Name:______Class Period:_____

Action-Reaction … The Road to Revolution APUSH Guide for American Pageant chapter 7 & 2nd half of AMSCO chapter 4 (and a bit from chapter 8 Pageant and chapter 5 AMSCO)

Directions Print document and take notes in the spaces provided. Read through the guide before you begin reading the chapter. This step will help you focus on the most significant ideas and information And as you read. Purpose These notes are not “hunt and peck” or “fill in the blank” notes. Think of this guide as a place for reflections and analysis using your noggin (thinking skills) and new knowledge gained from the reading.  Mastery of the course and AP exam await all who choose to process the information as they read/receive.

To what extent was America a revolutionary force from the first days of European discovery?

Assessment: ______Small extent? Large extent? Evidence to support your assessment: Evidence to support the opposing view: 1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

Explain the impact of the following statement in terms of America. “Distance weakens authority; great weakness weakens authority greatly.”

The Impact of Mercantilism

Explain how Americans were supposed to ensure Britain’s economic and naval supremacy.

What impact did this have on colonists?

What was the problem with having no banks in the colonies?

How did Parliament respond to colonies issuing paper money?

How did English policy regarding its North American colonies change after the French and Indian War, Pontiac’s Rebellion, and the Proclamation of 1763?

From Salutary Neglect to….

For each of the items listed below, identify the Before the actual war of the Revolution Action (English purpose/goal) and the could begin, there had to be a Reaction of the colonists. revolution “in the minds and hearts of

the people.” -John Adams

Action-Reaction started here…

instituted King George III of England The Proclamation Line, 1763 and prevented the American colonists

from settling west of the Appalachians… intended to prevent

future conflict/war, because England was indebt and couldn’t afford more fighting

Sugar Act, 1764

Currency Act,1764

Stamp Act, 1765

Quartering Act, 1765

Townsend Revenue Acts, 1767

Boston Massacre, 1770

Tea Act, 1773

Intolerable Acts. 1774

Quebec Act Boston Port Bill Administration of Justice Act

Mass. Bay Regulating Act

New Quartering Act, 1775

New England Restraining Act,1775

Declaratory Act, 1766

April, 1775… Ready to fight at a moment's notice, minutemen Even after Britain issued the Royal Proclamation of began fighting early in the American Revolution. Their efforts at 1763, Daniel Boone continued to settle areas west of Lexington and Concord inspired many patriots to take up arms the Appalachian Mountains. This 1851 painting, Daniel against Britain. The first battle of the war, Lexington, marked Boone Leading Settlers through the Cumberland Gap, the beginning of the American Revolution. Although Lexington depicts the popular image of a confident Boone leading and Concord were considered British military victories, they the early pioneers fearlessly into the West. gave a moral boost to the American colonists.

Vocab… to know and to analyze… to understand… Review the definitions, highlight key terms, and analyze the historical significance for each. When considering significance… think about what caused this… what effect did this have… what does this illustrate or show about this time or place?

TERMS Significance to Revolution

Derived from models of ancient Greek and Roman republics, Republicanism was the idea that all citizens would give up their selfish interests for the common good of the society. Republicans were opposed to those who believed in aristocracy and monarchy, believing that all citizens should be equal. The idea of republicanism became especially popular in the colonies when Thomas Paine wrote Common Sense, a pamphlet that sold over 120,000 copies.

The Radical Whigs were a group of British political commentators who feared the threat to liberty posed by the arbitrary power of the monarch and his ministers relative to the elected representatives in Parliament. They warred against corruption and were eternally vigilant against possible conspiracies.

Embraced by British authorities, mercantilism is an economic policy embracing the idea wealth equals power and a country’s economic wealth can be measured by the amount o gold/silver in the treasury. To obtain this wealth and power, the country has to export more goods than it imports.

The British, fearing that the Dutch would become involved with American commerce, passed the Navigation Law of 1650. It stated that all colonial trading (importation and exportation) must involve only British or colonial ships. The British figured that since these were British colonies, it was only fair that Britain received all of the profit from trade, and the British also used this system to ensure a favorable balance of trade. The colonists were not too upset about this law, mainly because it was not enforced strongly and they could get around it by smuggling.

“The “Enumerated” Products were certain trade items, particularly tobacco, that were named in laws stating that colonial merchants could only ship them to Britain, even if better prices could be found elsewhere. In this fashion, the crown monopolized these products and further restricted colonial trade activity.

The royal veto is the British king’s power to nullify any legislation passed by the colonial assemblies.

The Sugar Act of 1764 was secured from Parliament by Prime Minister George Grenville and was put into effect because of British debt. It increased the duty on foreign (non-British) goods, such as sugar from the West Indies, being shipped to the colonies. It was the first law passed by Parliament to raise tax revenue in the colonies for the benefit of the crown. The Sugar Act aroused a significant amount of resentment among the colonists, and after much protesting, the duty was lowered, but not fully removed.

The Quartering Act (1765) was a law passed by Grenville forcing some colonists to provide food and lodging for British soldiers.

Passed in 1775, the Stamp Act was tax put into place to raise money for the military. It mandated the use of stamped paper or the affixing of stamps onto 50 trade items and commercial and legal documents to certify that the tax had been paid.

Prime Minister Grenville claimed that the colonists enjoyed “virtual representation” because the British Parliament supposedly represented all British subjects. The colonists, though, felt that America was not fairly represented because they did not have a voice in and were not allowed to have a vote in Parliament.

The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 drew twenty-seven distinguished delegates from nine colonies together in New York City to protest the Stamp Act. Following a period of debate, the delegates drew up a list of their rights and grievances and asked the King and Parliament to repeal the Act. They were ignored, but the congress itself was an example of rising colonial unity.

The nonimportation agreements were organized by the colonists to stop the import of British goods such as woolen garments. This action was supported throughout the colonies, thus spontaneously uniting the American people for the first time in common action.

The Sons and Daughters of Liberty were two groups of colonial protestors who took the law into their own hands by enforcing the nonimportation agreements (against British goods) against violators, often tarring and feathering them.

The Declaratory Act was passed by Parliament in 1766, the same year the Stamp Act was repealed. In this law, Parliament reestablished its own power over the colonies, the right “to bind” the colonies “in all cases whatsoever.”

“Champagne Charley” Townsend persuaded Parliament to pass the Townsend Acts in 1767. This policy put a light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea. Townsend made this tax an indirect customs duty payable at American ports and tried to make a strong distinction between internal and external taxes. The colonists still didn’t like taxation in any form, so they were angry about the Townsend Acts.

Crispus Attucks was a biracial leader of the Boston Massacre mob fighting against the British troops. Strangely, he was not portrayed in the paintings made of that event.

Organized by Samuel Adams in Massachusetts, the Committees of Correspondence spread the spirit of resistance by interchanging letters to keep alive the opposition to British policy.

The Boston Tea party was held on December 16, 1773 and was a bold action against Britain’s overbearing and controlling taxes and acts. That day, 100 Bostonians dressed as Native Americans and boarded the tea ships and threw all of the precious leaves into the harbor.

The Boston Port Act was one of the few "Intolerable Acts" meant to punish the Bostonians for the Boston Tea Party. The Act closed Boston harbor until damages were paid and order was ensured.

The Intolerable Acts were instated after the Boston Tea Party. These acts were a series of acts designed to chastise Boston in particular and Massachusetts in general. Most drastic was the Boston Port Act that closed the tea stained harbor until damages were paid and order could be ensured. Sister colonies rallied to send food to the stricken city. Rice was even shipped from faraway South Carolina.

A way for the British to administer the French subjects of Canada, the Quebec Act (1777) allowed the French to retain their Catholicism and reformed civil law. It extended the province of Quebec southward to the Ohio River by eliminating western claims of the colonies. This angered the colonists and alarmed and distressed land speculators.

The First Continental Congress of 1774 was a convention in Philadelphia, where a consultative body of 55 delegates (including Samuel Adams, John Adams, George Washington, and Patrick Henry) from twelve of the thirteen colonies met in response to the Intolerable Acts. The delegates produced several documents, for example, a ringing Declaration of Rights, and appeals to the British King. Most significantly, the congress formulated The Association. Though the American Revolution did soon follow the Continental Congress, the delegates' initial goal was to repeal Britain’s direct taxation, not to declare independence.

John Adams, a future president of the United States, served as the defense attorney for the redcoats accused of manslaughter during the Boston Massacre (March 5, 1770).

The Association, an important outcome of the Continental Congress, called for a boycott of all British goods. The colonists would neither import nor export nor consume goods associated with Britain. This united the colonies in common action, preparing them to join together versus Britain in the upcoming war.

The British were on their way to Lexington, Massachusetts to seize gunpowder and take care of Samuel Adams and John Hancock. When the British troops encountered the minutemen, the Americans refused to disperse and the British fired at them. Eight American minute-men were killed at the “Lexington Massacre”. The British then retreated at Concord, intimidated by the rough militia.

The Americans called all European mercenaries Hessians because most of them came from the German principality of Hesse.

Edmund Burke (1775) was a great conservative political theorist and champion of the American cause. He made a stirring speech in Britain's House of Commons pleading in vain for reconciliation with the colonies, representing a public opinion divide between the colonies and Great Britain.

Marquis de Lafayette was an adventurous, wealthy French nobleman who took an interest in the war for independence in America. The services he provided in securing further aid from France were invaluable, and he gave not only military service but $200,000 of his private funds.

The Articles of Confederation, passed in 1781, was the first written constitution adopted by the colonies after the Revolutionary War. It focused on a loose union of independent states, much the way apples, oranges, and bananas, for example, are all united under the fairly loose term "fruits."

The phrase “not worth a continental” became popular when the Continental Congress was unwilling to raise taxes. Due to economic difficulties, continental paper money poured from the presses and was worth close to nothing. The Continental Congress did not want to raise taxes because that was exactly what they were fighting with Britain about: too many taxes.

The German Baron von Steuben was a drillmaster and organizational genius who taught and organized American soldiers to fight in the War of Independence.

To what extent was the War of Independence inevitable?

Your assessment:______To a great extent? To a small extent?

Evidence to support your assessment: Evidence to refute your assessment: 1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

To what extent were the colonists’ economic and political grievances justified?

Your assessment:______To a great extent? To a small extent?

Evidence to support your assessment: Evidence to refute your assessment: 1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

The Influence of the Enlightenment. Highlight main ideas and complete the remaining two entries. You may need an additional resource.

European Enlightenment Thinkers and their impact on the American Revolution

Author Publication When Ideas Impact on American Revolution It contained Hobbes’ ideas about the absence of The idea of social contract was embraced government which would be “war against all” in a “state of by revolutionaries, but accepting abuses nature.” (anarchy, everyman for himself, no law and was not. This idea is the foundation of Thomas Leviathan 1640s order, chaos) In order to escape this terrible state, men John Locke’s later philosophies which Hobbes entered into a “social contract” in order to establish a “civil had a much greater impact on society.” In this contract, individuals give up their “natural revolutionary thinking. rights” in order to receive protection. Abuses of power are to be accepted as the price for peace. However, he also states that in severe cases of abuse, rebellion is expected. With the First Treatise, Locke argues against claims of Although these ideas led to some patriarchalism being the foundation for a civil society. controversy, his view helped fuel the want Locke further argues that divine right of kings can not be for separation from Britain during the John Locke Two Treatises 1689 used as justification for such government. With the 1700s & helped to lay a foundation for the on Second Treatise, Locke provides a solution: to have a American concept of democracy. Government government that is based on the consent of the people because of the equal way God has made man. These letters encouraged people to Charles de The letters contained criticism of French society. embrace the idea of freedom of speech Secondat Persian 1721 They were published secretly because people were and the idea of criticizing government. And Letters punished for criticizing the king. American revolutionaries were engaged Baron de heartily in criticizing British political Montesquieu actions in the colonies. Volaire was the pen name of Francois-Marie Arouet. He Our governments Declaration of opened people’s eyes to the corruption by officials and Independence also reflects British Voltaire Multiple 1700s aristocrats through his writings. He covered topics like government corruption which hurt the documents slave trade and religious intolerance. American colonies. He also defended Freedom of Speech. He was Our Bill of Right also stands for freedom supposed to have said, “I do not agree with a word that of speech. you say, but I will defend to the death your right to say it.”

Montesquieu The Spirit of 1748 the Laws

His purpose was to explain the new thinking and Diderot’s ideas could have helped form Denis Diderot Encyclopedia 1751 developing ideas on government, philosophy, and the ideas for our government, because (28 volumes) religion. These encyclopedias were translated into other colonists had access to them. languages and spread Enlightenment ideas to the rest of Revolutionary thought included forward the world and the American colonies. thinking on topics he covered.

Jeanne The Social Jacques Contract 1762 Rousseau