2004, Sec. 1). Some academics place the total number of Protestants in China at 90 million (ibid.). Sources agree that the number of Protestants is growing (ibid.; Christian Science Monitor 24 Dec. 2003; Economist 21 Apr. 2005), particularly among urban intellectuals, business people and university students (ibid.; Washington Post 24 Dec. 2002). Henan, the "Bethlehem" of China (Christian Science Monitor 8 Mar. 2004), reportedly has the largest number of Christians among all the provinces of China, with about five million worshippers, most of whom attend "house" churches (SCMP 9 Jan. 2002; see also U.S. -
Qin2020.Pdf (1.836Mb)
This thesis has been submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for a postgraduate degree (e.g. PhD, MPhil, DClinPsychol) at the University of Edinburgh. Please note the following terms and conditions of use: This work is protected by copyright and other intellectual property rights, which are retained by the thesis author, unless otherwise stated. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the author. When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given. THE EVOLUTION OF EVANGELICAL SOCIO-POLITICAL APPROACHES IN CONTEMPORARY CHINA (1980S-2010S) Daniel Qin Doctor of Philosophy The University of Edinburgh 2019 DECLARATION I confirm that this thesis presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, has i) been composed entirely by myself ii) been solely the result of my own work iii) not been submitted for any other degree or professional qualification A revised version of chapter II is forthcoming in 2020 in Studies in World Christianity as ‘Samuel Lamb’s Exhortation Regarding Eternal Rewards: A Socio- Political Perspective.’ Daniel Qin _________ Date: ABSTRACT This thesis explores the evolution of Evangelical socio-political approaches in contemporary China, arguing that Evangelicals in both the Three-Self church and the house churches have moved towards an increasing sense of social concern in the period from the 1980s to the 2010s. -
Neregistrované Protestantské Církve V Číně
Masarykova univerzita Filozofická fakulta Ústav religionistiky Religionistika Tereza Hejlová Neregistrované protestantské církve v Číně Bakalářská diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: doc. PhDr. Luboš Bělka, CSc. 2009 Prohlašuji, že jsem diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně s využitím uvedených pramenů a literatury. V Brně 18. 12. 2009 ………………………………. 2 Na tomto místě bych chtěla poděkovat svému vedoucímu za trpělivost, přínosné podněty a pomoc při psaní práce. 3 Obsah 1. Úvod………………………………………………………………………………str. 5 2. Protestantismus v Číně…………………………………………………………..str. 7 3. Počátky protestantismu v Číně………………………………………………….str. 8 4. Protestantismus pod komunistickou vládou………………………………….str. 11 4.1 Vznik Vlasteneckého hnutí trojí samostatnosti………………………..……str. 12 4.2 Kulturní revoluce………………………………………………………........str. 14 5. Období po Kulturní revoluci…………………………………………………..str. 15 5.1 „Dokument 19“ a 36. článek ústavy…………………………………….......str. 16 5.2 Amity Foundation…………………………………………………………...str. 17 6. Důvody podzemních církví k odmítnutí registrace…………………………..str. 18 7. Perzekuce a pronásledování neregistrovaných církví………………………..str. 20 8. Situace od 90. let 20. století…………………………………………………….str. 21 8.1 The Shouters…………………………………………………………….......str. 22 8.2 Born Again Movement………………………………………………….......str. 22 8.3 Eastern Lightning……………………………………………………………str. 23 8.4 Reakce čínské vlády………………………………………………………...str. 25 9. Problematika statistiky počtu protestantů v Číně……………………………str. 26 10. Hnutí Zpět do Jeruzaléma……………………………………………………str. 28 10.1 Hlavní myšlenka…………………………………………………………...str. -
Forming Christians Through Musicking in China
religions Article Forming Christians through Musicking in China Swee Hong Lim Emmanuel College, University of Toronto, 75 Queen’s Park Crescent, Toronto, ON M5S 1K7, Canada; [email protected] Academic Editor: Mark G. Toulouse Received: 4 January 2017; Accepted: 21 March 2017; Published: 31 March 2017 Abstract: In recent years, authorities in mainland China have renewed their call for the sinicization of Christianity through theological discourse. Given that Christianity is largely expressed in visible, worship-based ways, such as music (songs), rhetoric (sermons), rituals (sacraments), symbols (crosses, garments, banners, etc.), posture and gesture (genuflecting, lifting hands, etc.), one wonders at the implication of this development. Might there be an alternative approach to sinicization? This essay seeks to investigate the feasibility of sinicized Christianity from the ontology of musicking as purveyed through the practice of congregational song. Keywords: China; Asian; theology; worship; musicking; ideoscape; mediascape; congregational song; sinicization; contextualization Christianity now makes up the largest single civil society grouping in China. The party sees that. Terence Halliday Co-director, Center for Law and Globalization at the American Bar Foundation [1] Since the mid-20th century, Christianity in China has strived to be self-sustaining. Like other Asian Christianities, this shift is visible in its governance, financing, and ministry. For the Three-Self Patriotic Movement of the Protestant Church in China (TSPM), the government-sanctioned national church in the land, this aspiration is enshrined in its three-fold principle of self-government, self-support, and self-propagation. In recent years, mainland Chinese authorities have renewed the call for the sinicization of Christianity with greater urgency. -
New RCI.41.SG.11.03.Indd 2 6/6/13 12:40 PM Revistaassine a De Cultura Subscribe to Review of Culture
International Edition 41 Edição Internacional Revista de Cultura Review of Culture INSTITUTO CULTURAL do Governo da R.A.E. de Macau CULTURAL INSTITUTO RC Capa N41_si.indd 1 6/6/13 3:49 PM RC Capa N41_si.indd 3 6/6/13 3:49 PM RC Capa N41_si.indd 4 6/6/13 3:49 PM EDITOR é uma revista de Cultura e, domínio do Espírito, é Livre. Avassalada Publisher ao encontro universal das culturas, servente da identidade cultural de INSTITUTO CULTURAL Macau, agente de mais íntima relação entre o Oriente e o Ocidente, do Governo da Região Administrativa particularmente entre a China e Portugal. RC propõe-se publicar todos Especial de Macau os textos interessantes aos objectivos confessados, pelo puro critério da CONSELHO DE DIRECÇÃO qualidade. Assim, as opiniões e as doutrinas, expressas ou professas nos textos Editorial Board assinados, ou implícitas nas imagens de autoria, são da responsabilidade Ung Vai Meng, Yao Jingming, dos seus autores, e nem na parte, nem no todo, podem confundir-se com a Wong Man Fai, Luís Ferreira, orientação da RC. A Direcção da revista reserva-se o direito de não publicar, Wong Io Fong nem devolver, textos não solicitados. [email protected] é uma revista trimestral, simultaneamente publicada nas versões COORDENADOR Chinesa e Internacional (em Português e Inglês). Buscando o diálogo Co-ordinator e o encontro francos de Culturas, RC tem na limpidez a vocação e na Luís Ferreira [email protected] transparência o seu processo. DIRECTOR GRÁFICO Graphic Director is a cultural magazine published quarterly in two versions — Chinese Victor Hugo Marreiros and International (Portuguese/English)—whose purpose is to refl ect the [email protected] unique identity of Macao. -
Revista De Cultura Revista De Cultura Review of Culture INSTITUTO CULTURAL Do Governo Da R.A.E De Macau
55 International Edition 55 Edição Internacional 2017 International Edition Edição Internacional Revista de Cultura Revista Revista de Cultura Review of Culture INSTITUTO CULTURAL do Governo da R.A.E de Macau do Governo CULTURAL INSTITUTO Review of Culture Review IC Assine a EDITOR é uma revista de Cultura e, domínio do Espírito, é Livre. Avassalada Publisher ao encontro universal das culturas, servente da identidade cultural de Revista de Cultura Subscribe to INSTITUTO CULTURAL Macau, agente de mais íntima relação entre o Oriente e o Ocidente, do Governo da Região Administrativa particularmente entre a China e Portugal. RC propõe-se publicar todos Review of Culture Especial de Macau os textos interessantes aos objectivos confessados, pelo puro critério da CONSELHO DE DIRECÇÃO qualidade. Assim, as opiniões e as doutrinas, expressas ou professas nos textos Editorial Board assinados, ou implícitas nas imagens de autoria, são da responsabilidade Leung Hio Ming, Chan Peng Fai, dos seus autores, e nem na parte, nem no todo, podem confundir-se com a Wong Man Fai, Luís Ferreira orientação da RC. A Direcção da revista reserva-se o direito de não publicar, [email protected] nem devolver, textos não solicitados. EDITOR EXECUTIVO é uma revista simultaneamente publicada nas versões Chinesa e Executive Editor Internacional (em Português e Inglês). Buscando o diálogo e o encontro Sofia Salgado francos de Culturas, RC tem na limpidez a vocação e na transparência [email protected] o seu processo. COORDENADOR Co-ordinator Luís Ferreira is a cultural magazine published in two versions — Chinese and [email protected] International (Portuguese/English)—whose purpose is to reflect the uni- que identity of Macao. -
China – Guangdong – Protestants – Catholics – Underground Churches
Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: CHN30006 Country: China Date: 14 March 2006 Keywords: China – Guangdong – Protestants – Catholics – Underground Churches This response was prepared by the Country Research Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. Questions 1. What was the situation for the Protestant underground church in Guangdong from 1990 to March 1998? 2. What was the situation for the Catholic underground church in Guangdong from 1990 to March 1998? 3. What is the position nowadays for both churches? List of Sources Consulted Internet Sources: Government Information & Reports United Nations (UN) Non-Government Organisations International News & Politics Region Specific Links Topic Specific Links Search Engines Google search engine http://www.google.com.au/ Online Subscription Services Library Networks University Sites Databases: Public FACTIVA Reuters Business Briefing DIMIA BACIS Country Information REFINFO IRBDC Research Responses (Canada) RRT ISYS RRT Country Research database, including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, US Department of State Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. RRT Library FIRST RRT Library Catalogue RESPONSE 1. What was the situation for the Protestant underground church in Guangdong from 1990 to March 1998? 2. What was the situation for the Catholic underground church in Guangdong from 1990 to March 1998? No detailed analysis on the situation of Protestants or Catholics in Guangdong Province was found among the sources consulted. The following reports provide some useful material, although some contradict each other. -
Author: Samuel Lamb Lin Xiangao House Church in Guangzhou, China Copyright Free
Author: Samuel Lamb Lin Xiangao House church in Guangzhou, China Copyright free “The Heavenly Man”-- A Big Con Man of China There are many believers in Henan Province, China. But Satan would not let it go that easily. It promotes many heresies in China, especially in Henan Province. For example, “The Eastern Lightning” was initiated by a woman surnamed Deng in Zhengzhou, Henan Province in 1990. She claimed that she was Christ in female version; “The Born Again Sect” was initiated by a Xu Yongze and his sister Xu Yongling from Nanyang, Henan province in 1976. In 1989, another sect gathered on a hill top called Dung Pai mountain in Henan, waiting for the rapture to happen. When they failed in such effort, they intended to commit mass suicide but the police came in time to halt them. “The Heavenly Man” also originate from Henan Province. He cannot be called “a heretic” because we haven’t discovered clear errors in his teachings. He was originally a member of the Born Again Sect. Xu Yongze (the head of Born Again) helped him. He cheats people everywhere claiming that he was persecuted and suffered for the sake of the gospel. It is more appropriate to call him “a big con man” for he has deceived a lot of Christian churches, especially in Europe and the United States. English version New English Version German Version II Free at last, Burma story --- 1 --- He had once been imprisoned in China. Upon his release, Miao Zhitung, a preacher from Wenzhou, interviewed him and edited a book afterwards called “Lilies amongst thorns” which contained his “testimony”. -
China – Shouters – Fujian
Refugee Review Tribunal AUSTRALIA RRT RESEARCH RESPONSE Research Response Number: CHN32709 Country: China Date: 20 December 2007 Keywords: CHN32709 – China – Shouters – Fujian This response was prepared by the Research & Information Services Section of the Refugee Review Tribunal (RRT) after researching publicly accessible information currently available to the RRT within time constraints. This response is not, and does not purport to be, conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. This research response may not, under any circumstance, be cited in a decision or any other document. Anyone wishing to use this information may only cite the primary source material contained herein. Questions 1. Is there any information about the treatment of Protestant Christians in Jiaru Village, Sanshan Town, Fuqing City, Fujian? 2. In particular, how are “Shouters” regarded? RESPONSE 1. Is there any information about the treatment of Protestant Christians in Jiaru Village, Sanshan Town, Fuqing City, Fujian? 2. In particular, how are “Shouters” regarded? No information was found on the situation or treatment of Protestant Christians or “Shouters” (also referred to here as the Local Church), specific to the village of Jiaru or to the town of Sanshan in Fujian. For a map showing the location of Sanshan Town, see Attachment 1. According to the Nona.net website, Jiaru is 5.1 kilometers from Sanshan town (‘Map of Fuqing’, (undated) Research & Information database – Attachment 1; “Sanshan (Fujian, China) & Jiaru’ (undated), Nona.net website, http://nona.net/features/map/placedetail.1385061/Sanshan/ – Accessed 14 December 2007 – Attachment 2). Summary Information presented below focuses on reports on the treatment and situation of Shouters in Fujian province. -
Re-Envisioning Christianity's Cultural Engagement
QUEST: Studies on Religion & Culture in Asia, Vol. 5, 2021 RE-ENVISIONING CHRISTIANITY’S CULTURAL ENGAGEMENT STRATEGIES A PROPOSAL FOR A TOP-DOWN, BOTTOM-UP APPROACH TO CULTURE Cheong, Weiyang Samuel Published online: 20 February 2021 ABSTRACT This study aims to critically evaluate James Hunter’s key proposal for religio-cultural engagement in his book entitled, To Change the World (2010). Drawing on his expertise in sociology, Hunter argues for an exclusively top-down approach to cultural change. He asserts that the “work of world-making and world- changing are, by and large, the work of elite: gatekeepers who provide creative direction and management within spheres of social life” (Hunter 2010, 41). However, such an approach has the shortcoming of serving the needs of cultural elites and ignoring the needs and concerns of the people living at the grassroots level. By making use of the Asian cultural context— Minjung theology in Korea and the Chinese Pentecostal grassroots movement, this study pushes back against Hunter’s key idea. It proposes that the best approach to Christian cultural change is through a top-down/bottom-up method that engages and contextualizes religion and culture in the public sphere. Introduction In his book, To Change the World, Hunter (2010, 6) displaces the implicit Christian understanding that “the essence of culture is found in the hearts and minds of individuals” and that cultural change happens as individual lives are transformed. He argues that this view is fundamentally wrong. Instead, he introduces four propositions for cultural change with the central assertion being that “cultures change from the top-down and rarely, if ever from the bottom-up.” He continues by saying it is “by and large the work of elite gatekeepers that will provide creative direction and management within the spheres of social life” (Hunter 2010, 41). -
ABSTRACT Multiple Modernizations, Religious Regulations and Church
ABSTRACT Multiple Modernizations, Religious Regulations and Church Responses: The Rise and Fall of Three “Jerusalems” in Communist China Zhifeng Zhong, Ph.D. Mentor: William A. Mitchell, Ph.D. There is an extensive literature on modernization, regulation and religious change from a global perspective. However, China is usually understudied by the scholars. Numerous studies tackle the puzzle of the rising of Christianity and its implications in China. However they fail to synthesize the multiple dynamics and diverse regional difference. This dissertation approaches the development of Christianity in contemporary China from a regional perspective. By doing a case study on twelve churches in three prefecture cities (Guangzhou, Wenzhou and Nanyang), I examine how different historical processes and factors interacted to shape the uneven development of Christianity under the communist rule. The main research questions are: How did Protestantism survive, transform and flourish under a resilient communism regime? What factors account for the regional variance of the transformation of Christianity? I argue that there are multiple modernizations in China, and they created various cultural frames in the regions. Although the party-state tried to eliminate religion, Protestantism not only survived, but transformed and revived in the Cultural Revolution, which laid the foundation for momentum growth in the reform era. The development of Protestantism in China is dynamic, path-dependent, and contingent on specific settings. Different modernizations, religious regulation, historical legacy and church responses led to the rise and fall of three “Jerusalems” in communist China. Copyright © 2013 by Zhifeng Zhong All rights reserved TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................... -
Une Reevaluation De La Theologie Populaire De Wang Mingdao1
JOURNAL du CHRISTIANISME MONDIAL 3.1 / 2017 CHRIST CONTRE LA CULTURE? UNE REEVALUATION DE LA THEOLOGIE POPULAIRE DE WANG MINGDAO1 Baiyu Andrew Song Baiyu Andrew Song (Etudes doctorales, Southern Baptist Theological Seminary, Louisville, Kentucky; M.T.S. & B.T.S., Toronto Baptist Seminary, Toronto, Ontario) est assistant de recherches du directeur du Andrew Fuller Centre for Baptist Studies au Toronto Baptist Seminary. RESUME Depuis sa publication, les divisions d’ H. Richard Nieburh (1894-1968) dans son Christ and Culture (1951) ont été le standard utilisé pour classer le point de vue des uns et des autres sur l’engagement culturel. Au cours des derniers soixante ans, les érudits ont appliqué le « Christ and Culture in Paradox » ou « Christ against Culture » de Niebuhr à la théologie de Mingdao (1900-1992). Presque vingt ans après la disparition de Wang, cet article réévalue la théologie populaire de Wang et son point de vue sur l’amour que le chrétien doit avoir pour son prochain. En replaçant Wang et sa théologie dans leurs contextes historiques et théologiques, cet article défend l’idée que l’approche de Wang sur le mandat culturel de l’église s’appuie sur un raisonnement a priori. Parce que la société est composée des différents individus qui la composent et que ces derniers sont les acteurs de certaines cultures, Wang pense que la réalisation de tout objectif de changement de la société et de réformation de la culture passe nécessairement par un changement des cœurs des personnes. Ce changement qui est l’œuvre de l’Esprit Saint au travers de l’évangile.