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The State of Sri Lanka's Biodiversity for Food And

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The State of Sri Lanka's Biodiversity for Food And COUNTRY REPORTS THE STATE OF SRI LANKA’S BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE This country report has been prepared by the national authorities as a contribution to the FAO publication, The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. The report is being made available by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as requested by the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The information in this report has not been verified by FAO, and the content of this document is entirely the responsibility of the authors, and does not necessarily represent the views of FAO, or its Members. The designations employed and the presentation of material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. Sri Lanka’s Country Report for The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE SRI LANKA Sri Lanka’s Country Report for The State of World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture (SoWBFA) 2016 Compiled and Prepared by D.K.N.G. Puspakumara Dean, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka A.S.U. Liyanage Assistant Director of Agriculture (Research) and Coordinator, Biodiversity for Adaptation to Climate Change Project, UNEP/GEF Project, Plant Genetic Resources Centre, Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka M.M. Kodagoda Scientific Assistant, Biodiversity for Adaptation to Climate Change Project, UNEP/GEF Project Plant Genetic Resources Centre, Department of Agriculture, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka August 2016 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AnGR Animal Genetic Resources AqGR Aquatic Genetic Resources BCAP Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan BDS Biodiversity Secretariat BGCI Botanic Gardens Conservation International CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CBO Community Based Organization CBSL Central Bank of Sri Lanka CCCS Centre for Climate Change Studies CDM Clean Development Mechanism CITES Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species CSR Corporate Social Responsibility CWR Crop Wild Relatives DAPH Department of Animal Production and Health DCBFS Dairy Cattle and Buffalo Farming Systems DEA Department of Export Agricultural Crops DFAR Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources DMC Disastrous Management Centre DNBG Department of National Botanic Gardens DNZG Department of National Zoological Gardens DA Department of Agriculture DWLC Department of Wildlife Conservation EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Areas EPL Environmental Pollution Licenses FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FD Forest Department FFPO Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance FGR Forest Genetic Resources FO Forest Ordinance HG Home garden GAP Good Agricultural Practices GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Green House Gases GMO Genetically Modified Organisms GSFS Goat and Sheep Farming Systems IAS Invasive Alien Species IPM Integrated Pest Management INMS Integrated Nutrient management System IOTC Indian Ocean Tuna Commission IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IUU (Fishing) Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated (Fishing) LGBS Livestock Grassland Based Systems LMO Living Modified Organisms MAT Mutually Agreed Terms MD Meteorological Department MFARD Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Development 1 MFE Ministry of Forestry and Environment MERE Ministry of Environment and Renewable Energy MENR Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources ME Ministry of Environment ML&RCD Ministry of Livestock and Rural Community Development MMDE Ministry of Mahaweli Development and Environment MPPA Marine Pollution Prevention Authority MTA Material Transfer Agreement NAMA Nationally Accepted Mitigation Actions NAP National Adaptation Plan NAQDA National Aquaculture Development Authority of Sri Lanka NARA National Aquatic Resources Research & Development Agency NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans NCDM National Council for Disastrous Management NGO Non-Governmental Organization NIFNE National Institute of Fisheries and Nautical Engineering NST National Stirring Committee NTFP Non Timber Forest products PFS Pig Farming Systems PGR Plant Genetic Resources PGRC Plant Genetic Resources Centre PIC Prior Informed Consent REDD Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SAC SAARC Agricultural Centre SAP Strategic Action Plan SIDA Swedish International Development Agency SLCDMP Sri Lanka Comprehensive Disastrous Management Plan SoWBFA State of World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture STC State Timber Cooperation TDA Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis TNA Technology Needs Assessment UDA Urban Development Authority UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNFCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WCMC World Conservation and Monitoring Centre 2 TABLE OF CONTENT LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................................ 1 TABLE OF CONTENT ................................................................................................................. 3 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 5 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE COUNTRY AND TO THE ROLE OF BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ...................................................................................................... 7 Preparation of the country report ...................................................................................................... 7 General overview of the country ...................................................................................................... 8 Role of biodiversity for food and agriculture ................................................................................. 11 Production systems in the country .................................................................................................. 16 CHAPTER 2 DRIVERS OF CHANGE ............................................................................................................. 29 Effects of drivers of change on associated biodiversity ................................................................. 29 Effects of drivers of change on biodiversity for food and agriculture ............................................ 32 Effects of drivers of change on ecosystem services ....................................................................... 35 Effects of drivers of change on wild foods ..................................................................................... 40 Effects of drivers of change on traditional knowledge, gender and rural livelihoods .................... 41 Countermeasures addressing current and emerging drivers of change, best practices and lessons learned ............................................................................................................................................ 42 CHAPTER 3 THE STATE AND TRENDS OF BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ... 44 Overall synthesized assement of forest, aquatic, animal or plant genetic resources ...................... 44 State and trends of associated biodiversity and ecosystem services ............................................... 45 Species of associated biodiversity at risk of loss ............................................................................ 54 Conservation of associated biodiversity ......................................................................................... 56 State and trends of wild resources used for food ............................................................................ 59 Wild food resources at risk ............................................................................................................. 61 Conservation of wild resources used for food ................................................................................ 63 Natural or houman-made disasters and biodiversity for food and agriculture ............................... 65 Invasive alien species and biodiversity for food and agriculture ................................................... 67 Similarities, differences and interactions........................................................................................ 68 Gaps and priorites ........................................................................................................................... 69 3 CHAPTER 4 THE STATE OF USE OF BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ............... 71 The use of management practices or actions that favour or involve the use of biodiversity for food and agriculture ................................................................................................................................ 71 Sustainable use of biodiversity for food and agriculture ................................................................ 79 The contribution of biodiversity for food and agriculture in improving productivity, food security and nutrition, livelihoods, ecosystem services, sustainability, resilence and sustainable
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