sign in sign up
<<
Home , Alexander McDougall, Benjamin Edes, Loyal Nine, Sons of Liberty

Sons of Liberty, 1765

Case Western Reserve University Model United Nations Spring Conference 2020

CWRUMUN•CCWA Spring Conference 2020

FROM YOUR CRISIS DIRECTOR Dear Delegates, My name is Sydney Olney, and it is with distinct pleasure that I welcome you to the , 1765 Crisis Committee! Sons of Liberty, 1765 is based on the activity of various chapters of the revolutionary organization, most notably, the and groups. This committee will provide delegates with the unique opportunity to exercise their knowledge of revolutionary history in a fast-paced, dynamic, and contemporary setting. As delegates of Sons of Liberty, 1765, you will fight for representation, utilize the power of the mob, and influence the trajectory of the American colonies towards (or away from) revolution. The fate of your countrymen is in your hands!

I anticipate that many of you will be completely new to crisis—that is okay. We will reward research, hard work, and initiative. An involved and inexperienced delegate will have more impact on committee than a disengaged veteran. The committee will also look favorably on well- rounded delegates who are able to balance speaking time, directives, and crisis notes. As such, try your best not to neglect one part of your role for another, as every aspect of delegate performance will be considered when determining awards.

My utmost hope for our two days together is that all of you will be able to learn and grow as delegates. I didn’t start Model United Nations, until college, so I know what it’s like to feel completely out of your depth in a committee. If you have any questions on crisis elements, parliamentary procedure, or anything else before or during the conference, please feel free to email me or any other staff. Questions are indicative of a delegate’s investment in the topic at hand, so no one should feel uncomfortable or embarrassed asking for help.

I am excited to meet all of you, and welcome again to Sons of Liberty, 1765!

Sincerely,

Sydney Olney [email protected]

[1]

CWRUMUN•CCWA Spring Conference 2020

MEET THE TEAM

Sydney Olney Patrick Lee Jacob Warmath Crisis Director Chair Staff Sydney Olney is a sophomore Patrick Lee is a 3rd year Jacob Warmath is a freshman at Japanese Studies and Anthropology Cognitive Science Major at Case CWRU from Charlotte, North major as well as the current Western Reserve University. He is Carolina. Jacob participated in Secretary of the CWRUMUN team. a Residential Assistant and has Model UN throughout high school She began Model United Nations as been a part of the CWRUMUN attending conferences such as a freshman in college and was team for all three years of college. HMUN and MUNUC. He has He has cochaired DISEC and immediately hooked by the previously chaired for his local high chaired a Crisis on China and transient nature of debate, policy, school conference and for the UNSC before. He likes and social dynamics on the conference at CWRU this fall. He is experimenting in the kitchen interested in studying both competitive circuit. Outside of whether with baking experiments computer science and data science Model United Nations, Sydney is or cooking new dishes. He really an active member of her sorority, enjoys hiking and rock climbing. but for now is unsure in which he works as a campus ambassador for During Winter Break he went home will end up majoring. Outside of the Harvard Innovation Labs to New Jersey to visit family and Model UN most of his Startup Ignite Mental Health, and friends and enjoyed a relaxing few extracurricular time goes into spends her summers teaching weeks. playing club ultimate for CWRU's immersive Japanese at Concordia competitive men's team. Over Language Villages. Sydney has Christmas break he travelled to always loved American history, New Zealand for two weeks with particularly periods of internal his family and spent the rest of the unrest and instability, so she is break at home in Charlotte. excited to see what delegates have in store! Sydney spent her Christmas break petting dogs, reading books, playing Dragon Age, and watching The Good Place.

[2]

CWRUMUN•CCWA Spring Conference 2020

INTRODUCTION TO idea before entering committee of want it accomplished), and how CRISIS how you plan on pushing your crisis (how the group or individual you arc both front room and back room. are writing to will help accomplish Characters and Crisis Arcs Both front room and back room your goal). It is important to offer unique ways to exercise your remember that crisis notes are often Every crisis arc begins with a character’s power and carry out used for promoting actions that may character. Unlike General your crisis arc. be frowned upon or go entirely Assemblies, your crisis character is against the agenda of committee, so Directives a living, breathing person prone to it is important to cover your tracks subjectivity and self-serving Directives will be your means of in your notes. Ambitious delegates motivations. The best delegates will action in the front room. They are may consider writing joint crisis lean into even the most trivial short and often collaborative notes in which the resources of two information in their biographies to collections of clauses that aim to or more delegates are used to create a believable and entertaining address specific obstacles in achieve a certain outcome (to be character. After you understand committee, especially those clear, this requires the signatures of your character, it is up to you to resulting from “crisis updates”, all delegates involved on said note). create a “crisis arc”—a which will be covered later. Crisis Lastly, remember to get creative! comprehensive, long-term plan for directives follow roughly the same The more fun back room staffers your actions in committee. Crisis format as General Assembly have reading your notes, the better arcs should be kept private to clauses but should be much more response you will get. prevent other delegates from substantive. For example, a longer interfering in your plans. A good Crisis Updates directive condemning a recent riot crisis arc, like good crisis notes, but taking no further steps to The last element of crisis are “crisis consists of a what, why, and how: address the problem will have less updates”, which are random events What is your desired outcome? impact on committee than a shorter introduced to committee by the Why are you pursuing your desired directive that creates anti-mob crisis team. Crisis updates are outcome? How will you achieve militias. Crisis directives are voted usually the result of delegates’ prior your desired outcome? Once you on in waves by simple majority, actions in committee, both front have fleshed out your character and typically with for and against room and back room. Delegates your crisis arc, you are ready for speeches. should aim to have their arc appear committee. in every crisis update, as doing so is Crisis Notes Front Room and Back Room essential to success in committee. Crisis notes are essential to a While directives are committee- Crisis Committees are generally delegate’s back room agenda. On driven and thus common broken down into two separate the college circuit, crisis notes are knowledge, your back room actions means of influencing committee: typically written in the letter format, are not. Thus, while you want your front room and back room. Front addressed to a specific group or notes to impact the crisis update, room, like General Assembly, individual and signed by your you may not always want your entails giving speeches and character. As many of you may name to appear within it. Keep this working with other delegates to continue with Model United in mind as you write your crisis pass written policy. The role of Nations past high school, we notes. Crisis updates are meant to back room is to push your agenda in encourage you to use this format. A test delegates’ quick thinking, so be ways that you don’t want the rest of good crisis note, like a good sure to address the problems committee to trace back to you, for character arc, needs a who (who brought up in updates in your example, sabotaging the plans of you are writing to), what (what you directives and crisis notes. committee or investigating other want accomplished), why (why you delegates. You should have a clear

[3]

CWRUMUN•CCWA Spring Conference 2020

HISTORICAL conference team. The list of The Empires of Britain and BACKGROUND unacceptable topics to pursue in France both claimed to control the committee includes but is not Ohio River Valley, but with Introduction limited to pro-slavery movements, competing claims conflict was indigenous violence, genocide, imminent. The British claimed to The Sons of Liberty were active sexual assault, human trafficking, be the rightful owners of the land, for the English government had in colonial politics before war and prostitution. I trust that previously granted royal charters crimes and human rights were delegates will exercise the worded such that all land between popularized concepts. As such, it appropriate consideration on this will be impossible to avoid topics of Canada and Florida was part of front both inside and outside of 5 torture and mob violence against British colonies. France, however, committee. had its own claim to all the land in civilians both in the historical the Mississippi Valley, which background and in committee. I do The Seven Years’ War included the Ohio Valley. 6 With Beginning in 1754 and ending in ask, however, that delegates British colonists slowly making 1763 the approach these topics with the their way further inland in order to served as a direct predecessor to the maturity, tact, and grace befitting of trade with Native Americans allied American Revolutionary War. The young adults. The crisis team will with the British Empire and the conflict began over a dispute not tolerate gratuitous descriptions French Empire beginning to regarding which nation controlled of violence in directives, speeches, establish permanent settlements in the territory of the Ohio River the northern Ohio Valley, nothing or crisis notes. Valley: the British Empire or the could be done to stop conflict. French Empire.1 While discussions of torture and The French forced the hand of In addition to being, for the most mob violence in the context of a the British by destroying an part, self-sufficient, the European revolutionary group such as the important British trading outpost colonists took part in trade with the Sons of Liberty are unavoidable, and by the removal of all English- Native American peoples along speaking traders through either there are other contemporary issues North American’s eastern capture or murder. 7 This sparked that the committee will not address seaboard. 2 The two parties British colonial militias to defend under any circumstances, namely, primarily exchanged furs and their land by attacking the French.8 racism, sexism, and other identity- tools.3 Furs could fetch high prices In turn, the French retaliated, based discrimination. Abolitionist, back in Europe, while weapons and resulting in the two empires and anti-slavery movements by tools such as axes and guns allowed descending into war. This conflict the natives to be more effective delegates will be allowed, but any remained localized in North both in war and in daily life.4 As efforts to perpetuate race, religion, America until 1756, when the two trade with Native Americans was or gender-based violence in nations declared war on a global quite a profitable business to be in, speeches, directives, or crisis notes scale, beginning the Seven Years’ neither Britain nor France wanted will be condemned and reported to War (also known as the French and to cede land claims to the other. the delegate’s chaperone by the Indian War). In North America

1 “French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War, 1754–63,” Office of the Historian, U.S. Department of State, accessed January 14, 2020, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1750-1775/french-indian-war. 2 Ann M Carlos and Frank D Lewis, “The Economic History of the Fur Trade: 1670 to 1870,” EHnet, Economic History Association, accessed January 14, 2020, https://eh.net/encyclopedia/the-economic-history-of-the-fur-trade-1670-to-1870/ 3 “Colonial Economy,” American History, University of Groningen, 2012, http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/outlines/economy-1991/a- historical-perspective-on-the-american-economy/colonial-economy.php 4 Ann M Carlos and Frank D Lewis, “The Economic History of the Fur Trade: 1670 to 1870” 5 “French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War, 1754–63” 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid. 8 Ibid.

[4]

CWRUMUN•CCWA Spring Conference 2020 each side was aided by Native smugglers. 13 Consequently, the maintain British garrisons in the American allies—the French and American colonists began to colonies. the Wabanaki Confederacy fought boycott British goods, further against the British and the Iroquois angering Parliament. This led The opposition to this tax was Confederacy. Parliament to pass the 1765 Stamp strong as many colonists felt that While the British were initially Act, a tax on legal documents and this was incredibly unfair. There losing, they were able to turn the paper produced in the colonies.14 was a sentiment that only their own tide after significant victories in The colonial representative bodies India and Canada. 9 After failed should be able to impose internal peace negotiations, the Spanish The Stamp Act caused much taxes. The British claim that all came to the aid of France, joining discontent in the colonies. The Act British subjects had virtual the fight in early 1762. The conflict was the first passed by the British representation in Parliament was ceased in 1763 with the British Parliament directly targeting the rebuked because colonies could not overtaking all French land east of colonies and internal sales. 15 As vote for representatives. The the Mississippi River and the they were dealing with significant opposition stoked colonial fears of Spanish colony of Florida. After the debt from the recently concluded a start to a tyrannical end where the British would continue to strip war, the British elected to keep a Seven Years War, the British away all of the rights of colonists. permanent army in their American Parliament justified the Stamp Act colonies in order to try to keep There were questions as to why by saying the colonies owed the peace with native tribes.10 This led garrisoned troops were only to be crown for sending British forces to to Pontiac’s Rebellion, an uprising established in the colonies after the by Native Americans which led to protect them. There would now be French threat had been dealt with. the prohibition of further a tax on all paper documents sold in Colonial resistance was brushed colonization west of the Allegheny the colonies; all legal documents aside by Parliament and the Stamp Mountains.11 and printed materials would need to Act was pushed through. Many Fighting a global war was in no have a certified stamp on them notable figures began rising up to way cheap. Victory in the Seven provided once the tax was paid. challenge and contest it after its Years’ War was Pyrrhic, for the This would include wills, deeds, passing. Colonial newspapers fighting resulted in dramatic newspapers, pamphlets, playing spread resolutions from the in Virginia opposing increases to the debt of the British cards, and dice. Additionally, 12 the Stamp Act. The radical message Empire. Furthermore, the British smugglers and those who tried to of opposing the were of the sentiment that the subvert the tax would not be tried in colonists should help pay for the tyranny and the similar sentiments colonial courts, rather they could be army that defended them from the of his fellow representatives led to tried in vice-admiralty courts an extralegal convention with French. In an effort to offset the 16 debt the British parliament began without the presence of a jury. delegates from nine colonies strictly enforcing the 1730 Sugar The costs would be in order to pay meeting in 1765 to discuss next Act in 1764, raising molasses prices off their war debts as well as steps. Meanwhile, colonists in New for colonists and upsetting wealthy York invaded a British arsenal and tampered with the weaponry as an

9 Ibid. 10 “Effects Of The War,” American History, University of Groningen, 2012, http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/essays/before-1800/french-and- indian-wars/effects-of-the-war.php 11 “French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War, 1754–63” 12 “British Reforms and Colonial Resistance, 1763-1766,” Library of Congress, Library of Congress, accessed January 14, 2020, http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/amrev/britref/ 13 Ibid. 14 Ibid. 15 "Stamp Act - Fact, Reaction & Legacy - HISTORY." 9 Nov. 2009, https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/stamp-act. Accessed 13 Jan. 2020. 16 Ibid.

[5]

CWRUMUN•CCWA Spring Conference 2020 act of defiance against the Stamp Sons of Liberty, located in Boston. accommodations. The Stamp Act is Act. Many scholars have argued that the only one part of the bigger picture. The Sons of Liberty may have had a hand in As a prominent officer of the Sons founding the chapter, but these of Liberty, it is up to your discretion By August 1765, discontent claims have never been proven. The to determine which of these events over the Stamp Act pushed the revolutionaries in New York soon warrant further action and which to influential colonial men of Boston followed and founded their own pursue in committee. Finally, note to take action. A group known as chapter in November of that year. It that the Sons of Liberty prioritized the Loyal Nine, largely consisting is difficult to tell where exactly the control of the mob over all else. of the future members of the Sons Loyal Nine ends and the Sons of They understood its potential to be of Liberty, commissioned gang Liberty begins as both groups a source of political capital as well leader Ebenezer Mackintosh to receive varying levels of credit for as aimless destruction. Keep this organize mob and protest activity the aforementioned protests. Thus, duality of outcomes in mind as you against the Stamp Act.17 The first of it is reasonable for delegates, push for action during committee. these displays was on August 14th, particularly those whose characters 1765, when an effigy of stamp The Stamp Act hail from Boston, to incorporate the distributor was history of the Loyal Nine into their hanged from the Boston Liberty Discontent for the Stamp Act is speeches and character arcs. Tree. Oliver’s house was ransacked still rampant among the middle and 18 lower class in Boston with no by a mob that same night. After While the Sons of Liberty are resolution in sight. Previous actions the attacks, several stamp collectors often regarded as a formal 19 taken by mobs are inspiring resigned out of fear for their lives. organization, most historians agree sporadic acts of violence that are The increasingly violent attacks that it was actually a loose quickly becoming uncontrollable. against loyalists and government movement that encompassed all To make things worse, Ebenezer officials did not go unnoticed by the colonial men with revolutionary Mackintosh may not work for you Loyal Nine. sentiments.21 There were, however, anymore, but he has become a hero several notable members that Mackintosh would continue to for many revolutionaries and has organized the movement’s sow seeds of discontent for the been seen calling for further attacks activities and coordinated between Loyal Nine until August 26th, when on British officials in the streets. colonial chapters. These are the an angry mob raided and destroyed members that will make up the home of prominent loyalist The Quartering Act committee. politician Thomas Hutchinson. One of the most recent acts While the Loyal Nine supported CURRENT ISSUES passed by British Parliament is the public demonstrations against the Quartering Act, which requires Stamp Act, they condemned It is December 1765. The past colonists to house British soldiers at unnecessary violence and distanced year has laid witness to several their private homes at the behest of 20 themselves from Mackintosh. All actions against the colonies by the local government officials. It is members of the Loyal Nine later British Empire, ranging from only a matter of time before public joined the founding chapter of the economic restriction to military discontent erupts over the law, but

17 Rebecca Brooks, “The Sons of Liberty: Who Were They and What Did They Do?” . Accessed January 10th, 2020. https://historyofmassachusetts.org/the-sons-of-liberty-who-were-they-and-what-did-they-do/ 18 Peter C. Messer, Between Sovereignty and Anarchy: The Politics of Violence in the American Revolutionary Era (University of Virginia Press, 2015), 120. 19 Ibid. 20 Ibid, 129. 21 Thomas W. Ramsbey, “The Sons of Liberty: The Early Inter-Colonial Organization,” International Review of Modern Sociology, 17, no. 2 (1987): 318.

[6]

CWRUMUN•CCWA Spring Conference 2020 whether the outrage will be directed Espionage though there is some question as to by the Sons of Liberty is in the whether his loyalty truly lies with Because of the loose, informal hands of committee. the Patriots. nature of the lower ranks of the : Benjamin Edes, Expansion and Communication Sons of Liberty, it can be although born in England, moved to impossible to tell where men’s the colonies at a young age. He is The Sons of Liberty can only do loyalties truly lie. After all, what the son of a blue-collar worker and so much with two colonial chapters. better way to understand your received only moderate education. Even between New York and enemy than to ascend through their Ealey in his adult life Edes moved Boston, there is no formal means of ranks and become one of them? to Boston where he later came to coordination between members. While there have been no instances work at the , a paper With revolutionary sentiments that promoted colonial for concern yet, rumors of a mole growing in colonies such as independence. Writing for the have made their way all the way up Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Boston Gazette Edes criticized to you, the officers of the Rhode Island, expanding political British policy heavily. organization. There is only so much efforts and organizing is essential to : Benjamin Kent is that one man can do as an ordinary helping the revolutionary cause. a former minister against whom member of the Sons of Liberty, but accusations of heresy were brought Committee is comprised of both should the mole work his way up due to his questioning of certain current members and prominent the ranks, there would be extreme aspects of Christianity. Kent later revolutionaries who have yet to reason for concern. became one of the first practicing formally join the cause due to lawyers in Boston. As a lawyer, he geographic difficulties, so an CHARACTER rose to prominence through expanded base of operation will be BACKGROUNDS representing slaves in efforts to in many delegates’ best interest. gain their freedom from their : Samuel Adams is masters. Kent is one of the more Autonomy of the Mob a well-educated young Bostonian senior members of the Sons of It is a difficult job to funnel the currently in the early stages of a Liberty. : John Hancock anger of thousands of colonists into political career. He comes from a family with a background of comes from immense wealth productive political action, but it is significant involvement in both having inherited a fortune from his the job that you chose. Should the religion and politics. He is a uncle. Hancock began his political mob become autonomous and prominent member of both the career under the tutelage of Samuel escalate conflict further, it is Boston Town Meeting and the Adams. Hancock was critical of the possible that Britain will take Massachusetts House of Parliament introduction of the on military action and douse the and has served as a tax collector economic grounds, for the similar embers of revolution before they with a history of failing to collect of 1733 yielded very have had a chance to burn. With the from his peers. With the little profit due to illicit smuggling. dismissal of Mackintosh, it will be introduction of the Sugar act in Hancock, as a loyal British subject, up to you to find other mob captains 1764 and the Stamp Act in 1765, initially opted for a moderate stance capable and charismatic enough to Adams feels the rights of the regarding the 1765 Stamp Act fill his shoes. Of course, if the colonists are being infringed by this though he later chose to become a patriot. Despite Hancock being on people of the colonies were to learn taxation without representation. Benjamin Church: Benjamin the side of the independence that the Sons of Liberty were Church is a native of Rhode Island movement, he does not approve of stifling their anger in any way, the and comes from a religious family. the use of violence. anger of the mob could turn on you, After moving to Boston Church James Otis: James Otis is a the committee. garnered a reputation as a skillful prominent Boston lawyer known doctor and surgeon. Church is an largely for his lengthy oration in

ardent supporter of the Whig ideals opposition to the Writs of

[7]

CWRUMUN•CCWA Spring Conference 2020

Assistance. Otis published a physician, philosopher, and for Brown University. Ellery is also pamphlet in 1765 outlining how the politician with a medical practice in interested in the founding of a Writs are unconditionally under Albany. He is consistently at odds Rhode Island chapter of the Sons of British Law. By choice Otis elects with the clergy and officials. His Liberty. to not to identify as a revolutionary medical research into ingrafting : Mulligan is an as he is much more cautious than against smallpox is considered American-Irish tailor. He has ties to other Patriots such as Samuel heretical and his belief in Deism is King’s College’s alumni circles. He Adams. As he was among the first also somewhat controversial. He is runs a tailor shop and haberdashery, to speak out in criticism of British working on releasing a book serving many British officials. He rule he is among the leaders of the supporting Deism and opposing is exceptionally detailed at keeping independence movement. Otis organized religion. records about his clients and coined the phrase "taxation without Timothy Bigelow: Bigelow is an oftentimes keeps notes of the gossip representation is tyranny" skilled and well known blacksmith : Paul Revere is a in Worcester, Massachusetts. He and classified details shared with prominent silversmith and engraver has ties to and is a rising member of him in confidence. the blacksmiths’ guild. Bigelow is in Boston. After a short stint in the Joseph Allicocke: Allicocke is a also a skillful orator and debater, as army during the Seven Years' War prominent member of the New seen in his ability to persuade and he gained control of his father's York City chapter, especially silver shop for his own. The 1765 convince. : Coming from valuable for his status as a trusted Stamp Act has had a significant Braintree, Massachusetts, Crane colonial merchant to the British negative effect of the amount of was a soldier in the French and Empire. Hailing from Antigua, he business Revere has been receiving. Indian War. He is well respected for was sent to Pennsylvania for his Isaiah Thomas: Thomas is a well- his military service and talent. He schooling before moving to New respected publisher based in Nova has ties to groups of anti-monarch York. There is speculation by some Scotia. Born and appreciated in disgruntled soldiers that are on Allicocke’s true racial heritage, Boston, he moved to the Canadian beginning to appear in the although there is no evidence colony in 1965 in order to establish colonies. backing these theories. himself in the publishing industry. John Brown: Brown is a He manages the Halifax Gazette successful merchant, known for his Alexander McDougall: A Scottish when the English Stamp Act is success in the slave trade and China immigrant, McDougall spent his enacted on the colonies. Thomas trade. In developing his successful early life in America as a crown- landed the Gazette into trouble trade businesses, he has made and commissioned merchant , writing in strong opposition to the maintained strong relationships capturing ships and plundering Act with the regional government with privateer ship captains. His their loot in the name of the British financial success and his large claiming the paper to be seditious. Empire. After the death of his wife, merchant influences make him an Thomas continues to defy to speak he invested in land stocks and out against the British indignities. influential figure in Rhode Island. Brown is looking to form a became a merchant, soon becoming : Warren is a well- one of the richest men in New York. respected American physician. As Rhode Island chapter of the Sons of After the passing of the Stamp Act, Harvard is Warren’s alma mater, he Liberty. his revolutionary sentiment spurred has strong alumni connections. He : Ellery was a clerk is a practicing surgeon and a rising and Customs collector in Rhode him to join the politician. Following the passage of Island. Having graduated from chapter of the Sons of Liberty. Harvard, he has ties to alumni the 1765 Stamp Act, he has begun : After a short communicating with other networks. He also has ties to the stint in the Connecticut militia prominent Massachusetts Whigs Rhode Island government as part of during the Seven Years’ War, looking for like-minded Patriots. his occupation and is beginning to Thomas Young: Young is an learn and practice law. He also Arnold rose above his previous innovative, yet controversial recently has co-authored the charter occupation as a pharmacist and

[8]

CWRUMUN•CCWA Spring Conference 2020 bookseller and established himself as an international trader and importer, with most of his business in the West Indies. The Stamp Act and the Sugar Act have severely hurt Arnold’s business prospects. Rumors of Arnold’s large debt with creditors have been brought up in circles of high society, but it is uncertain whether it is simply loyalist slander. Marinus Willet: Although Willet prefers the sword to the pen and misses his days of action during the Seven Years’ War, he has still made himself quite a reputation as a popular leader among the New York Liberty Boys. He is particularly well-liked by the lower and middle-class due to his crude sense of humor and lack of typical upper-class pompousness. He can usually be found brawling with loyalists in his favorite tavern, at least until he gets kicked out. : Charles Thomson came to the colonies as a penniless Irish immigrant after his father died on the journey. He was adopted by a Delaware blacksmith, later moving to Pennsylvania and working as a Latin tutor. He enjoyed a brief friendship with during the Seven Years’ War, but the men parted ways after the Stamp Act. Thomson is looking to found a Pennsylvania chapter for the Sons of Liberty.

[9]