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AP US History

1. The was a pivotal point in America's relationship to Great Britain because it led Great Britain to A. encourage colonial manufactures B. impose revenue taxes on the colonies. C. restrict emigration from England. D. ignore the colonies. E. grant increased colonial self-government.

2. The primary purpose of the Proclamation of 1763 was to A encourage westward colonial expansion B avoid conflict with the trans-Appalachian Indians C gain much needed revenue D drive out French colonists E provide a haven for Catholics

3. During the 1760's, political friction increased between the colonies and the British government because the colonies generally believed that A Parliament had no right to tax them B the principle of virtual representation was valid C the British could tax the colonists only with their consent D only the king had the right to tax the colonies E the government of George III was illegitimate

4. In the decade following the end of the Seven Years War, one of the major challenges to political leaders in the British North American colonies was to A integrate Indians into the mainstream of colonial society B guarantee religious toleration C find ways to let the colonies control internal affairs while remaining subject to the British empire D find new ways to tax the colonies for local projects E integrate a growing population of freed blacks into colonial society

5. To Britain's Parliament, the of 1767 appeared to be similar to the . To many colonists, however, the Townshend Acts were unacceptable because they A affected all colonists equally B included a quartering act C were enacted by Parliament and not the king D contradicted the theory of mercantilism E raised money to pay for royal officials stationed in the colonies

6. One of the most important long-term political activities of the was A throwing chests of tea into Harbor B spinning their own cloth C reading aloud at public houses and taverns D lobbying for women's right to vote E carrying weapons of self defense

7. Parliament enacted the of 1773 primarily to A promote a new product on the American market B raise large sums of money through taxes C sell tea only at government approved tea houses D save the East India Company from bankruptcy E reward American merchants

8. "The Declaration of Rights and Grievances" enacted by the First was written in direct response to the A B C Navigation Acts D Declaration of Independence E Do minion of New England

9. Which of the following is in correct chronological order? A. Pontiac's Rebellion, Proclamation of 1763, , . B. Boston Tea Party, Boston Massacre, Stamp Act, . C. Stamp Act, Proclamation of 1763, , battles of Lexington and Concord. D. Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Declaration of Independence, Stamp Act. E. Quebec Act, Townshend Acts, Stamp Act, .

10. The British considered the of 1764 to be an improvement over the of 1733 because A. the tax rate was reduced. B. a determined effort was made to collect the new tax. C. the price of molasses was reduced, stimulating the rum trade. D. the earlier act was part of the mercantilist philosophy E. colonial sugar was cheaper.

11. The primary American objection to the Stamp Act was that A. it was an internal tax, whereas Americans were prepared to accept only external taxes. B. It was the first tax of any kind ever imposed by Britain on the colonies. C. Its proposed tax rates were so high that they would have crippled the colonial economy. D. It was a measure for raising revenue from the colonies but it had not been approved by the colonists through their representatives. E. It constituted an unwarranted interference with the colonial economy in a manner that would have greatly restrained free trade.

12. Parliament enacted the Stamp Act (1765) primarily to A regulate trade between the colonies and European nations B strengthen the communication network within the colonies C raise revenue to pay for British troops in the colonies D regulate commercial activity within colonies E control population movement to the colonial backcountry

13. The Stamp Act crisis was important in the coming of the American Revolution for all of the following reasons EXCEPT A. The colonists demonstrated their willingness to use violence rather than legal means to frustrate British policy. B. The crisis coincided with a British decision to garrison regular troops in American cities. C. American patriots realized that British inflexibility made revolution virtually inevitable. D. The British maintained that the colonies had no right to independence from parliamentary authority. E. Patriot leaders claimed that the act denied them their British birthrights.

Questions 14-15 refer to the following historical problem:

It is popularly believed that , in his speech against the Stamp Act of 1765, implied that George III would be assassinated, and then concluded with the phrase, "If this be treason, make the most of it." Four differing reports of this speech, two of which omit the concluding phrase, are found in the following sources: the diary of a Frenchman who was an eyewitness and described the event the same day; a letter printed in a London newspaper about six weeks later; a written about 1805; and a note written in 1817 by , who also was an eyewitness.

14. The main issue raised for historians by the differing reports of Henry's speech is the A. formation of hypotheses about historical causation. B. validity of historical metaphor. C. credibility of historical evidence. D. use of anachronisms E. form of historical citation.

15. Which of the following facts casts the greatest doubt on the accuracy of Jefferson's note confirming the concluding phrase in Henry's speech? A. Jefferson had each served as governor of Virginia. B. Jefferson was only twenty-tow n 1765. C. Jefferson's note was written to a man who was writing a biography of Henry. D. Jefferson was not actually a member of the in 1765. E. Jefferson's note was written fifty-two years after the speech was delivered.

16. Which of the following is true of the Stamp Act Congress? A. It was the first unified government for all the American colonies. B. It provided an important opportunity for colonial stamp agents to discuss methods of enforcing the act. C. It was attended only by Georgia, Virginia, and the Carolinas. D. It provided an important opportunity for colonial leaders to meet and establish ties with one another. E. It rejected the assertion that the colonies ought to protest acts of Parliament deemed to be unconstitutional.

17. During the and 1770s, the most effective American tactic in gaining the repeal of the Stamp and Townshend Acts was A. British tax agents. B. sending petitions to the king and Parliament C. boycotting British goods. D. destroying private property, such as tea, on which a tax was to be levied. E. using death threats to intimidate British tax agents.

18. Parliament claimed the right to tax and legislate England's American colonies whenever it desired, without direct American representation in Parliament, through passage of A. the B. the Proclamation of 1763 C. the Townshend Acts D. the Intolerable Acts. E. the .

19. The argument between Great Britain and its American colonies during the 1760's and 1770's over "virtual representation" concerned A. patterns of legislative apportionment in the colonial assemblies. B. Parliament's ability to reflect colonial interests. C. the lack of colonial participation in negotiating the . D. the increasing use of juryless admiralty courts in the colonies. E. the representation of "free men of color" in colonial assemblies.

20. "If the British Parliament has the legal authority to issue an order that we shall furnish a single article for the troops here, and to compel obedience to that order, they have the same right to issue an order for us to supply those troops with arms, clothes, and every necessary; and to compel obedience to that order also; in short, to lay any burdens they please upon us. What is this but taxing us to a certain sum, and leaving us only the manner of raising it?" The argument presented by the author of the above statement could best be summarized as the A. British Parliament has no authority to tax Americans. B. Stamp Act is intolerable. C. Americans should supply British troops with clothes, arms, and all other necessities. D. Americans should determine the method by which they will be taxed by Parliament. E. Americans should pay more taxes.

21. The principle of actual representation put forth by the American colonists in their resistance to the Stamp Act meant that A. all laws passed by the colonial legislatures without the consent of Parliament were unconstitutional. B. representatives must be residents of the geographic districts they represented. C. any revenue raised by the stamp tax must be spent for the defense of the colonies. D. sovereignty was indivisible and ultimately rested with Parliament. E. each member of Parliament represented the interests of the whole empire.

22. After 1763, changes in the British imperial system threatened the interests of which of the following groups of American colonists? I. Land speculators with interests west of the Appalachians. II Newspaper editors and lawyers. III Farmers wishing to settle in the Ohio River Valley. IV Boston smugglers. A. III only B. IV only C. I and III only D. I, III, and IV only E. I, II, III, and IV

23. The British government imposed the Townshend Acts on the American colonies in the belief that A. the American position regarding British taxation had changed. B. it was necessary to provoke a military confrontation in order to teach the colonists a lesson. C. its provisions were designed solely to enforce mercantilism. D. it had been approved by the colonial legislatures. E. the Americans would accept it as external rather than internal taxation.

24. The Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts differed from the previously passed Navigation Acts in that A. the Navigation Acts passed goods imported to the colonies directly from Britain, whereas the Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts taxed only goods imported to the colonies from outside of Britain. B. the Navigation Acts taxed only the ships in which goods were transported to the colonies, not the merchandise carried by those ships. The Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts taxed specific merchandise carried by ships to the colonies. C. The Navigation Acts taxed goods based on the distance the goods traveled to reach America, whereas the Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts taxed the goods themselves, regardless of how far they traveled to reach America. D. the Navigation Acts taxed only goods imported to the colonies from outside of Britain, whereas the Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts taxed goods imported to the colonies directly from Britain. E. the Sugar Act and the Townshend Acts put specific limits on which goods imported to the colonies could be taxed, whereas the Navigation Acts had taxed virtually everything transported by ship from Britain to the colonies. 25. "All men are, by nature, equal and free: No one has any right to any authority over another without his consent: all lawful government is founded on the consent of those who are subject to it: Such consent was given with a view to ensure and to increase the happiness of the governed, above what they could enjoy in an independent and unconnected state of nature." This quotation from James Wilson is an example of the A. doctrine of nullification. B. philosophy of natural rights. C. philosophy of rugged individualism. D. Southern states' rights point of view. E. rhetoric of Populism.

26. In 1774 Jefferson wrote that although "single acts of tyranny may be ascribed to the accidental opinion of the day . . . a series of oppressions begun at a distinguished period and pursued unalterably through every change of ministers too plainly prove a deliberate and systematic plan of reducing us to slavery."

Which of the following was not cited in this period as "deliberate and systematic" efforts to attack liberty? A. Boston Massacre and the massacre in St. Georges fields. B. missionaries sent by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. C. Stamp Act D. John Wilkes' being denied a seat in Parliament. E. British refusal to evacuate the Northwest posts.

27. Designed as an attempt to secure the loyalty of the French to their new rulers, this act broke new ground in toleration and statesmanship. Unfortunately for the British, the Americans saw only sinister designs. The act was the A. Treaty of Paris, 1783 B. Tea Act C. Statute of Westminster D. Declaratory Act E. Quebec Act

28. The Coercive Acts were passed in reaction to A. the Seven Years' War B. the Boston Massacre C. the Declaration of Independence. D. the formation of the Sons of Liberty. E. the Boston Tea Party.

29. The Intolerable Acts, also called the Repressive Acts, A. closed all American ports until the tea from the Boston Tea Party was paid for B. punished the colonists for the Stamp Act Congress C. extended the Canadian border down to the Ohio River. D. led to the First Continental Congress. E. were in retaliation for the Boston Massacre. 30. When colonial Massachusetts' Governor Thomas Hutchinson attempted to force the sale of taxed tea in Boston in 1773, Bostonians reacted with the A. Boston Massacre B. Boston Tea Party C. Declaration of Independence. D. Articles of Confederation. E. Massachusetts Circular Letter.

31. One of the purposes of the 1773 Tea Act was to A. prevent overconsumption of tea in America. B. lower the price of tea in Great Britain by decreasing the demand for it in America. C. save the British East India Company from financial ruin. D. create a long-term shift in wealth from Britain's North American colonies to its colony in India. E. calm labor unrest in India.

32. Why was there so much colonial opposition to the Tea Act of 1773? A. The East India Company was granted a monopoly control over the sale of tea in the colonies. B. The act raised the taxes on tea. C. British troops accompanied the British merchants who came to sell the tea. D. The tea tax was passed in retaliation for the Boston Tea Party. E. The act raised the price of tea.

33. The key issue that prevented the American colonists from resolving their problems with England without open rebellion was A. the sovereignty of King George III over the colonies. B. the sovereignty of Parliament's edicts over the colonies. C. the stationing of British soldiers on American soil. D. American desire for total independence from Britain. E. the use of boycotts by American colonists to resist taxes passed by Parliament.

34. The action portrayed in the above cartoon led Britain to enact the A Stamp Act B Navigation Acts C Coercive Acts D Declaratory Act E Quebec Act

35. The battles of Lexington and Concord were significant because A. they convinced the British that the colonists could not be defeated militarily and led to the British abandonment of the port of Boston. B. they proved the superiority of European military tactics as well as the superiority of British regulars to the ragtag American militia. C. they marked the first organized battles between British regulars and colonial militiamen and ended any hopes for a peaceful resolution to the disagreement between England and its colonies. D. they marked the turning point of the American Revolution. After Concord, the British were never again able to regain the offensive against the Americans. E. they led to 's betrayal of the American cause when he felt he wasn't given enough recognition for his role in leading the Americans to victory.

36. Born in England of Quaker parents, he participated in both the American and French Revolutions through his inflammatory writings. Who is described? A. Marquis de Lafayette B. Thaddeus Kosciusko C. Baron von Steuben D. Thomas Paine E. .

37. Thomas Paine's pamphlet introduced a new element into the debate with Britain by A. calling for complete independence of the colonies and attacking not only King George III but also the idea of monarchy. B. emphasizing that both internal and external taxes could be levied on the colonies by the Parliament in London. C. rejecting 's contract theory of government. D. arguing that taxation for the purpose of paying the government debt contracted during the French and Indian War was acceptable. E. suggesting that the colonies reconcile their differences with the government in London.

38. Thomas Paine's pamphlet Common Sense was significant in that it A. emotionally aroused thousands of colonists to the abuses of British rule, the oppressiveness of the monarchy, and the advantages of colonial independence. B. rallied American spirits during the bleak winter of 1776, when it appeared that Washington's forces, freezing and starving at , had no hope of surviving the winter, much less defeating the British. C. called for a strong central government to rule the newly independent American states and foresaw the difficulties inherent within the Articles of Confederation. D. asserted to its British readers that they could not beat the American colonists militarily unless they could isolate New England from the rest of the American colonies. E. explained the urgent need for a "bill of rights" to expressly guarantee certain freedoms not specifically laid out in the newly adopted United States Constitution.

39. In seeking diplomatic recognition from foreign powers during the War for Independence, the American government found it necessary to A. make large financial payments to the governments of France, Spain, and Holland. B. promise to cede large tracts of American territory to France upon a victorious conclusion of the war. C. demonstrate its financial stability and self-sufficiency. D. demonstrate a determination and potential to win independence. E. agree to grant France a specially favored trading status.

40. Congress' most successful and effective method of financing the War of Independence was A. printing large amounts of paper money. B. obtaining grants and loans from France and the Netherlands. C. levying heavy direct taxes. D. issuing paper securities backed by the promise of western land grants. E. appealing to the states for voluntary contributions.

41. "'The natural liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on earth, and not to be under the will or legislative authority of man, but only to have the law of nature for his rule.' This is the liberty of independent states; this is the liberty of every man out of society, and who has a mind to live so; which liberty is only abridged in certain instances, not lost to those who are born in or voluntarily enter into society; this gift of God cannot be annihilated." Which of the following documents most closely incorporates the idea expressed in this quotation? A. Communist Manifesto B. Declaration of Independence. C. Emancipation Proclamation. D. The U.S. Constitution E. Northwest Ordinance.

42. Which of the following ideas is not found in the preamble to the Declaration of Independence? A. Governments exist to protect their citizens' inalienable rights. B. When a government is oppressive the people have a right to revolt. C. The government is the servant of the people, not their master. D. Governments are founded on the popular . E. Governments exist to give all people an equal opportunity to share in the wealth of the nation.

43. "All men are created equal . . . [and] they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights. . . among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; that whenever any form of government become destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it. . . " The above passage from the Declaration of Independence reflects A. the divine right monarchy theory of government B. the principle of anarchism C. John Locke's contract theory of government D. the impact of Thomas Paine's essay The Rights of Man on Thomas Jefferson. E. Thomas Jefferson's belief in Calvinism.

Questions 44-45 refer to the following statement The present King of Great Britain . . . has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws. . . .

44. The "constitution" referred to in the excerpt from the Declaration of Independence shown above was A. the principles common to all of the colonial charters B. the Articles of Confederation C. a constitution for the colonies written by Sir William Blackstone. D. the laws passed concurrently by the several colonial legislatures. E. the principles the colonists had always believed had traditionally regulated English government.

45. The protest that the king had "combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitution" referred to George III's A. alliance with the king of France B. use of Hessian mercenaries. C. reliance on his representative n the colonies. D. approval of parliamentary laws impinging on colonial self-government. E. intention to place a German prince on the throne of British America.

46. If an historian doing original research wished to analyze the changes made in Thomas Jefferson's original draft of the Declaration of Independence by the Committee of Five and by the members of the Continental Congress, the best way to begin would be to A. call the Library of Congress and ask for advice. B. consult the final version signed by members of the continental Congress and the letters they wrote about the Declaration. C. visit the National Archives to study the original draft and other early copies of the Declaration including the version signed by the members of the Congress. D. read a book on the writing of the Declaration of Independence and analyze the author's conclusion. E. address the National Organization of American Historians and ask the historians present at the meeting what they believe the changes were.

47. Which Revolutionary War battle is considered the "turning point" in the war because it led to direct French assistance for the Americans? A. Trenton B. Bunker Hill C. Princeton D. Yorktown E. Saratoga.

48. The American treaty with France in 1778 brought all of the following benefits to the American cause during the Revolutionary War EXCEPT A France openly aided the Americans B France sent troops and naval vessels to America C the British had to fight the French in the West Indies D Spain entered the war as an ally of the United States E Spain was an ally of France

49. Americans benefitted greatly from the 1783 Treaty of Paris between the United States and Britain essentially because A trade disputes with Canada were resolved B the western border of the U.S. was the Rocky Mountains C Britain's Indian allies also signed the treaty D the United States was granted independence unconditionally E Florida became a U.S. territory

50. The Battle of Saratoga resulted in A. Spain entering into a military alliance with the British in order to protect the Spanish colonies in the Americas. B. the French formally recognizing American independence and making an open treaty of alliance with the Americans. C. convincing the Indians to join the Americans in their struggle against the British. D. isolating New England from the other colonies. E. the Americans accepting British offers of reconciliation.

51. During the American War of Independence, the battle of Saratoga was most significant because it A. left the British with inadequate resources to carry on the war. B. prevented the British from ever mounting another successful invasion of American territory. C. allowed American forces to seize large portions of Canada. D. persuaded France to begin supporting the Americans openly. E. caused Holland to delay its decision to enter the war on the side of the British.

52. The French formally recognized American independence and made an open treaty of alliance with the Americans as a result of the A. defection of Benedict Arnold to the British in 1780. B. defeat of General Cornwallis at Cowpens and his turn northward. C. increasing strength of the Tories in the Southern colonies. D. defeat of the Hessians at Trenton E. surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga.

53. France's support for the United States during the American Revolutionary War was motivated primarily by A. enthusiasm for the revolutionary principles espoused by the Americans. B. a desire to weaken its rival, Great Britain. C. a desire to regain Canada and Florida. D. pressures from its ally, Spain. E. the hope of converting the United States into a French dependency.

54. The primary reason for French aid to the American colonists was A. French belief in the ideals for which the American Revolution stood. B. English attacks against French naval vessels along the French coast. C. American promises to restore Louisiana and Quebec to French control in return for French aid. D. French desires for revenge against England and hopes to regain much of the territory lost to the British in the Seven Years' War. E. French belief that aid to the Americans would force Britain to consider forming a confederation with France, allowing them to jointly dominate European affairs.

55. The resulted from A. attempts to bring Kansas into the Union as a slave state. B. a plot by the Nationalist faction to overthrow the Articles of Confederation and replace the Continental Congress with a strong central government headed by European-style monarch. C. fears, at the conclusion of the Revolutionary War, that the Continental Congress would disband the army without funding the soldiers' pensions. D. plans by Aaron Burr to create a separate republic, with himself as the leader, in the American lands west of the Appalachians. E. schemes by France to regain dominance in the Mississippi Valley by enlisting the aid of several prominent Americans, promising them large tracts of land in the region in return for their assistance in the scheme.

56. The Newburgh Conspiracy was concerned with A. betrayal of the plans for the vital fort at West Point, . B. the use of the to create a more centralized Union of the states. C. resistance to the collection of federal excise taxes in western Pennsylvania. D. New England's threat to secede should the War of 1812 continue. E. Aaron Burr's plot to detach the western United States as an empire for himself.

57. All of the following contributed to discontent among soldiers in the Continental Army EXCEPT A most soldiers were draftees B the soldiers feared for the welfare of families back home C the army had inadequate arms and ammunition D the army paid soldiers in depreciated paper money E the army was inadequately fed and clothed

58. On March 5, 1782, the House of Commons authorized King George III to make peace with the American colonies as a result of General Charles Cornwallis' defeat at A. Saratoga B. Guilford Courthouse C. Yorktown D. King's Mountain E. Charleston.

59. General Charles Cornwallis' surrender at Yorktown resulted largely from the A. failure of the British to capture and hold Charleston as a base of operations. B. French fleet winning control of the Chesapeake Bay. C. mass desertion of Hessians from the . D. arrival of fresh Spanish soldiers to reinforce Washington's army. E. the defection of Benedict Arnold at West Point.

60. France negotiated a treaty of alliance with the new American nation in 1778 following A the defeat of the British General Burgoyne at Saratoga B American naval victories on the Great Lakes C the dispatch of an American peace mission to Britain. D an ultimatum by American diplomats. E a personal plea by .

61. Which of the following is a true statement about the Treaty of Paris that ended the American Revolutionary War? A It resulted in the return of all property confiscated from Loyalists by individual American states during the war. B It recognized United States sovereignty over territory east of the Mississippi, between the Great Lakes and Florida. C It led to the speedy withdrawal of all British troops from American soil D American negotiators consistently followed the guidelines specified by the Continental Congress. E The only parties to the treaty were Great Britain and the allied nations, the United States and France

62. Which of the following was true of the French-American Alliance formed in 1778? A It contributed little to the American victory in the Revolutionary War. B It restricted French naval activity to the high seas, far from the North American coast. C It influenced the British to offer generous peace terms in the Treaty of Paris in 1783. D It allowed the French to repossess their North American colonies lost in 1763. E It specifically prohibited the deployment of French troops on North American soil.

63. "Neither of the two parties shall conclude either truce or peace with Great Britain without the formal consent of the other first obtained; and they mutually engage not to lay down their arms until the independence of the United States shall have been formally or tacitly assured by the treaty or treaties that shall terminate the war." This passage is Article VIII of the Treaty of Alliance of 1778 between France and the United States. The United States did not keep its pledge to France as stipulated in Article VIII. It instead signed a peace treaty without conferring with France. Why? A. It did not want to get involved with the French Revolution. B. It discovered that France and its ally Spain were eager to prevent it from gaining control of the territory extending from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River. C. Since French military and naval aid did not amount to much help, it did not feel obligated to follow the treaty. D. No British troops were left in the United States after the capture of Cornwallis' army, and the British quickly gave in before we had an opportunity to consult with our ally France. E. Washington's Neutrality Proclamation, April 22, 1793, abrogated the Treaty of 1778.

64. Which of the following was not a provision of the Paris Peace Treaty ending the American Revolution? A. Louisiana was returned to French control. B. Florida was returned to Spanish control. C. The United States was recognized as an independent nation. D. The lands between the Mississippi and the Appalachians were given to the U.S. in disregard for the rights of Indian tribes living in those regions. E. The British granted the Americans fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland.