Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)
SELECTED FRESHWATER MACROPHYTES TO ASSESS
MACRO AND MICRO ELEMENTS CONTAMINATION OF
THALTEJ AND NIKOL LAKE AT AHMEDABAD,
GUJARAT, INDIA
S.D. VEDIYA, S. S. PATEL AND M. N. DESAI*
Received on: P.G. CENTER IN BOTANY (ENVIRON. BIOLOGY DIVISION), th 17 Jan. 2013 BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT, SIR P.T. SCIENCE COLLAGE, MODASA,
NORTH GUJARAT, INDIA. Accepted on: 12th Feb.2013 * DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY, BHAVAN’S SHETH R. A. COLLEGE OF SCIENCE, AHMEDABAD, GUJARAT, INDIA. Revised on: [email protected] 3rd March 2013 ABSTRACT: Published on: 1st April 2013 Ahmedabad is unique in the whole of India in matter of environmental neatness and flourishing conditions and it is superior to other sites in the Volume No. excellence of its monuments. Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority Online & Print (AUDA) proposes to undertake work for revival, development of catchments 4(2013) areas and beatification of few lakes under the present project. Thaltej and Page No. Nikol lake’s waters were analysed for macro and micro contaminations. The 06 to 11 results values of the metals estimated through 2 lakes during -2009. Their
ranges of concentration were comparing to permissible limit of WHO, ICMR. Na++ content of Eichhornia crassipes and Syprus spp .from all localities Life Sciences Leaflets were within the permissible limit of WHO except of Thaltej lake -2009. is an international open access print & e Potassium content of Eichhornia crassipes spp from Thaltej was within the journal, peer reviewed, permissible limit of WHO. Fe++ contents of Eichhornia crassipes fromThaltej- worldwide abstract 2009. Zn++ Content of Heliotropium europaeum L. from Nikol-2009, Copper listed, published every month with ISSN, RNI content of Eclipta alba Hassk. spp from Nikol were within the permissible Free- membership, limit of WHO except -2009. Mn++ contents of Lemna spp. from Thaltej-2009. downloads and access. Based on the concentration and toxicity status observed in the lakes vegetation, the six element are arranged in the following descending order; Cu >Zn>Mn>Fe>K>Na compared with the standard, normal and critical toxicity range in plants. Ware analyzed for, Na,K,Fe,Zn,Cu and Mn Contamination.
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Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online)
The grater accumution of nutrients was observed in Thaltej Eichhornia crassipes and poor content in Eclipta alba Hassk.
KEY WORD: AUDA, Macro, Micro, Macrophytes, Lake.
INTRODUCTION: Limnology is a discipline that concerns the study of inland waters (both saline and Fresh) specifically lakes, ponds and river (both natural and manmade) including their biological, physical, chemical and hydrological aspects. The term’ limnology’ stem from Greek’ limne (lake)’ and ‘logos’ (study)’. In ecology the environment of a lake is referred to as lacustrine. The lakes are quiet large bodies of fresh water usually deep enough that their beds lie much beyond the photosynthetic zone (Agrawal, 1999) fluctuations in the lake level are because of climate conditions and human requirements of water. The rate of water replacement of a lake also depends upon the season. A lake may be occasionally created by digging a basin that intercepts the water table. Such a lake is in a sense nothing but a wide shallow well. Most manmade lakes are created by damming a stream at a strategic point, so that the water backed up the dam can be contained in a natural valley or basin. Ahmedabad Urban development Authority (AUDA) carried out a survey of 645 lakes and identified 22 lakes which have been severely degraded. AUDA proposes to undertake works for revival, development of catchments area and beautification of lakes under the present project. Of these, 2 lakes were studied which are located at Thaltej and Nikol, Thaltej lake is located at Thaltej village near National highway no.8 Ahmedabad, Its total storage capacity is 32.2 carore litter Lake Desilting area is 1617 m3 and peripheral development Works including landscaping; Nikol lake is located at Nikol village. Its total storage capacity is 10.5 carore liters. Lake Desilting area is 2498 m3 and peripheral development Works including landscaping; AUDA has commenced work on this lake also through own resources. Aquatic plants through roots and /or shoots (Pip and Stepaniuk, 1992; Jackson, 1998).Various species show different behaviour regarding their ability to accumulate elements in roots, stems and /or leaves. Therefore, it is useful to identify the plant organ that absorbs the greatest amount of trace element (St-Cyr and Campbell, 2000; Baldantoni el al., 2004). In Aquatic systems, where pollutant inputs are discontinuous and pollutants are quickly diluted, analyses of plant components provide time- integrated information about the quality of the system (Baldantoni el al., 2005). macrophyte has several advantage and is the most significant one in study of sub-lethal levels of bio accumulated contamination within the tissues or Components of organism, which indicate the net amount of pollution integrated over a period of time (Lovett-Dust el al., 1994). Bio monitoring of pollutant using some plants as accumulator species, accumulate relatively large amounts of certain pollutants, even from
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Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online) much diluted solutions without obvious noxious effects (Ravera et.al.,2003) were intensively investigated in Thaltej and Nikol, Ahmedabad. Similarly, (J.I.Nirmal Kumar el al., 2006). Saturated trace element concentration in freshwater macrophytes, Moreover, macro and microelement accumulation in Lemna spp., Eichhornia crassipes and Typha angustata was assessed in relation to spatial gradients of Thaltej and Nikol Lakes by (Badanatoni et al.2004). Therefore, it is necessary to carry out Macrophyetes of macro and micro nutrient contaminated by selected aquatic plants viz. Eichhornia crassipes, Typha angustata, lemna, Heliotropium europaeum L., Eclipta alba Hassk, Cyperus rotundus Linn. in Thaltej and Nikol lakes, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.
MATERIALS AND METHOD: Whole plants collected from a eutrophic like near Stockholm. For studying the water quality conditions a total of fifteen sites were selected in the Thaltej and Nikol Lake with 4 sites in Hazardable Basin and 2 lookouts in Nikol Lake. The plants were analyzed in the laboratory within 24 hours for different parameters adopting standard methods of (Mackereth 1963, CSIR., 1974 and APHA,1998).
Plant sampling: Six native Aquatic macrophytes from the lake were selected as passive biomonitors for estimating the toxicity status induced by six macro and micro nutrients (Na ,K ,Fe ,Zn ,Cu ,Mn) and were collected during 2009. The plant species were; Eichhornia crassipes, Typha angustata, Lemna. Healthy aquatic plants were collected by hand, washed with lake water to remove periphyton and sediment partials. The collected plant species were placed in plastic Bags, labelled carefully and brought to the laboratory; Polythene tools were used in sampling and storing the collected matrices to avoid the metal contamination. Plant species were identified according to (Shah ,1978a, 1978b). Chemical analysis of plant Sample: Plants samples were air-dried, sieved through 2.0mm governorates sieve and kept for analyses. Etch aquatic plant species sorted into different parts .the 50gm of each sample deride at 8000C in hot Oven for 48 hr. the dried plant samples were chemically analyzed preparation of metals (Na, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn) Accurately 0.5 gm of dried and processed plant sample of each sample was weighed, and digested with
Tri-Acid Digestion con.HNO3, H2SO4 and HClO4 (10:1:4) as prescribed by (APHA-1998). The concentration of motels such as Na, K, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn were represented in ppm. Mean values of plant samples were considered. (Table no.1, 2).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS: A total no. of plants six were analyzed for chemical composition (Table no. 1and 2) Thaltej and Nikol was the most abundant species analyzed (six samples) table no.1 & 2 shows the values of concentration of five
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Life Sciences Leaflets FREE DOWNLOAD ISSN 2277-4297(Print) 0976–1098(Online) elements in six species of macrophytes The mean concentration values of the elements in the plants decrease according to this sequence: Cu >Zn>Mn>Fe>K>Na. The highest concentration of Sodium in Cyperus rotundus Linn spp. was recorded at locality Thaltej (65.21ppm) of 2009 (Table-1). The lowest concentration in Lemna spp. was recorded at Nikol (18.23ppm) of 2009 (Table-2). Thaltej lake was within the permissible limit of BIS 2009. The highest concentration of potassium in Eichhornia crassipes spp. was recorded at Thaltej lake, (31.23ppm) of 2009; (Table-1). The lowest concentration in Typha angustata spp was recorded at Nikol -2009 (0.66ppm), (Table-2). The highest concentration of Fe++ in Typha angustata was record at Thaltej lake -2009 (4.70ppm). The lowest concentration of Fe++ in Typha angustata was recorded at Nikol -2009(0.17ppm), (Table -2). The Zn++ contain is highest concentration of holoptropium spp from Nikol lake (1.20ppm) and lowest concentration was recorded from Nikol lake Eclipta alba Hassk. Spp (0.11ppm) .and Eclipta alba Hassk. has the greatest capacity for concentrating trace element with highest concentration (1.50ppm)of Cu++ From Nikol lake and lowest concentration of Cu++(0.10),Followed by Typha angustata spp. from Nikol lake in 2009. The concentration of Mn++ highest range of lemna spp (4.80ppm) from Thaltej Lake and lowest range of Eclipta alba Hassk. in Thaltej and Heliotropium europaeum L. from Nikol lake (1.10ppm), 2009.
CONCLUSIONS: The aquatic plants growing in the study area exhibit different trace element concentrations, depending on the plant organ, and both the sampling time and the sampling site (Baldantoni el al.2005).roots of Aquatic plants absorb Heavy metals from the interstitial water (or pore water) and accumulate high concentrations (Baldantoni et al. 2004). Similarly our findings reveal the higher concentration of Eichhornia crassipes from Thaltej lake and lower concentration of trace elements of Lemna spp from Nikol lake. The results of the present work are also well-coincided with this, elaborated by low metal concentrations in stem and leaf systems of the plants (Nirmal Kumar & Kumar 1989; Baldantoni et al.2005). the lake in Wales, emphasizing that existing Aquatic plant toxicity Practices on around the lake may also be responsible for high Mn++, Fe++, Zn++, K++, Na++ concentration measured in the Macrophytes of lakes. This also largely agrees with the findings of (Single et.al:1994). on Thaltej and Nikol sub-basin.
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Table -1: Comparative study of macro and micro nutrient in water of various Thaltej lakes during the year 2009. Parameter Eichhornia Typha Lemna Heliotropium Cyperus Eclipta alba crassipes angustata europaeum rotundus Na (ppm) 61.20 20.65 38.33 21.25 65.21 19.41 K (ppm) 31.23 1.90 28.21 13.55 21.21 8.40 Fe (ppm) 4.70 0.50 2.00 0.80 2.40 1.80 Zn (ppm) 1.00 0.50 1.00 1.00 0.80 0.50 Cu (ppm) 0.90 0.21 0.78 0.21 0.20 0.70 Mn (ppm) 2.00 2.50 4.80 1.80 2.50 1.10
Table -2: Comparative study of macro and micro nutrient in water of various Nikol lakes during the year 2009. Paramete Eichhorni Typha Lemn Heliotropium europaeum Cyperus Eclipt r a crassipes angustat a http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Linna rotundu a alba a eus s Na 48.2 28.45 18.23 29.21 56.44 41.20 (ppm) K (ppm) 25.99 0.66 17.88 10.45 12.22 4.30 Fe (ppm) 1.70 0.17 0.99 0.40 0.90 0.23 Zn 0.66 0.50 1.10 1.20 0.20 0.11 (ppm) Cu 0.11 0.10 0.24 0.14 0.15 1.50 (ppm) Mn 3.20 3.00 3.40 1.10 3.10 2.70 (ppm)
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