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Home , Boston Port Act, Declaratory Act, Loyal Nine, Quebec Act, Townshend Acts

Growing Confrontation Change in British Imperial Policy

 End of “Salutary Neglect”  Re-Assert authority over Colonies  Taxation for Revenue What economic confrontation could this create? Post War Tension – Military

Issue Colonials British

Methods of •Indian-style guerilla March in formation or fighting tactics bayonet charge Organization •Militias served under Officers wanted to take own captains charge of colonials •No military Drills and tough Discipline deference or discipline protocols observed Colonists should pay for •Resistance to raising their own defense Finances taxes “Prima Donna” officers •Casual, non- with servants and tea Demeanor professionals Post War Tension – Military

 Troop deployment  British left about 10,000 troops in America  Fear of French rebellion in  Fear of Indian attacks  Keep colonists from crossing Proclamation Line  Fear of independence movement What confrontation could this create? Post War Tension – Economic

 War taxes  British response  Massachusetts refused to  of 1764 pay without military  must pay with British control currency  Virginia refused to pay;  Parliament controls printed money to pay colonial currency debts (inflation)  Revenue Act of 1762  Ensure collection of customs  Royal Navy prohibit trade with French Post War Tension – Economic

 Result of French and Indian and Seven Years War  National debt doubles  New Prime Minister Lord Bute needed payment plan  New King, George III, wanted debt paid  Began to strictly enforce taxes in England Post War Tension – Political Reforms

 King George III = more monarchial control  Real Whigs:  Banks/financiers too much power  greater representation in Parliament  American colonies  critical to economic improvement  hadn’t paid fair share  End of Salutary Neglect British Attempts at Control

WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE FROM THE AMERICAN PERSPECTIVE?

WHAT DOES IT LOOK LIKE FROM THE BRITISH PERSPECTIVE? The

 Instituted by Prime Minister  Lowered tax on imported sugar  allowed American surplus goods to be sold to French  American smugglers angry  “taxation without representation”? Vice-Admiralty Courts

 Allowed judges to  Why is this wrong, sentence smugglers from the American  trial without jury perspective?  Why is this right, from the British perspective? The – 1765

 offset cost of British troops in colonies  Had to pay for stamps on  Court documents  Land titles  Contracts  Cards  Newspapers  Other printed items  Violators tried in Vice- Admiralty courts  Ben Franklin proposed colonial representation  seen as too radical The Quartering Act – 1765

 Related to Stamp Act  Colonies provided barracks, food for British troops  Colonial assemblies becoming powerless  Taxes  Trial by juries  Whether or not to have a standing army  How does this represent a change? Colonial Reaction

–  Burned tax collector in effigy  Attacked Lt. Gov. Thomas Hutchinson’s house   Began in New York City  Artisans/Merchants (stood to lose economically)  Evangelicals (worked hard; didn’t like work supporting corrupt officials)  People (tyranny of king) Colonial Reaction

 Boycott New York, Boston, and refused to import British goods  Mobs forced tax collectors to turn over stamps  British officials intimidated – wouldn’t require stamps  Leaders were upper class British Attempts at Control

ARE THE AMERICANS JUSTIFIED IN THEIR REBELLION? Intellectual Rebellion

 Merchants losing economically  Lawyers (defending merchants); a political issue  How do following relate?   Enlightenment philosophy   Glorious Revolution  Real Whigs (1765)

 Nine colonies sent 28  British Reaction representatives (no  New Prime Minister Lord GA, NC, VA, or NH) Rockingham repealed  three major resolves Stamp Act  Only taxed by elected  Reduced sugar tax on representatives French sugar; added tax on  right to trial by jury British sugar  want to remain loyal subjects to King  British merchants happy (suffered from boycott)  Hard liners unhappy   Parliament has full power and authority over colonies (1767)

 Pitt back in power  Very ill  Sympathetic to colonies  in charge  Chancellor of the Exchequer  No sympathy for colonies Townshend Acts (1767)

 Townshend Duties  Import Duties on lead, paint, glass, tea, paper  Customs Service Reorganization  Customs Commissioners; Vice-Admiralty Courts  New York Restraining Act  New York refused Quartering Act, legislature suspended  How does Townshend view the relationship? Colonial Response

’s Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer  British only want money  NONIMPORTATION  Boycotts in Boston and New York  Massachusetts assembly protest Colonial Response

 1768 2nd non-importation movement:  “”  spinning bees  Riots against customs agents:  ’s ship, the Liberty.  4000 British troops sent to Boston.  Parliament primarily targeting Massachusetts Compromise, again!

 Other problems in Empire (England, Ireland), British looked to diffuse situation  Boycott hurting economy  Repeal Townshend Acts (1770)  Left tax on tea (demonstrate authority)  Led by John Wilkes, Radical Whig in Parliament Land Issues

 Colonies feeling squeezed out of western lands  Indians have right to land (Proclamation of 1763)  Parliament looking to make line permanent Do you feel the British are trying to meet the Colonists’ needs? Why or why not? Still Tension . . .

 British troops in American cities  Fighting in New York, (1770)  British fired on mob  Killed five  Soldiers acquitted (defended by )  Mob taunted soldiers Leaders Leaders Leaders John Adams Leaders Ben Franklin Committees of Correspondence  Purpose  warn neighboring colonies about incidents with British  Gaspee  British customs ship burned in Rhode Island  Effect  Broadened resistance movement (1773)

• Americans liked Dutch tea (illegal) • British East India Co.: • Monopoly on tea imports • Members of Parliament held shares • Company sold tea directly to colonials without colonial middlemen (cheaper tea!) • Lord North expected colonials to choose cheaper tea • Who wins and who loses? (1773)

 Massachusetts (particularly Boston) = hotbed of resistance  Adams cousins, John Hancock, Boston Massacre  Ships arrived with tea  Governor Hutchinson made sure ships cleared customs  Ships couldn’t leave without unloading tea (and duties being paid)  December, 1773  Patriots disguised as Indians boarded Dartmouth and dumped tea overboard Boston Tea Party (1773) The Coercive or REPRESSIVE or (1774)

 Port closed until tea paid for  Government Act  Annulled Massachusetts charter  New Quartering Act  Colony had to build soldiers’ barracks or people quarter them  Administration of Justice Act  Those accused of capital crimes could be tried in Britain Act (1774) Extend boundaries of Quebec into River Valley Restricted American colonies expansion Legally recognized Roman Catholicism

• French- happy • American colonists angry (esp. Puritans) First (1774)

 All colonies invited

 Met in Philadelphia

 55 delegates from 12 colonies (not Georgia)

 No Canadian colonies or Florida  Agenda

 How to respond to Coercive Acts & ?  New England and Southern colonies favored union and war  Middle colonies favored compromise  Unity? First Continental Congress (1774)

 Declaration of Rights and Grievances

 Condemned Coercive Acts

 Demanded repeal of Coercive Acts

 Denied Declaratory Act  Economic attacks

 Less restriction on American trade

 Nonimportation

 Nonconsumption First Continental Congress (1774)

• Pitt’s compromise • British

• Remove troops from Boston

• Recognize Continental Congress

• Stop taxing • Colonies

• Acknowledge Parliament supreme

• Provide Britain revenue for war debts • Lord North did opposite:

• Higher military presence

• Blockade Who were the two sides?

Patriots Loyalists (Tories)

 Merchants: harmed  Large landowners and economically wealthy merchants  Lawyers: political (feared mob rule) injustice  Rural people: upper class  Farmers: heavily taxed backing patriot cause  Land seekers  Non-English ethnic  Planters relying on groups: feared political British merchants change  LIBERALS  CONSERVATIVES Lord Dunmore’s War

• Lack of British control in west • Lord Dunmore

• Claimed land near Fort Pitt

• Quakers claimed, too (unarmed) • Continued into Ohio Valley

• Defeated Shawnees

• Violated and crown

• Settlers claimed independence Compromise Fails

Patriots Loyalists (Tories)

 Massachusetts: open  General rebellion became governor  towns near Boston  3,500 troops in created militias Boston  Set up own legislature  Lord Dartmouth  Amassed weapons ordered Gage to put down rebellion The British Are Coming . . .

Night of April 18, 1775 General Gage heads for Concord makes famous ride to warn of approaching British soldiers The Shot Heard ’Round the World!

• Lexington & Concord

• April 18,1775 • Colonial losses

• 49 dead

• 39 wounded • British losses

• 73 dead

• 174 wounded The Second Continental Congress

 Called as result of fighting in Massachusetts  Met in Philadelphia (May, 1775)  Radicals (John & Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, etc.) wanted war  Moderates (John Dickinson – PA) looking for reconciliation The Second Continental Congress

 Dickinson’s  Loyalty to King George III  Asked for repeal of oppressive legislation  King’s response  Refused to receive Olive Branch Petition  determined to crush rebellion The Second Continental Congress

 Fighting continues  Breeds and Bunker Hills (Boston)  Patriot attempt at Quebec  Capture Montreal  Fail to capture  Virginia and the Carolinas rebel  Washington commander of Colonial forces  Merchants refused British goods Fighting in the South and West

• Battles between Loyalists and Patriots • Battles are

• Ethnic – Scots/Irish vs. English

• Class – Lower vs. upper

• Racial – slaves vs. whites • Rebels generally successful • Daniel Boone leads force to Kentucky

• Asks rebel government for recognition :

 Many Americans  angry with Parliament  still loyal to King  Thomas Paine  Emigrated from England (1774)  Radical Thomas Paine: Common Sense

 Common Sense (January, 1776)  Built on  John Locke and Glorious Revolution  Great Awakening: all equal in the eyes of God  root of the problem was monarchy Declaration of Independence (1776) Was the War avoidable?