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11/9/2018 List of chemical elements - Wikipedia

List of chemical elements Abundance Atomic C[I] in 's [I] Origin of [4][5] Melt [I] Z Symbol Element [2][3] g [6] Boil (K) J χ [II] name ( 3) (K) ( ) crust (u (±)) cm g · K mg ( kg ) composed of the Greek elements 1 H hydro- and - 1 1 1.008[III][IV][V][VI] 0.00008988 14.01 20.28 14.304 2.20 1400 gen meaning 'water- forming' the Greek 2 He 18 1 4.002602(2)[III][V] 0.0001785 —[VII] 4.22 5.193 – 0.008 helios, 'sun' the Greek 3 Li 1 2 6.94[III][IV][V][VIII][VI] 0.534 453.69 1560 3.582 0.98 20 lithos, 'stone' beryl, a 4 Be 2 2 9.0121831(5) 1.85 1560 2742 1.825 1.57 2.8 mineral borax, a 5 B 13 2 10.81[III][IV][V][VI] 2.34 2349 4200 1.026 2.04 10 mineral the Latin 6 C 14 2 12.011[III][V][VI] 2.267 3800 4300 0.709 2.55 200 carbo, 'coal' the Greek nitron and '- 7 N 15 2 14.007[III][V][VI] 0.0012506 63.15 77.36 1.04 3.04 19 gen' meaning 'niter-forming' from the Greek oxy-, both 'sharp' 8 O and 'acid', 16 2 15.999[III][V][VI] 0.001429 54.36 90.20 0.918 3.44 461000 and -gen, meaning 'acid-forming' the Latin 9 F fluere, 'to 17 2 18.998403163(6) 0.001696 53.53 85.03 0.824 3.98 585 flow' the Greek neos, 10 Ne 18 2 20.1797(6)[III][IV] 0.0008999 24.56 27.07 1.03 – 0.005 meaning 'new' the English word soda 11 Na 1 3 22.98976928(2) 0.971 370.87 1156 1.228 0.93 23600 (natrium in Latin) Magnesia, a district of 12 Mg Eastern 2 3 24.305[VI] 1.738 923 1363 1.023 1.31 23300 Thessaly in Greece from alumina, a compound 13 Al 13 3 26.9815385(7) 2.698 933.47 2792 0.897 1.61 82300 (originally alumium) from the Latin silex, 14 Si 'flint' 14 3 28.085[V][VI] 2.3296 1687 3538 0.705 1.9 282000 (originally silicium) the Greek 15 P phoosphoros, 15 3 30.973761998(5) 1.82 317.30 550 0.769 2.19 1050 'carrying light' the Latin sulphur, 'fire 16 S 16 3 32.06[III][V][VI] 2.067 388.36 717.87 0.71 2.58 350 and brimstone' the Greek chloros, 17 Cl 17 3 35.45[III][IV][V][VI] 0.003214 171.6 239.11 0.479 3.16 145 'greenish yellow' the Greek 18 Ar 18 3 39.948(1)[III][V] 0.0017837 83.80 87.30 0.52 – 3.5 argos, 'idle' New Latin potassa, 19 K 'potash' 1 4 39.0983(1) 0.862 336.53 1032 0.757 0.82 20900 (kalium in Latin) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements 2/10 11/9/2018 List of chemical elements - Wikipedia

List of chemical elements Abundance Atomic Density C[I] in Earth's [I] Origin of [4][5] Melt [I] Z Symbol Element [2][3] Group Period weight g [6] Boil (K) J χ [II] name ( 3) (K) ( ) crust (u (±)) cm g · K mg ( kg ) the Latin 20 Ca 2 4 40.078(4)[III] 1.54 1115 1757 0.647 1 41500 calx, 'lime' Scandia, the Latin name 21 Sc 3 4 44.955908(5) 2.989 1814 3109 0.568 1.36 22 for Scandinavia Titans, the sons of the Earth 22 Ti 4 4 47.867(1) 4.54 1941 3560 0.523 1.54 5650 goddess of Greek mythology Vanadis, an Old Norse name for the 23 V 5 4 50.9415(1) 6.11 2183 3680 0.489 1.63 120 Scandinavian goddess Freyja the Greek 24 Cr chroma, 6 4 51.9961(6) 7.15 2180 2944 0.449 1.66 102 'colour' corrupted from 25 Mn magnesia 7 4 54.938044(3) 7.44 1519 2334 0.479 1.55 950 negra, see Magnesium English word 26 Fe (ferrum in 8 4 55.845(2) 7.874 1811 3134 0.449 1.83 56300 Latin) the German 27 Co word Kobold, 9 4 58.933194(4) 8.86 1768 3200 0.421 1.88 25 'goblin' from a mischievous sprite of 28 Ni German 10 4 58.6934(4) 8.912 1728 3186 0.444 1.91 84 miner mythology, Nickel English word 29 Cu (Latin 11 4 63.546(3)[V] 8.96 1357.77 2835 0.385 1.9 60 cuprum) German word 30 Zn Zinke (prong, 12 4 65.38(2) 7.134 692.88 1180 0.388 1.65 70 tooth) Gallia, the 31 Ga Latin name 13 4 69.723(1) 5.907 302.9146 2673 0.371 1.81 19 for France Germania, the Latin 32 Ge 14 4 72.630(8) 5.323 1211.40 3106 0.32 2.01 1.5 name for Germany English word 33 As (Latin 15 4 74.921595(6) 5.776 1090 [IX] 887 0.329 2.18 1.8 arsenicum) the Greek 34 Se selene, 16 4 78.971(8)[V] 4.809 453 958 0.321 2.55 0.05 'moon' the Greek 35 Br bromos, 17 4 79.904[VI] 3.122 265.8 332.0 0.474 2.96 2.4 'stench' the Greek 36 Kr kryptos, 18 4 83.798(2)[III][IV] 0.003733 115.79 119.93 0.248 3 1×10−4 'hidden' the Latin 37 Rb rubidus, 1 5 85.4678(3)[III] 1.532 312.46 961 0.363 0.82 90 'deep red' Strontian, a 38 Sr small town in 2 5 87.62(1)[III][V] 2.64 1050 1655 0.301 0.95 370 Scotland Ytterby, 39 Y 3 5 88.90584(2) 4.469 1799 3609 0.298 1.22 33 Sweden https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements 3/10 11/9/2018 List of chemical elements - Wikipedia

List of chemical elements Abundance Atomic Density C[I] in Earth's [I] Origin of [4][5] Melt [I] Z Symbol Element [2][3] Group Period weight g [6] Boil (K) J χ [II] name ( 3) (K) ( ) crust (u (±)) cm g · K mg ( kg ) Persian Zargun, '- 40 Zr colored'; 4 5 91.224(2)[III] 6.506 2128 4682 0.278 1.33 165 German Zirkoon, 'jargoon' Niobe, daughter of 41 Nb king Tantalus 5 5 92.90637(2) 8.57 2750 5017 0.265 1.6 20 from Greek mythology the Greek molybdos 42 Mo 6 5 95.95(1)[III] 10.22 2896 4912 0.251 2.16 1.2 meaning '' the Greek tekhnètos 43 Tc 7 5 [98][X] 11.5 2430 4538 – 1.9 ~ 3×10−9[XI] meaning 'artificial' Ruthenia, the New Latin 44 Ru 8 5 101.07(2)[III] 12.37 2607 4423 0.238 2.2 0.001 name for Russia the Greek rhodos, 45 Rh meaning 9 5 102.90550(2) 12.41 2237 3968 0.243 2.28 0.001 'rose coloured' the then recently discovered asteroid 46 Pd 10 5 106.42(1)[III] 12.02 1828.05 3236 0.244 2.2 0.015 Pallas, considered a planet at the time English word 47 Ag (argentum in 11 5 107.8682(2)[III] 10.501 1234.93 2435 0.235 1.93 0.075 Latin) the New Latin cadmia, 48 Cd 12 5 112.414(4)[III] 8.69 594.22 1040 0.232 1.69 0.159 from King Kadmos 49 In indigo 13 5 114.818(1) 7.31 429.75 2345 0.233 1.78 0.25 English word 50 Sn (stannum in 14 5 118.710(7)[III] 7.287 505.08 2875 0.228 1.96 2.3 Latin) uncertain: perhaps from the Greek anti, 'against', and monos, 51 Sb 'alone', or the 15 5 121.760(1)[III] 6.685 903.78 1860 0.207 2.05 0.2 Old French antimoine, 'Monk's bane' (stibium in Latin) Latin tellus, 52 Te 16 5 127.60(3)[III] 6.232 722.66 1261 0.202 2.1 0.001 'earth' French iode (after the 53 I Greek 17 5 126.90447(3) 4.93 386.85 457.4 0.214 2.66 0.45 ioeides, 'violet') the Greek 54 Xe xenos, 18 5 131.293(6)[III][IV] 0.005887 161.4 165.03 0.158 2.6 3×10−5 'strange' the Latin 55 Cs caesius, 'sky 1 6 132.90545196(6) 1.873 301.59 944 0.242 0.79 3 blue' the Greek 56 Ba 2 6 137.327(7) 3.594 1000 2170 0.204 0.89 425 barys, 'heavy' https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements 4/10 11/9/2018 List of chemical elements - Wikipedia

List of chemical elements Abundance Atomic Density C[I] in Earth's [I] Origin of [4][5] Melt [I] Z Symbol Element [2][3] Group Period weight g [6] Boil (K) J χ [II] name ( 3) (K) ( ) crust (u (±)) cm g · K mg ( kg ) the Greek 57 La lanthanein, 3 6 138.90547(7)[III] 6.145 1193 3737 0.195 1.1 39 'to lie hidden' the then recently discovered asteroid 58 Ce 6 140.116(1)[III] 6.77 1068 3716 0.192 1.12 66.5 Ceres, considered a planet at the time the Greek praseios 59 Pr didymos 6 140.90766(2) 6.773 1208 3793 0.193 1.13 9.2 meaning 'green twin' the Greek neos 60 Nd didymos 6 144.242(3)[III] 7.007 1297 3347 0.19 1.14 41.5 meaning 'new twin' Prometheus of Greek mythology who stole fire 61 Pm 6 [145][X] 7.26 1315 3273 – 1.13 2×10−19[XI] from the Gods and gave it to humans Samarskite, the name of the mineral 62 Sm 6 150.36(2)[III] 7.52 1345 2067 0.197 1.17 7.05 from which it was first isolated

63 Eu Europe 6 151.964(1)[III] 5.243 1099 1802 0.182 1.2 2 Johan Gadolin, 64 Gd chemist, 6 157.25(3)[III] 7.895 1585 3546 0.236 1.2 6.2 physicist and mineralogist Ytterby, 65 Tb 6 158.92535(2) 8.229 1629 3503 0.182 1.2 1.2 Sweden the Greek 66 Dy dysprositos, 6 162.500(1)[III] 8.55 1680 2840 0.17 1.22 5.2 'hard to get' Holmia, the New Latin 67 Ho 6 164.93033(2) 8.795 1734 2993 0.165 1.23 1.3 name for Stockholm Ytterby, 68 Er 6 167.259(3)[III] 9.066 1802 3141 0.168 1.24 3.5 Sweden Thule, the ancient name 69 Tm 6 168.93422(2) 9.321 1818 2223 0.16 1.25 0.52 for Scandinavia Ytterby, 70 Yb 6 173.045(10)[III] 6.965 1097 1469 0.155 1.1 3.2 Sweden Lutetia, the 71 Lu Latin name 6 174.9668(1)[III] 9.84 1925 3675 0.154 1.27 0.8 for Paris Hafnia, the New Latin 72 Hf 4 6 178.49(2) 13.31 2506 4876 0.144 1.3 3 name for Copenhagen King Tantalus, father of 73 Ta 5 6 180.94788(2) 16.654 3290 5731 0.14 1.5 2 Niobe from Greek mythology

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements 5/10 11/9/2018 List of chemical elements - Wikipedia

List of chemical elements Abundance Atomic Density C[I] in Earth's [I] Origin of [4][5] Melt [I] Z Symbol Element [2][3] Group Period weight g [6] Boil (K) J χ [II] name ( 3) (K) ( ) crust (u (±)) cm g · K mg ( kg ) the Swedish tung sten, 'heavy stone' (W is 74 W wolfram, the 6 6 183.84(1) 19.25 3695 5828 0.132 2.36 1.3 old name of the tungsten mineral wolframite) Rhenus, the Latin name 75 Re 7 6 186.207(1) 21.02 3459 5869 0.137 1.9 7×10−4 for the river Rhine the Greek osmè, 76 Os 8 6 190.23(3)[III] 22.61 3306 5285 0.13 2.2 0.002 meaning 'smell' Iris, the Greek 77 Ir 9 6 192.217(3) 22.56 2719 4701 0.131 2.2 0.001 goddess of the rainbow the Spanish platina, 78 Pt 10 6 195.084(9) 21.46 2041.4 4098 0.133 2.28 0.005 meaning 'little silver' English word 79 Au Gold (aurum in 11 6 196.966569(5) 19.282 1337.33 3129 0.129 2.54 0.004 Latin) the New Latin name mercurius, named after the Roman god (Hg from 80 Hg 12 6 200.592(3) 13.5336 234.43 629.88 0.14 2 0.085 former name hydrargyrum, from Greek hydr-, 'water', and argyros, 'silver') the Greek 81 Tl thallos, 13 6 204.38[VI] 11.85 577 1746 0.129 1.62 0.85 'green twig' English word 82 Pb Lead (plumbum in 14 6 207.2(1)[III][V] 11.342 600.61 2022 0.129 1.87 14 Latin) Uncertain, possibly 83 Bi 15 6 208.98040(1)[X] 9.807 544.7 1837 0.122 2.02 0.009 Arabic or German Named after the home country of Marie Curie (Polonia, 84 Po 16 6 [209][X] 9.32 527 1235 – 2.0 2×10−10[XI] Latin for Poland), who is also the discoverer of the Greek 85 At astatos, 17 6 [210][X] 7 575 610 – 2.2 3×10−20[XI] 'unstable' From radium, as it was first detected as an emission 86 Rn 18 6 [222][X] 0.00973 202 211.3 0.094 2.2 4×10−13[XI] from radium during radioactive decay Francia, the New Latin 87 Fr 1 7 [223][X] 1.87 300 950 – 0.7 ~ 1×10−18[XI] name for France https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements 6/10 11/9/2018 List of chemical elements - Wikipedia

List of chemical elements Abundance Atomic Density C[I] in Earth's [I] Origin of [4][5] Melt [I] Z Symbol Element [2][3] Group Period weight g [6] Boil (K) J χ [II] name ( 3) (K) ( ) crust (u (±)) cm g · K mg ( kg ) the Latin 88 Ra Radium 2 7 [226][X] 5.5 973 2010 0.094 0.9 9×10−7[XI] radius, 'ray' the Greek 89 Ac 3 7 [227][X] 10.07 1323 3471 0.12 1.1 5.5×10−10[XI] aktis, 'ray' Thor, the Scandinavian 90 Th 7 232.0377(4)[X][III] 11.72 2115 5061 0.113 1.3 9.6 god of thunder the Greek protos, 'first', and actinium, which is 91 Pa produced 7 231.03588(2)[X] 15.37 1841 4300 – 1.5 1.4×10−6[XI] through the radioactive decay of protactinium Uranus, the seventh 92 U 7 238.02891(3)[X] 18.95 1405.3 4404 0.116 1.38 2.7 planet in the Neptune, the eighth planet 93 Np 7 [237][X] 20.45 917 4273 – 1.36 ≤ 3×10−12[XI] in the Solar System Pluto, a dwarf planet in the Solar 94 Pu System (then 7 [244][X] 19.84 912.5 3501 – 1.28 ≤ 3×10−11[XI] considered the ninth planet) The Americas, as the element was first 95 Am synthesised 7 [243][X] 13.69 1449 2880 – 1.13 0[XII] on the continent, by analogy with europium Pierre Curie, a physicist, and Marie Curie, a physicist and 96 Cm chemist, 7 [247][X] 13.51 1613 3383 – 1.28 0[XII] named after great scientists by analogy with gadolinium Berkeley, California, where the element was 97 Bk 7 [247][X] 14.79 1259 2900 – 1.3 0[XII] first synthesised, by analogy with terbium California, where the 98 Cf element was 7 [251][X] 15.1 1173 (1743)[XIII] – 1.3 0[XII] first synthesised Albert 99 Es Einstein, 7 [252][X] 8.84 1133 (1269)[XIII] – 1.3 0[XII] physicist Enrico Fermi, 100 Fm 7 [257][X] (9.7)[XIII] (1125)[XIII] – – 1.3 0[XII] physicist , 101 Md 7 [258][X] (10.3)[XIII] (1100)[XIII] – – 1.3 0[XII] chemist and inventor

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List of chemical elements Abundance Atomic Density C[I] in Earth's [I] Origin of [4][5] Melt [I] Z Symbol Element [2][3] Group Period weight g [6] Boil (K) J χ [II] name ( 3) (K) ( ) crust (u (±)) cm g · K mg ( kg ) Alfred Nobel, chemist, 102 No engineer, 7 [259][X] (9.9)[XIII] (1100)[XIII] – – 1.3 0[XII] inventor of dynamite Ernest O. 103 Lr Lawrence, 7 [266][X] (15.6)[XIII] (1900)[XIII] – – 1.3 0[XII] physicist Ernest Rutherford, 104 Rf 4 7 [267][X] (23.2)[XIII] (2400)[XIII] (5800)[XIII] – – 0[XII] chemist and physicist Dubna, 105 Db 5 7 [268][X] (29.3)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII] Russia Glenn T. 106 Sg Seaborg, 6 7 [269][X] (35.0)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII] scientist Niels Bohr, 107 Bh 7 7 [270][X] (37.1)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII] physicist Hesse, Germany, where the 108 Hs 8 7 [277][X] (40.7)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII] element was first synthesised Lise Meitner, 109 Mt 9 7 [278][X] (37.4)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII] physicist Darmstadt, Germany, where the 110 Ds 10 7 [281][X] (34.8)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII] element was first synthesised Wilhelm Conrad 111 Rg 11 7 [282][X] (28.7)[XIII] – – – – 0[XII] Röntgen, physicist Nicolaus 112 Cn Copernicus, 12 7 [285][X] (23.7)[XIII] – ~357[XIV] – – 0[XII] astronomer the Japanese name for Japan, 113 Nh Nihon, where 13 7 [286][X] (16)[XIII] (700)[XIII] (1400)[XIII] – – 0[XII] the element was first synthesised Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions, part of JINR where the 114 Fl 14 7 [289][X] (14)[XIII] – ~210 – – 0[XII] element was synthesised; itself named for Georgy Flyorov, physicist Moscow Oblast, Russia, 115 Mc where the 15 7 [290][X] (13.5)[XIII] (700)[XIII] (1400)[XIII] – – 0[XII] element was first synthesised

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List of chemical elements Abundance Atomic Density C[I] in Earth's [I] Origin of [4][5] Melt [I] Z Symbol Element [2][3] Group Period weight g [6] Boil (K) J χ [II] name ( 3) (K) ( ) crust (u (±)) cm g · K mg ( kg ) Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (in 116 Lv Livermore, 16 7 [293][X] (12.9)[XIII] (709)[XIII] (1085)[XIII] – – 0[XII] California) which collaborated with JINR on its synthesis Tennessee, 117 Ts 17 7 [294][X] (7.2)[XIII] (723)[XIII] (883)[XIII] – – 0[XII] United States Yuri 118 Og Oganessian, 18 7 [294][X] (5.0)[XIII][XV] – (350)[XIII] – – 0[XII] physicist

Notes

I. Z is the standard symbol for atomic number; C is the standard symbol for ; and χ is the standard symbol for on the Pauling scale.

II. Unless otherwise indicated, elements are primordial – they occur naturally, and not X. The element does not have any stable , and a value in brackets, e.g. [209], through decay. indicates the of the longest-lived of the element. However, III. The isotopic composition of this element varies in some geological specimens, and four such elements, bismuth, thorium, protactinium, and uranium, have the variation may exceed the uncertainty stated in the table. characteristic terrestrial isotopic compositions, and thus their standard atomic are given. IV. The isotopic composition of the element can vary in commercial materials, which can cause the atomic weight to deviate significantly from the given value. XI. This element is transient – it occurs only through decay. V. The isotopic composition varies in terrestrial material such that a more precise XII. This element is synthetic – the transuranic elements 95 and above do not occur atomic weight can not be given. naturally, but they can all be produced artificially. VI. The value listed is the conventional atomic-weight value suitable for trade and XIII. The value has not been precisely measured, usually because of the element's commerce. The actual value may differ depending on the isotopic composition of short half-life; the value given in parentheses is a prediction. the sample. Since 2009, IUPAC provides the standard atomic-weight values for +112 XIV. With error bars: 357−108 K. these elements using the interval notation. The corresponding standard atomic XV. This predicted value is for liquid oganesson, not gaseous oganesson. weights are:

Hydrogen: [1.00784, 1.00811] Lithium: [6.938, 6.997] Boron: [10.806, 10.821] Carbon: [12.0096, 12.0116] Nitrogen: [14.00643, 14.00728] Oxygen: [15.99903, 15.99977] Magnesium: [24.304, 24.307] Silicon: [28.084, 28.086] Sulfur: [32.059, 32.076] Chlorine: [35.446, 35.457] Bromine: [79.901, 79.907] Thallium: [204.382, 204.385] VII. Helium does not solidify at a pressure of one atmosphere. Helium can only solidify at pressures above 25 atmospheres, which corresponds to a of absolute zero. VIII. The atomic weight of commercial lithium can vary between 6.939 and 6.996— analysis of the specific material is necessary to find a more accurate value. IX. This element sublimes at one atmosphere of pressure.

Background color shows subcategory in the –– trend:

Metal Metalloid Nonmetal Unknown Alkali Alkaline earth Lan‐ Transition Post-transition Reactive Noble chemical metal metal thanide metal metal nonmetal gas properties https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements 9/10