Social Studies Quarter 4: Week 7 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Specials Measurable Objective: I Can Explain Mercantilism

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Apr 26-30, 2021 Teacher: White Grade Level: 8 Subject: Social Studies Quarter 4: Week 7 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Specials Measurable Objective: I can explain mercantilism. I can compare The Sugar Act I can create a graphic I can create a graphic (Students will be able to…) and The Molasses Act. organizer about the organizer about the minutemen, Sons of Liberty minutemen, Sons of Liberty and Committees of and Committees of Correspondence. Correspondence-continued. Materials: Exploration, Revolution, & Exploration, Revolution, & Exploration, Revolution, & Exploration, Revolution, & Constitution pages: 83-86 Constitution pages: 87-89 Constitution pages: 90 Constitution pages: 90

Email [email protected] or call 602-285-3003 The students need to sign in to Infobase.com to access the atlas: Username: Riverbendprep Password: digital Instructions Please follow the written Please follow the written Please follow the written Please follow the written Use the atlas on the Infobase site directions to complete the directions to complete the directions to complete the directions to complete the or another atlas to complete the assignments assignments assignments assignments assignment.

Do: Zoom 8:15-10:00 Zoom 8:15-10:00 Zoom 8:15-10:00 Zoom 8:15-10:00 Attend Zoom for https://us02web.zoom.us/j/71498 Meeting ID: 714 9830 4944 Meeting ID: 714 9830 4944 Meeting ID: 714 9830 4944 Meeting ID: 714 9830 4944 Specials at 11:00am 304944?pwd=NFAxc00vY1dHMEZ Meeting ID: 788 9909 mbENWSjdKdEhDZz09 4093 Meeting ID: 714 9830 4944 Organizer You can return the You can scan the completed You can take a picture of the Failure to turn in completed assignment to assignment and send them to completed assignment and completed work will the school me through email or Remind send them to me through result in failing grades email or Remind and retainment Assignments Assignment: Assignment: Assignment: Assignment: Please turn in assignments only. Do not Turn in pages 80-82 return the entire packet. Please take a picture of completed work or scan them and Turn in pages 83-86 Turn in pages: 87-89 Turn in pages 90 & Turn in pages 90 & either text or email them to me. If you are graphic organizer graphic organizer returning your assignments to the school, please only return the graded assignments and not the entire packet. The information from the packet should be put in a folder or binder for future use.

4/6/2021 Sugar Act -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia Sugar Act

Sugar Act, also called Plantation Act or Revenue Act, (1764), in U.S. colonial history, British legislation aimed at ending the smuggling trade in sugar and molasses from the French and Dutch West Indies and at providing increased revenues to fund enlarged British Empire responsibilities following the French and Indian War. Actually a reinvigoration of the largely ineffective Molasses Act of 1733, the Sugar Act provided for strong customs enforcement of the duties on refined sugar and molasses imported into the colonies from non-British Caribbean sources.

Protests had been received from America against the enforcement of the Molasses Act, together with a plea that the duty be set at one penny per gallon. Although warnings were issued that the traffic could bear no more than that, the government of Prime Minister George Grenville refused to listen and placed a three-penny duty upon foreign molasses in the act (the preamble of which bluntly declared that its purpose was to raise money for military expenses). The act thus granted a virtual monopoly of the American market to British West Indies sugarcane planters. Early colonial protests at these duties were ended when the tax was lowered two years later.

The protected price of British sugar actually benefited New England distillers, though they did not appreciate it. More objectionable to the colonists were the stricter bonding regulations for shipmasters, whose cargoes were subject to seizure and confiscation by British customs commissioners and who were placed under the authority of the Vice-Admiralty Court in distant Nova Scotia if they violated the trade rules or failed to pay duties. As a result of the Sugar Act, the earlier clandestine trade in foreign sugar and, thus, much colonial maritime commerce were severely hampered.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Amy McKenna, Senior Editor.

https://www.britannica.com/print/article/571948 1/2 4/6/2021 Molasses Act -- Britannica Online Encyclopedia Molasses Act

Molasses Act, (1733), in American colonial history, a British law that imposed a tax on molasses, sugar, and rum imported from non-British foreign colonies into the North American colonies. The act specifically aimed at reserving a practical monopoly of the American sugar market to British West Indies sugarcane growers, who otherwise could not compete successfully with French and other foreign sugar producers on more-fertile neighbouring West Indian islands.

The American colonists protested the act, claiming that the British West Indies alone could not produce enough molasses to meet the colonies’ needs. Rum distilling was one of the leading industries in New England, and the act had the effect of raising the price of molasses there. The American colonists feared that the act’s effect would be to increase the price of rum manufactured in New England, thus disrupting the region’s exporting capacity. The Molasses Act was among the least effective of the British Navigation Acts, since it was largely circumvented through smuggling. (The practice of bribing customs officials to allow the import of cheaper French rum became common.) Had the act been systematically enforced, New England’s economy likely would have been crippled. The act was later amended by the Sugar Act of 1764, which became an irritant contributing to the American Revolution.

This article was most recently revised and updated by Jeff Wallenfeldt, Manager, Geography and History.

Citation Information Article Title: Molasses Act Website Name: Encyclopaedia Britannica Publisher: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc. Date Published: 23 April 2015 URL: https://www.britannica.com/event/Molasses-Act Access Date: April 06, 2021

https://www.britannica.com/print/article/387927 1/2

4/1/2021 Minutemen

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The Minutemen played a crucial role not only in the Revolutionary War, but in earlier conflicts. Although the terms militia and minutemen are sometimes used interchangeably today, in the 18th century there was a decided difference between the two. Militia were men in arms formed to protect their towns from foreign invasion and ravages of war. Minutemen were a small hand-picked elite force which were required to be highly mobile and able to assemble quickly. Minutemen were Minuteman holding musket and flag. selected from militia muster rolls by their Cover illustration from Harper's Weekly, July 15, 1876. Wood engraving by Speer, commanding officers. Typically 25 years "from a picture by George W. Maynard, in Memorial Hall, Phila." of age or younger, they were chosen for their enthusiasm, reliability, and physical strength. Usually about one quarter of the militia served as Minutemen, performing additional duties as such. The Minutemen were the first armed militia to arrive or await a battle. Although today Minutemen are thought of as connected to the Revolutionary War in America, their existence was conceived in Massachusetts during the mid-seventeenth century. As early as 1645, men were selected from the militia ranks to be dressed with matchlocks or pikes and accoutrements within half an hour of being warned. In 1689 another type of Minuteman company came into existence. Called Snowshoemen, each was to "provide himself with a good pair of snowshoes, one pair of moggisons, and one hatchet" and to be ready to march on a moment's warning. Minutemen also played a role in the French and Indian War in the 1750's. A journal entry from Samuel Thompson, a Massachusetts militia officer, states, "...but when our men were https://www.ushistory.org/people/minutemen.htm 1/3 4/1/2021 Minutemen gone, they sent eleven more at one minute's warning, with 3 days provision..." By the time of the Revolution, Minutemen had been a well-trained force for six generations in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Every town had maintained its 'training band'. The adversity that this region faced — Native-American uprisings, war with France, and potential for local insurrections, social unrest, and rioting — provided ample reason to adhere to a sound militia organization. In his recent book, perhaps David Hackett Fischer puts it best, "The muster of the Minutemen in 1775 was the product of many years of institutional development...it was also the result of careful planning and collective effort." (p. 151). By the time of the Revolution, Massachusetts had been training, drilling, and improving their militia for well over a hundred years. Unfortunately, one thing the Minutemen lacked was central leadership. This disadvantage would lead to their dissolution. In February of 1775 Concord was one of the first towns to comply with the order to create Minutemen companies out of the militia. Of approximately 400 militia from Concord's muster rolls, one hundred would also serve as Minutemen. When a battle took place Minutemen companies from several towns combined their units. An officer from the 43rd Regiment of Foot was sent to the North Bridge in Concord with a number of light infantry. Minutemen from Concord, Acton, Littleton, and other towns combined forces. After a few volleys were fired, the British light infantry retreated back to the Concord Common area. Lacking central command, with each company of Minutemen loyal to their own town, they did not pursue the redcoats. In the running battle that ensued fifteen miles back to Boston the Massachusetts militia would see their last action as Minutemen in history. The militia would go on to form an army, surrounding Boston and inflicting heavy casualties on the British army at Bunker and Breed's Hill. Thus, although lacking central command, the Minutemen were still better organized and battle-tested than any other part-time military. They were a vital and necessary force, playing a crucial role in not only the Revolutionary War, but in earlier conflicts. Without these "ready in a minute" men, our history may have been written in a very different way. – Andrew Ronemus

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https://www.ushistory.org/people/minutemen.htm 2/3 4/1/2021 Who Were the Sons of Liberty? - HISTORY

UPDATED: AUG 20, 2019 ·· ORIGINAL: AUG 19, 2019 Who Were the Sons of Liberty?

PATRICK J. KIGER

Bettmann Archive/Getty Images

Most famous for their role in the Boston Tea Party, the Sons of Liberty used grassroots activism to push back against British rule.

The Sons of Liberty were a grassroots group of instigators and provocateurs in colonial America who used an extreme form of civil disobedience—threats, and in some cases actual violence—to intimidate loyalists and outrage the British government. The goal of the radicals was to push moderate colonial leaders into a confrontation with the Crown.

https://www.history.com/news/sons-of-liberty-members-causes 1/4 4/1/2021 Who Were the Sons of Liberty? - HISTORY The Sons marked one of their early victories in December 1765. The Stamp Act—the first tax imposed directly on American colonists by the British government—had only been in effect for a month, when a group of Boston merchants and craftsmen sent a letter to Andrew Oliver, the newly-appointed official collector of stamps. The group informed Oliver that he was to show up the next day at noon at the Liberty Tree in the city’s South End to publicly resign.

“Provided that you comply with the above, you shall be treated with the greatest Politeness and Humanity,” the letter explained. The message left to Oliver’s imagination what terrible fate might befall him if he didn’t comply.

Oliver didn’t need much persuading. He appeared as demanded, walking through the streets of Boston in a driving rainstorm and quit his job, to the cheers of a crowd of 2,000 people.

It was an exhibition of the fearsome clout of the Sons of Liberty. The Son likely formed from a secretive group of nine Boston-based patriots who called themselves the Loyal Nine. The first Sons chapters sprung up in Boston and New York City, but other cells soon appeared in other colonies as well.

The group may have taken its name from a speech given in Parliament by Isaac Barre, an Irish member sympathetic to the colonists, who warned that the British government’s behavior “has caused the blood of these sons of liberty to recoil within them.”

Their most famous act of disobedience was destroying 92,000 pounds of British tea in Boston Harbor in December 1773. The Boston Tea Party, as the act would become known, was one of the key events that pushed the colonies and the British government toward war. Samuel Adams, John Hancock Were Among Its Prominent Leaders

The Sons’ most prominent leader was Samuel Adams, the son of a wealthy brewer who was more interested in radical rabble-rousing than commerce. Adams wrote his masters thesis at Harvard on the lawfulness of resisting British rule. While George Washington eventually led the war effort against the British, “the truth is that there might not have been a fight to begin with had it not been for the work of Sam Adams,” writes historian Les Standiford.

Another key member was John Hancock, who later was immortalized by his flamboyant signature on the Declaration of Independence. James Otis, Paul Revere, Benedict Arnold, and Dr. Benjamin Rush, among others, were also involved in the group.

Adams and Hancock in particular were so loathed and feared by the British that when General Thomas Gage offered amnesty to Bostonians who stopped their resistance in 1775, he made a point of excluding the two men, “whose offences are of too flagitious a nature” not to be punished severely. https://www.history.com/news/sons-of-liberty-members-causes 2/4 4/1/2021 Who Were the Sons of Liberty? - HISTORY It’s not hard to understand why Gage took a hard line against them. After forming in the summer of 1765, the Boston Sons chapter marched through the streets and burned stamp officer Oliver’s effigy, and then broke into and looted his house. When Massachusetts Lt. Gov. and Chief Justice Thomas Hutchinson, a loyalist, declined to renounce the Stamp Act, they similarly looted and destroyed his house as well.

The Sons didn’t stop there. After Parliament passed the Townshend Acts in 1767, which imposed import duties on goods such as china and glass, Adams organized a boycott to keep British goods out of Massachusetts altogether. According to Adams biographer Dennis Fradin, the Sons enforced the boycott by sending boys to smash the windows and smear excrement on the walls of local shops that didn’t comply. If that didn’t work, the proprietor faced the risk of being kidnapped and tarred and feathered, a painful, humiliating torture that could leave lasting scars.

“Violence was not necessarily accepted as a regular feature of politics, but there was an understanding that it might be part of politics as a last resort,” explains Benjamin L. Carp a historian at Brooklyn College and author of the 2010 book Defiance of the Patriots: The Boston Tea Party and the Making of America.

During this time, the Sons’ core views evolved, Carp says. They rejected the British notion that they had fought the French and Indian War on behalf of the colonists, and that as a result, the Americans were obligated to pay for continued upkeep of British soldiers in North America. But beyond that, they also rejected the authority of the British Parliament to make laws for Americans. Most of all, they argued the British government could not compel Americans to pay taxes.

Their overarching goals similarly shifted over time. “At the outset, most Sons of Liberty only wanted something limited—for Parliament to repeal the Stamp Act,” Carp explains. “But over time, more and more Sons of Liberty became convinced that independence was the answer.” The Boston Tea Party

Parliament’s passage in December 1773 of the Tea Act, which propped up the financially struggling British East India Company by giving it a virtual monopoly on selling tea to the colonies, pushed the Sons to become even more brazen. The law threatened the livelihood of the American merchants who had been importing tea from Dutch traders. The Sons couldn’t let that stand.

“I don’t think the Bostonians set out to destroy property. I think they felt it was a last resort,” Carp says. “Their first preference would have been to send the tea back. But when the merchants (consignees) were unwilling, the ship captains were unwilling—it would have ruined them—and the governor was unwilling to bend the rules for them, they felt they had no choice.”

“If they’d allowed the tea to land, they knew that customers wouldn’t be able to resist it—so they would have paid the tax on it AND let a monopoly company, the East India Company, muscle into the local market,” Carp says.

The Bostonians also knew that if they let the tea be unloaded, they’d lose standing in the eyes of other Sons of Liberty groups in New York, Philadelphia and other places, he notes. https://www.history.com/news/sons-of-liberty-members-causes 3/4 4/1/2021 Who Were the Sons of Liberty? - HISTORY The Sons’ defiance of the British not only helped spur the Revolutionary War, it also fostered an American tradition of grassroots activism that various activist groups have applied over the centuries to push for change.

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