IJRPC 2020, 10(1), 63-70 Umesh et al ISSN: 22312781
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY
Available online at www.ijrpc.com Review Article DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.33289/IJRPC.10.1.2020.10(13)
A REVIEW ON PHYTOPHARMACOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF ECLIPTA ALBA A. Umesh1,2* and MV. Kumudhavalli1 1Vinayaka Mission’s College of Pharmacy, Vinayaka Mission’s Research Foundation (Deemed University) Salem, Tamil Nadu- 636 008, India. 2Department of Pharmacognosy, Grace College of Pharmacy, Palakkad, Kerala- 678004, Thiruvananthapuram India.
ABSTRACT Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for more than thousands of years and herbal therapy predominates in traditional systems of medicine. Eclipta alba Hassk is an important small branched annual herbaceous plant in Ayurveda described first by Bhavprakasha and is widely used for treating various ailments in the Indian system of medicine. Aim: Aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the pharmacological activities of various part of Eclipta alba Hassk. Setting and design: This is a contribution which provides a comprehensive review on ethnomedicinal use s, chemical composition, and the pharmacological profile of Eclipta alba Hassk. as an important medicinal plant.
Keywords: Eclipta alba, Traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology.
INTRODUCTION Conventional medicines play an important role Classification (Sanjivani S et al., 2017; in health services around the world. About Goutam M et al., 2018) three quarters of the world’s population is dependent on different parts of medicinal Botanical name : Eclipta alba plants and its extracts for wellbeing In India. Common name : Bhringaraj Medicinal plants have been used in folk Kingdom : Plantae Division : Tracheophyta medicine since date back in different part of Class : Magnoliopsida the world against a variety of diseases (Satish Order : Asterales A et al., 2016). Family : Asteraceae Eclipta alba (Asteraceae) is an annual Genus : Eclipta herbaceous plant, commonly known as false Species : Alba daisy. It is an erect or prostrate, much branched, roughly hairy, annual, rooting at the nodes; the leaves are opposite, sessile and lanceolate. It is also known as Bhringaraj and Karisilakanni, which is found a common weed throughout India ascending up to 6000 ft. The genus name comes from the Greek word meaning “Deficient,” with reference to the absence of the bristles and awns on the fruits. The specific Eclipta alba means white which refers to the color of the flowers. Main active Fig. 1: Plant of Eclipta alba principles consist of coumestans like Traditional uses wedelolactone, desmethylwedelolactone, In ayurvedic medicine, the leaf extract is furanocoumarins, oleanane & taraxastane considered a powerful liver tonic, rejuvenative glycosides (Mithun NM et al., 2011). and especially good for the hair. A black dye
63 IJRPC 2020, 10(1), 63-70 Umesh et al ISSN: 22312781 obtained from Eclipta alba is used for dyeing used in the treatment of scorpion stings. In hair and tattooing. Eclipta alba also has India, it is grown alongside of rice fields and its traditional external uses, like athlete foot, leaves are used in preparing food (Shafi P et eczema and dermatitis, on the scalp to al., 2016). address hair loss and the leaves have been
Chemical Constituents of Parts of Eclipta alba S.NO Parts CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS Stigmasterol, a-terthienymethanol, Wedelolactone [1.6%], 1. Leaves Desmethylwedelolactone, Desmethyl-wedelolactone-7-glucoside (Upadhyay RK et al, 2001). 2. Roots Hentriacontanol, Heptacosanol& Stigmastero, Ecliptal ß-amyrin & Luteolin-7-0-glucoside, Apigenin, Cinnaroside, Sulphur compounds 3. Aerial parts (Sikroria BC et al., 1982). 4. Stems Wedelolactone 5. Seeds Sterols Large amounts of resin, Ecliptine, Reducing sugar6, Nicotine, Stigmastero, 6. Whole plant Triterpene saponin, Eclalbatin together with a-amyrin, Ursolic acid, Oleanolic acid (Singh P et al., 1988)
Biological Activites of Parts of Eclipta alba 1. Seeds Sexual debility, Tonic, Aphrodisiac (Khare CP et al, 2004). Juice of Skin diseases, allergic Urticaria, Asthma, Inflatulence, Colic and liver affections, 2. Leaves Bronchitis, Enlarged glands, Dizziness, Vertigo, Blurred vision Paste of 3. Applied over swelling leaves 4. Powder Bronchitis, Cough, Rheumatism and Skin diseases Invigorate the liver, Graying of hair, To staunch Bleedings, Spermatorrhoea, 5. Decoction Menorrhagia (Chopra RN et al., 1958 ). Paste of 6. Healing effect, Headache, Toothache herb 7. Root Liver tonic, Emetic, Purgative, Antiseptic to ulcers, Wounds in cattle Rejuvenating, Age-sustaining tonic, Detoxifying, Deobstruent, Antiseptic herb in vitiated blood, Anaemia, Splenic and liver enlargements, Catarrhal jaundice, 8. Whole plant Hyperacidity, Gastritis, Dysentery, Anticatarrhal, Spasmogenic, Hypotensive properties (Joshi SG et al., ) 2004.
Hepatoprotective Activity Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed 200 mg/kg body weight of isolated fraction of the presence of three compounds, namely, Eclipta alba was found to be hepatoprotective wedelolactone, luteolin, and apigenin. These against CCl4 induced hepato damage in rats. compounds exhibited dose-dependent The experimental protocol was performed as inhibition of HCV replicase in vitro, and anti- per CPCSEA guide lines. The results in the HCV replication activity in the cell culture present study indicate that 200 mg/kg body system. The results suggest that the plant or weight doge of the plant extract was able to individual components have the potential to be reduce major elevated biochemical parameters used against HCV (Manvar D et al., 2012). due to the changes associated with CCl4 Ethanol extract of whole plant was tested for induced liver damage in the experimental rats hepatoprotective effect against paracetamol- (Joshi SG et al., 2008). induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Treatment with Alcoholic extract of E. alba was found to have 100 and 250 mg of the extract per 100 kg body good antihepatotoxic activity as assessed in weight showed significant reductions in CCl4-induced liver damage in albino rats paracetamol-induced serum alanine through liver to body weight ratio, aminotransferase (ALT, also known as GOT) pentobarbitone sleep time, serum levels of levels. At the same time, histopathological glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) and studies showed marked reductions in glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), paracetamol-induced fatty degeneration and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and bilirubin. In centrizonal necrosis in liver of extract-treated CCl4-administered rats, there was an increase mice (Tabassum N et al, 2004). in liver weight, pentobarbitone sleep time, and An alcoholic extract of freshly collected Eclipta elevated GOT, GPT, SALP, and serum alba exhibited dose-dependent (62.5– bilirubin levels. The alcoholic extract at a dose 500 mg/kg p.o.) significant hepatoprotective of 200 mg/kg significantly reversed these activity against carbon tetrachloride-induced effects (Murthy VN et al., 1992 ). liver injury in rats and mice as determined Hepatitis C virus (HCV) inhibitory activity has through various tests like hexobarbitone- been reported for E.alba extract. induced sleep, zoxazolamine-induced
64 IJRPC 2020, 10(1), 63-70 Umesh et al ISSN: 22312781 paralysis, bromsulfalein (BSP) clearance, results in significant reduction in blood serum levels of transaminases, bilirubin, and glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin HbA(l)c. protein (Singh B et al., 1993). The extract decreases the activities of In CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, glucose-6- phosphatase and fructose-1,6- methanol extract of leaves and chloroform bisphosphatase, and increase the activity of extract of roots of E. alba showed significant liver hexokinase. Thus, oral administration of reductions of lysosomal enzymes in serum Eclipta alba possess potent antihyperglycemic from the elevated levels induced by carbon activity (Ayodhya S et al., 2014). tetrachloride. At the same time CCl4-induced elevated serum GOT, GPT, ALP, and bilirubin Memory Enhancing Activity levels were also restored towards The plant has been reported to contain normalization with administration of both phytosterol, β-amyrin, triterpenes such as extracts (Lal VK et al., 2010). ecalbatin, echinocystic acid, ursolic acid, Aqueous extract of leaves of the plant has flavones such as Luteolin and coumarin such been found to offer hepatoprotectivity against as wedelolactone. Studies was conducted by. paracetamol-induced liver damage. The studies concluded that the ethanolic leaf Paracetamol-induced increases in TBARS extact of Eclipta alba has memory enhancing were reduced by the aqueous extract, and activity. Luteolins may be responsible for paracetamol-induced decreases in GSH were minimizing cognitive deficits due to cholinergic also reversed by the extract. Catalase was dysfunctioning. Memory enhancing activity is also decreased in paracetamol-treated groups, evaluated by elevated plus maze. Significant which was also reversed by coadministration reduction in transfer latency indicates that the of the extract (Parmar SR et al., 2010). plant extract have memory enhancing activity The alcoholic and aqueous extract of E. (Mathew G et al., 2017). alba leaves was tested for hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol-induced liver C.N.S. activity damage in albino rats. The alcoholic extract Recent studies indicated that the aqueous demonstrated significant hepatoprotective extract of Eclipta alba and its hydrolyzed effects. The alcoholic extract-treated rats of fraction at a dose of 300 mg/ kg and 30 mg/kg group III revealed marked hepatoprotection as p.o., respectively showed nootropic activity in there was significant reduction in SGOT, rats (Thakur VD et al., 2005). SGPT, ALP, total bilirubin, and direct bilirubin and a significant increase in total protein and Anti-inflammatory, Analgesic and albumin as compared to paracetamol treated Antipyretic activity group (Narayanasamy K et al., 2005). Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk. (Sanskrit: Bhringaraj) A polyherbal formulation (Ayush-Liv.04) found to contain phytochemicals containing E. alba (along with Clitoria ternatea, wadelolactone, eclalbatin, ursolic acid, Asparagus racemosus, Alpinia galanga, and apigenin, ecliptalbine, verazine and α – amyrin milk tuttam, i.e., copper containing stone) having anti-inflammatory and analgesic showed hepatoprotective activity against properties. Single dose of 500 mg/kg Eclipta CCl4 and ethanol induced liver damage in rats. alba produce statistically significant anti- Elevated levels of serum AST, ALT, ALP, acid inflammatory and almost similar central phosphatase, and bilirubin were significantly analgesic activity with disease control and lowered in the polyherbal formulation- morphine sulphate (5mg/kg s.c.) respectively. administered rats (Narayanasamy K et al., The extract did not shown peripheral analgesic 2005). and antipyretic activity. Conclusion – Ethanolic The ethanolic extract of a polyherbal extract of leaves of Eclipta alba has anti- formulation containing leaves of Melia inflammatory and central antinociceptive azadirachta, seeds of Piper longum, and whole activity (Narendrakumar P et al., 2017). plants of E. alba has been evaluated for Analgesic activity of alcoholic extract of E. hepatoprotective effects against CCl4-induced alba has been determined through tail flick, hot hepatic damage in male albino rats. The plate, and writhing methods in rats and mice. substantially reduced levels of SOD, CAT, In all three methods, the extract at a dose of GPx, GST, and glutathione reductase (GR) 200 mg/kg demonstrated significant analgesic due to CCl4 were restored to normal with the and antinociceptive effects (Pandey PS et al., extract (Kavitha M et al., 2011). 1997). Hydroalcoholic extract of the plant showed significant antinociceptive activity in acetic Anti diabetic activity acid-induced writhing tests in rodent model at Oral administration of leaf suspension of E. a dose of 200 mg/kg p.o. The extract further alba (2 and 4 g/kg body weight) for 60 days showed analgesic effects in formalin tests, with
65 IJRPC 2020, 10(1), 63-70 Umesh et al ISSN: 22312781 the inhibition occurring in the second phase of Preliminary studies revealed the the response (Leal L et al., 2000). immunomodulatory activity of methanolic The anti-inflammatory effect of the plant was extract of Eclipta alba (Jayatirtha, MG et al., evaluated using carrageenan, mediators such 2004). Wedelolactone and as histamine and serotonin induced paw Demethylwedelolactone isolated from Eclipta oedema, and cotton pellet induced granuloma alba exhibited trypsin inhibition in vitro. Both tests for their effect on acute and chronic compounds showed potent activity with IC50 phase inflammation models in rats. The results values of 2.9 and 3.0 µg/ml, respectively (Syed indicated potent anti-inflammatory activity of S et al., 2003). the plant in all the models tested (Kumar SS et al., 2005 ). Toxicity Studies In studies conducted the alcoholic extract of Antibacterial Activity Eclipta alba shows no signs of toxicity in rats The aqueous extracts of Eclipta alba showed and mice and the minimum lethal dose was good activity against S.pyogenes, B.cereus, found to be greater than 2.0g/kg when given E.coli and P.aeruginosa. If the dilution was orally and intraperitonially in mice (Singh B et above 1000µg/ml the extract were considered al., 1993). inactive against S.aureus, K.pneumoniae, P.mirabilis and S.typhi. MBC results were Diuretic activity similar to MIC results but in the case of MBC Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of the leaf of the confirmation was made by absence of Ecilepta prostrata leaves were tested for growth in culture plates after 24 hrs of diuretic activity in rats. The parameters studied incubation at 37ºC. A potent antibacterial and on individual rat were body weight before and hepatoprotective drug could probably be after test period, total urine volume urine formulated from the plant extract of Eclipta concentration of Na+, K+ and Cl-. Ecilepta alba to combat the effects of bacterial and prostrata leaves (100mg/kg of body weight) hepatotoxic infections (Manoj KP et al., 2011). showed increase in urine volume, cation and anion excretion. Furosemide was used as Antioxidant Activity reference diuretic, the plant extracts did not The present study investigated the antioxidant appear to have renal toxicity or any other potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of the adverse effects (Vipan K et al., 2015). aerial parts Eclipta alba L. Hassk (EA) which was widely used as hepatoprotective plant. EA Anticovulsant Activity was orally administered at doses of 50, 100 E. alba ethanolic leaf extracts at doses of 50, and 200 mg/kg (n=6) for 7 days in male 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o., were studied Charles Foster rats. The extent of for anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant activity hepatoprotective potential of E. alba was on maximal electroshock-induced seizures studied by assessing the biochemical (mes), rotarod, and traction test, respectively, parameters like lipid peroxides (LPO), in rats. at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg, the superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), extract reduced seizures induced by mes, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione decreased the duration of tonic hind limb reductase (GR), ascorbic acid and α- extension (thle) (by 76.2 and 89.8%, resp.), tocopherol in the liver of rats. Oral and decreased motor coordination showing administration of the EA significantly anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant activity decreased LPO and elevated the activity of (Mishra S et al., 2014). antioxidant enzymes SOD, CAT, GPx and GR as well as endogenous levels of ascorbic acid Hair Growth Promoting Activity and α-tocopherol in the liver of male Charles Petroleum ether and ethanol extract of E. Foster rats. This study has revealed the alba has been tested in albino rats for significant antioxidant potential of Eclipta alba promoting hair growth activity. The extracts in rat liver (Sandeep majumdar A et al., 2010). were incorporated into oleaginous cream (water in oil cream base) and applied topically Miscellaneous activity on shaved denuded skin of male albino rats. An alcoholic extract of the plant showed The extracts significantly reduced hair growth antinociceptive effect in a dose of 200 mg/kg in time by half, as compared to nontreated rats (Pandey PS et al., 1997). The plant has control animals. Quantitative analysis of hair been reported to possess antinociceptive, anti- growth after treatment with petroleum ether inflammatorry and bronchodialator activites, extract (5%) exhibited greater number of hair due to the coumarin compounds18. Further follicles in anagenic phase (69 ± 4) which were studies reported confirmed analgesic activity of higher as compared to control (47 ± 13) ( Roy Eclipta alba (Sawant M et al., 2004). RK et al., 2008).
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A polyherbal formulation containing E. hour fasted Sprague Dawley rats by aspirin or alba, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, ethanol or pylorus ligation plus aspirin and Nardostachys jatamansi exhibited treatment. In all the three separate excellent hair growth activity in Wistar albino experiments the group receiving oral rats. Hair growth initiation time and time administration of E. alba prior to ulcer required for complete hair growth were induction showed highly significant reduction in significantly reduced. Treatment with the the occurrence of gastric ulcers as well as formulation resulted in greater number of hair gastric inflammation (after 4 h of treatment) as follicles in the anagenic phase(Thorat RM et compared to the control groups. The extract al., 2009). activity was comparable to the activity of the proton pump inhibiting drug rabeprazole Neuropharmacological Activities (Banerjee A et al., 2005). The aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts of E. alba have been evaluated for sedative, muscle Anticancer activity relaxant, anxiolytic, nootropic, and antistress The anticancer potential of hydroalcoholic activities at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg, p.o. extract of E. alba has been evaluated. The The findings indicated nootropic activity of the extract inhibited the cell proliferation in dose- aqueous extract (300 mg/kg, p.o.) and its dependent manner in HepG2, A498, and C6 hydrolyzed fraction (30 mg/kg, p.o.). The glioma cell lines with aqueous extract and the hydrolyzed fraction an IC50 of 22 ± 2.9, 25 ± 3.6 were observed to provide protection against and 50 ± 8.7 μg/mL, respectively. cold restraint induced gastric ulcer formation The expression of matrix metalloproteinases and also normalized the white blood cell count (MMP) 2 and 9 was down regulated in the milk induced leukocytosis challenge significantly. Additionally, downregulation of model (Thakur VD et al., 2005). nuclear factor κB (NFκB) was also observed. Aqueous extract of E. alba has been tested for DNA damage was observed following 72 h of its ability to reduce aggression through foot extract treatment, leading to apoptosis shock-induced aggression and water (Chaudhary H et al., 2011). competition tests. Minimization of aggression Juice obtained from E. alba was shown to in both tests was observed with the extract at inhibit the migration of HCC-S102 doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg (Lobo OJF et al., (hepatocellular carcinoma) cells. In various 2008). human cancer cell lines of different tissue origins (liver, lung, and breast), the juice Anthelmintic Activity inhibited migration of all the cell lines with The methanol extract of whole plant of E. IC50 values ranging from 31–70 μg/mL. Thus alba was evaluated for its anthelmintic the plant has potential for preventing cancer potential against the earthworm Pheretima metastasis (Lirdprapamongkol K et al., 2008). posthuma at doses of 25–100 mg/mL. The The ethyl acetate, methanol, and aqueous extract exhibited paralysis of worms at doses extracts of whole dried plants of E. alba were of 50, 75, and 100 mg/mL and caused death of assessed for their inhibitory effects on the worms at 75 and 100 mg/Ml (Ghule SC et al., human lung epithelial adenocarcinoma cell line 2011). (HCC-827) using the MTT assay. Dose- dependent reductions in viable cell count were Antiulcer Activity noticed with all three extracts with the ethyl The ethanolic extract of E. alba has been acetate extract showing the most potency. All examined for its antiulcer effects in several extracts induced apoptosis in the cancer cells ulcer models in rats, like cold resistant stress (Chauhan N et al., 2012). (CRS) and pylorus ligation (PL). The extract administered orally twice daily at doses of 50, Antimicrobial Activity 100, and 200 mg/kg was found to dose- Various solvent (petroleum ether, benzene, dependently and significantly reduce ulcerative chloroform, acetone, methanol, and aqueous) lesions. At the same time, extract extracts of E. alba were found to be active administration led to significant attenuation of against clinical isolates from oral cancer lipid peroxidation and elevated levels of cases. These isolates included various catalase activity. Antisecretory activity of the bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, extract was evidenced by significant reduction Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermis, in gastric volume, acid output, and increase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella gastric pH when compared to control (without pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, and Proteus extract) rats (Kumar SP et al., 2012). vulgaris and funguses like Candida The methanolic extract of E. alba also showed albicans and Aspergillus fumigates (Panghal M antiulcer activity in ulcers induced in thirty- six- et al., 2011).
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