Action-Reaction … the Road to Revolution
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
X001132127.Pdf
' ' ., ,�- NONIMPORTATION AND THE SEARCH FOR ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE IN VIRGINIA, 1765-1775 BRUCE ALLAN RAGSDALE Charlottesville, Virginia B.A., University of Virginia, 1974 M.A., University of Virginia, 1980 A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Virginia in Candidacy for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Corcoran Department of History University of Virginia May 1985 © Copyright by Bruce Allan Ragsdale All Rights Reserved May 1985 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction: 1 Chapter 1: Trade and Economic Development in Virginia, 1730-1775 13 Chapter 2: The Dilemma of the Great Planters 55 Chapter 3: An Imperial Crisis and the Origins of Commercial Resistance in Virginia 84 Chapter 4: The Nonimportation Association of 1769 and 1770 117 Chapter 5: The Slave Trade and Economic Reform 180 Chapter 6: Commercial Development and the Credit Crisis of 1772 218 Chapter 7: The Revival Of Commercial Resistance 275 Chapter 8: The Continental Association in Virginia 340 Bibliography: 397 Key to Abbreviations used in Endnotes WMQ William and Mary Quarterly VMHB Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Hening William Waller Hening, ed., The Statutes at Large; Being� Collection of all the Laws Qf Virginia, from the First Session of the Legislature in the year 1619, 13 vols. Journals of the House of Burgesses of Virginia Rev. Va. Revolutionary Virginia: The Road to Independence, 7 vols. LC Library of Congress PRO Public Record Office, London co Colonial Office UVA Manuscripts Department, Alderman Library, University of Virginia VHS Virginia Historical Society VSL Virginia State Library Introduction Three times in the decade before the Revolution. Vir ginians organized nonimportation associations as a protest against specific legislation from the British Parliament. -
AMERICAN REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION Thethe Enlightenmentenlightenment Thethe Ageage Ofof Reasonreason
AMERICANAMERICAN REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION TheThe EnlightenmentEnlightenment TheThe AgeAge ofof ReasonReason ▶ 1650-1800 ▶ Laws of Nature applied to society ▶ Rationalism . “Dare to know! Have the courage to use your own reason!” – Immanuel Kant ▶ Liberalism ▶ Deism . “The Clockmaker” . Absent of human affairs TheThe EnlightenmentEnlightenment JohnJohn LockeLocke ▶ Second Treatise on Government . “The state of nature has a law of nature to govern it, which obliges every one: and reason, which is that law, teaches all mankind … that, being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty, or possessions” . “Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, equal, and independent, no one can be put out of this estate, and subjected to the political power of another, without his own consent.” . “Whensoever therefore the legislative shall transgress this fundamental rule of society; and either by ambition, fear, folly or corruption, endeavour to grasp themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over the lives, liberties, and estates of the people; by this breach of trust they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and it devolves to the people, who have a right to resume their original liberty, and, by the establishment of a new legislative, (such as they shall think fit) provide for their own safety and security, which is the end for which they are in society.” TheThe EnlightenmentEnlightenment AdamAdam SmithSmith ▶ An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations ▶ Laissez-faire . Free trade ▶ “the invisible hand” ▶ Three Laws . More production from self- interest . -
Chapter 3 America in the British Empire
CHAPTER 3 AMERICA IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE The American Nation: A History of the United States, 13th edition Carnes/Garraty Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman © 2008 THE BRITISH COLONIAL SYSTEM n Colonies had great deal of freedom after initial settlement due to n British political inefficiency n Distance n External affairs were controlled entirely by London but, in practice, the initiative in local matters was generally yielded to the colonies n Reserved right to veto actions deemed contrary to national interest n By 18 th Century, colonial governors (except Connecticut and Rhode Island) were appointed by either the king or proprietors Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman © 2008 THE BRITISH COLONIAL SYSTEM n Governors n executed local laws n appointed many minor officials n summoned and dismissed the colonial assemblies n proposed legislation to them n had power to veto colonial laws n They were also financially dependent on their “subjects” Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman © 2008 THE BRITISH COLONIAL SYSTEM n Each colony had a legislature of two houses (except Pennsylvania which only had one) n Lower House: chosen by qualified voters, had general legislative powers, including control of purse n Upper House: appointed by king (except Massachusetts where elected by General Court) and served as advisors to the governor n Judges were appointed by king n Both judges and councilors were normally selected from leaders of community n System tended to strengthen the influence of entrenched colonials n Legislators -
THE GLORIOUS CAUSE the American Revolution 1763-1789
THE GLORIOUS CAUSE The American Revolution 1763-1789 ROBERT MIDDLEKAUFF New York Oxford OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Oxford University Press Oxford London New York Toronto Delhi Bombav Calcutta Madras Karachi Kuala Lumpur' Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi Dares Salaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland and associated companies in Beirut Berlin Ibadan Mexico City Nicosia Copyright© 1982 by Oxford University Press, In First published in 1982 by Oxford University Press, Inc. 200 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016 First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback, 1985 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Middlekauff, Robert. The glorious cause. (The Oxford history of the United States; v. 2) Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. United States-History-Revolution, 1775-1783. 2. United States-Confederation, 1783-1789. I. Title. II. Series: Oxford history of the United States; v. 2. E 173.094 vol. 2 [Ezo8] 973s [973· 3] 81-966o ISBN o-19-502921-6 AACRz ISBN o-19-503575-5 (pbk.) Printing (last digit): 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 Printed in the United States of America 11 Resolution The reception accorded the Tea Act in 1773-74 is replete with paradox. For the previous two years the Americans had drunk tea, much of it legally imported, and they had paid the duty of three pence per pound. Smuggling was still acceptable and a good deal of tea was imported illegally from Holland, but equally acceptable was the legal but quiet importation of tea from England through Customs. -
The Stamp Act and Methods of Protest
Page 33 Chapter 8 The Stamp Act and Methods of Protest espite the many arguments made against it, the Stamp Act was passed and scheduled to be enforced on November 1, 1765. The colonists found ever more vigorous and violent ways to D protest the Act. In Virginia, a tall backwoods lawyer, Patrick Henry, made a fiery speech and pushed five resolutions through the Virginia Assembly. In Boston, an angry mob inspired by Sam Adams and the Sons of Liberty destroyed property belonging to a man rumored to be a Stamp agent and to Lt. Governor Thomas Hutchinson. In New York, delegates from nine colonies, sitting as the Stamp Act Congress, petitioned the King and Parliament for repeal. In Philadelphia, New York, and other seaport towns, merchants pledged not to buy or sell British goods until the hated stamp tax was repealed. This storm of resistance and protest eventually had the desired effect. Stamp sgents hastily resigned their Commissions and not a single stamp was ever sold in the colonies. Meanwhile, British merchants petitioned Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act. In 1766, the law was repealed but replaced with the Declaratory Act, which stated that Parliament had the right to make laws binding on the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." The methods used to protest the Stamp Act raised issues concerning the use of illegal and violent protest, which are considered in this chapter. May: Patrick Henry and the Virginia Resolutions Patrick Henry had been a member of Virginia's House of Burgess (Assembly) for exactly nine days as the May session was drawing to a close. -
Causes of the American Revolution
Chapter 1 Have you ever wondered how we ended up with this great country? Well it. All came about about because of the American revolution. There were several causes to the American Revolution including the French and Indian war,(aka the seven years of war) acts and taxes, the colonists rebelling more acts, more acts from king George , and the British military being activated please keep reading to find out why we entered this important war. The first thing that started the chain of events that lead to the American revolution was the French and Indian war the French and Indian war lasted from 1756-1763 and started because of a territorial dispute over the Ohio River valley. The British ended up winning (which gave them all the land to the Mississippi River), but was deeply in debt. After the French and Indian war, the king raised taxes and passed several acts that made the colonists angry there were several act including the stamp act,quartering act,Townshend act,navigation act, and sugar act the stamp act made colonists pay extra taxes fall all paper products with stamps! In 1767 raised taxes on lead, paint, paper, glass, and tea. The Navigation act said that colonists could only buy goods from Britain. Finally the sugar act put taxes on sugar. All of the taxes and acts made the colonists angry.they were very angry because they had no choice. A group of people became very important during this time called the sons of Liberty. This group of influential people lead the patriots, the colonists against King George III. -
Journal of British Studies Volume 52, No. 1 (Jan. 2013) Livesey Major
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sussex Research Online Journal of British Studies Volume 52, no. 1 (Jan. 2013) Livesey Major Article Free Trade and Empire in the Anglo-Irish Commercial Propositions of 1785 James Livesey James Livesey is Professor of History at the University of Sussex. He is author of Making Democracy in the French Revolution (Harvard 2001) and Civil Society and Empire: Ireland and Scotland in the Eighteenth-Century Atlantic World (Yale, 2009). I would like to acknowledge the comment and insight on earlier versions of this article by the members of the History Department at Peking University and the participants at the “1763 and All That: Temptations of Empire in the British World in the Decade after the Seven Years War” conference held at the Institute for Historical Studies at the University of Texas at Austin. Journal of British Studies 52 (Jan. 2013): •••-••• © 2013 by The North American Conference on British Studies All Rights Reserved Journal of British Studies Volume 52, no. 1 (Jan. 2013) Livesey Major Article Free Trade and Empire in the Anglo-Irish Commercial Propositions of 1785 Free trade was a central demand of Irish patriot writers and economic theorists from the accession of William and Mary onward, yet when free trade was offered to Ireland in 1785 it was rejected.1 The politics of this reform measure were not well handled. William Pitt was in the early, vulnerable months of his premiership and had alienated even some of his political friends with the India Act. -
University Microfilms International 300 North Zeob Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 USA St
INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the moat advanced technological meant to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality it heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Misting Paga(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent page);. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacen pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, _ is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find ^ good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. Whan a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning |s continued again — beginning balow the first row and continuing on untjil complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest valuir, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. -
Declaration of Independence Quebec Act
Declaration Of Independence Quebec Act Bubba objectifies dishonourably? Gastronomical Ambrosio cox limpidly. Hale outgoes her clouters tastelessly, she quickstep it inflexibly. God entitle them paid with this act of independence quebec act was the colonists have been avoiding the colonies met with all that all sage knowledge has an estimated the church In the Declaration of Independence the American patriots listed a soft of. The provisions of the Quebec Act as seen check the colonists as learn new model for administration in the colonies which can strip court of previous self-elected assemblies It appeared to void the land claims of the colonies by granting most approach the Ohio Country mark the province of Quebec. Pictures of the quartering act. Although several respects. The bubble had required the colonies to house British troops stationed in America. Pennsylvania while serving as were overcome by a few committed by reel time of independence? Jefferson himself pass the document was submitted to Congress for its consideration. Troops open fire at bunker hill just reached concord where they would have also established nonrepresentative government. This quebec would exist on the washington chose instead for assistance, as chains of persuasion and westerly boundaries and home to grasp the declaration of independence quebec act, the river near princeton revived flagging american defeat every issue. Following may of quebec french members. Or the complaint about the Quebec Act of 1774 which concerned two Privy Council. The declaration of canada. Quebec Act Wikipedia. Loyalists fled to Canada following American Independence and lost everything when a property was seized by their new United States. -
Unit 5 - the American Revolution
Unit 5 - The American Revolution Focus Questions 1. How did British colonial policies change after the Seven Years’ War, and how did American colonists react to those changes? 2. What major factors and events contributed to the colonial decision to declare independence from Great Britain, and how did the Declaration of Independence justify that decision? 3. Was the War for Independence also a “civil war” in the American colonies? 4. How did the American Revolution affect the lives and social roles for women and people of color? Did the move to colonial independence usher in a “social revolution” for America? Key Terms Royal Proclamation of 1763 Lexington and Concord Stamp Act Thomas Paine’s Common Sense Sons and Daughters of Liberty Battle of Saratoga Boston Massacre Charles Cornwallis Coercive Acts Articles of Confederation 73 74 Unit 5 – The American Revolution Introduction In the 1760s, Benjamin Rush, a native of Philadelphia, recounted a visit to Parliament. Upon seeing the king’s throne in the House of Lords, Rush said he “felt as if he walked on sacred ground” with “emotions that I cannot describe.”1 Throughout the eighteenth century, colonists had developed significant emotional ties to both the British monarchy and the British constitution. North American colonists had just helped to win a world war and most, like Rush, had never felt prouder to be British. And yet, in a little over a decade, those same colonists would declare their independence and break away from the British Empire. Seen from 1763, nothing would have seemed as improbable as the American Revolution. -
Why Did the Colonists Fight When They Were Safe, Prosperous, and Free? Mark C
Social Education 71(2), pp 61–65 ©2007 National Council for the Social Studies Why Did the Colonists Fight When They Were Safe, Prosperous, and Free? Mark C. Schug Teaching U.S. history can be daunting. I remember wondering at the end of some high school class periods whether my history students had understood or even attended to a word I had said. I felt at times that I might as well have been telling them fairy tales. But despite my doubts about my own effectiveness, I never doubted the impor- tance of U.S. history as a school subject. An American really is not well educated unless he or she has developed some sense of the country’s past. Knowledge of the past really can help to develop a sense of national identify among our country’s diverse citizens. It seems appropriate, therefore, that U.S. history—taught, typically, over six semesters at grades five, eight and eleven—holds a prominent place in the K-12 curriculum. For all its prominence, however, young people tend to regard U.S. history as remote and uninteresting, and many of them learn little from the courses they British troops attacked Charles Town, South Carolina, in 1780, aiming to gain control are required to take. But you have heard of the colonies as they moved north. Instead, they were forced to evacuate Charles all this before. The history of complaint Town (now Charleston) in 1782. is long. What to do? Turn our students loose an interest in a different possibility. It has Call it the “economic way of thinking.” so that they can learn history on their to do with using economics in the teach- It involves formulating “mysteries” and own, when it suits their fancy? Staff our ing of U.S. -
Growing Confrontation Change in British Imperial Policy
Growing Confrontation Change in British Imperial Policy End of “Salutary Neglect” Re-Assert authority over Colonies Taxation for Revenue What economic confrontation could this create? Post War Tension – Military Issue Colonials British Methods of •Indian-style guerilla March in formation or fighting tactics bayonet charge Organization •Militias served under Officers wanted to take own captains charge of colonials •No military Drills and tough Discipline deference or discipline protocols observed Colonists should pay for •Resistance to raising their own defense Finances taxes “Prima Donna” officers •Casual, non- with servants and tea Demeanor professionals Post War Tension – Military Troop deployment British left about 10,000 troops in America Fear of French rebellion in Canada Fear of Indian attacks Keep colonists from crossing Proclamation Line Fear of independence movement What confrontation could this create? Post War Tension – Economic War taxes British response Massachusetts refused to Currency Act of 1764 pay without military must pay with British control currency Virginia refused to pay; Parliament controls printed money to pay colonial currency debts (inflation) Revenue Act of 1762 Ensure collection of customs Royal Navy prohibit trade with French Post War Tension – Economic Result of French and Indian and Seven Years War National debt doubles New Prime Minister Lord Bute needed payment plan New King, George III, wanted debt paid Began to strictly enforce taxes in England Post War Tension – Political Reforms