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Pollen Morphology of Eight Tribes of Asteraceae from Universitas Indonesia Campus, Depok, Indonesia

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Pollen Morphology of Eight Tribes of Asteraceae from Universitas Indonesia Campus, Depok, Indonesia BIODIVERSITAS ISSN: 1412-033X Volume 20, Number 1, January 2019 E-ISSN: 2085-4722 Pages: 152-159 DOI: 10.13057/biodiv/d200118 Pollen morphology of eight tribes of Asteraceae from Universitas Indonesia Campus, Depok, Indonesia ANDI SALAMAH, RACHMI LUTHFIKASARI, ASTARI DWIRANTI Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia. Depok16404, West Java, Indonesia. Tel.: +62-21-7270163, +62-21-78849009, Fax.: +62-21-78849010, email: [email protected] Manuscript received: 13 October 2018. Revision accepted: 12 December 2018. Abstract. Salamah A, Luthfikasari R, Dwiranti A. 2019. Pollen morphology of eight tribes of Asteraceae from Universitas Indonesia Campus, Depok, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 152-159. Asteraceae is one of the largest flowering plant families in the world consisting of a high diversity of species that possess many macro-morphological characters. Ecological pressures have resulted in this highly varied morphology. Our research aims to describe the pollen morphology of the Asteraceae for species occurring in Depok Campus of Universitas Indonesia. Pollens of 14 species from eight tribes were extracted using acetolysis method and observed under a light microscope. The result showed that pollen unity, shape and pollen surface appeared to be differentiating characters of the Asteraceae from other families, while polarity and symmetry characters can be distinguishing characters at higher levels of the family such as subdivisions. Aperture characters were useful to differentiate between tribes. The shape of pores and size of pollen were not useful in differentiating between tribes, but may differentiate between lower taxa. The results of this study could be used as supporting data for regrouping taxa within the Asteraceae using morphological features. Keywords: Asteraceae, differentiating characters, pollen, species, tribes INTRODUCTION specialization, such as apomixes that was occurred in the family as an adaptation process to environment. The Asteraceae is the second largest flowering plant family apomictic nature of Asteraceae made the family to have a after the Orchidaceae comprising herbaceous plants or high degree of adaptation and spread throughout the world shrubs (Heywood 1985). The family consists of more than except for the Arctic and Antarctica. However, such 1.500 genera and 23.000 species (Zavada and Villiers properties also resulted in changing of the macro- 2000) and has many potentials and benefits in areas such as morphology, even effecting changes in the number of food, pharmacy, agriculture, industry, and ecology (Kew chromosomes sets that varied between 2n=2 to 2n=120 Royal Botanic Garden 2015). (Anderberg et al. 2007 in Jeffrey 2007). Therefore, a stable The taxonomy of this plant group has long been studied distinguishing character is required in the classification because of the vast number of species it possesses (Bremer process of the Asteraceae family. Such stability of 1987). Cassini (1817) was the first researcher to group character is found in pollen (Wortley et al. 2007). Asteraceae members into 19 tribes based on macro- Wortley et al. (2007) showed that pollen has been used morphological characters such as characters on stems, as a data source for the classification of Asteraceae. The leaves, and flowers. Tribal grouping of the family was also characters of pollen became a consideration for revising the performed by Bentham (1873) who recognized 13 tribes phylogenetics of Gundelia and Warioina. In addition, and this classification is still in use today (Bremer 1987). Robinson et al. (2008) has also resurrected the genus However, the macro-morphological characters alone are Strobocalyx from Gymnanthemum and Vernonia, as well as not strong determinant characters in the family’s tribal gave rise to a new genus Tarlmounia based on pollen classification especially taxa that have traditionally difficult morphological characters. to classify because of highly divergent macro- Studies on pollen morphology of Asteraceae in morphological character. This finding is reinforced by the Indonesia are still very few. Setyowati (2008) observed the existence of several genera that cannot be placed into a pollen morphology of eight Asteraceae species in particular tribe, namely Brachylaena, Eremothamnus, Yogyakarta to determine the kinship among them, namely Gundelia, Moquinia and Tarchonanthus (Wortley et al. Aster novae-angliae, Cosmos sulphureus, Eupatorium 2007). odoratum, Tithonia difersifolia, Tagetes erecta, Tagetes The reason for the grouping difficulty was because patula, Wedelia prostrata, and Zinnia elegans. Rismayanti Asteraceae has an irregular level of high macro- et al. (2014) also conducted a study on pollen morphology morphological characters, as occurs in the genus of Ageratum conyzoides and Eleutheranthera ruderalis in Adenocaulon that cannot be incorporated into any tribes Bogor which give the ecological services as the energy (Panero and Funk 2008). The irregular level of macro- sources for Trigona sp bee. Octavia et al. (2015) described morphological characters was caused by ecological the pollen morphology of 35 species of Asteraceae from SALAMAH et al. – Pollen morphology of Asteraceae 153 Malang Raya. Based on those studies, pollen morphology tapping using a sonde over an object glass, or taken with of 41 species of Asteraceae had been recorded, which is the help of tweezers and then placed onto an object glass. still very limited compared to the total number of 132 The grains of pollen were then spilled with 1-2 drops of species recorded from Sumatera (Tjitrosoedirdjo 2002). water. The hot plate was heated to reach 60o C prior to the Studies on pollen morphology of the Asteraceae in pollen isolation. Then, the samples were heated over the Indonesia are, therefore, necessary to be done. hot plate until 90% of water was evaporated (about 4-6 Campus area of Universitas Indonesia (UI) is one of the minutes). Subsequently, the pollen grains were dripped open green zones in the border area between the Indonesian with 1-2 drops of acetolysis, and the heating was continued capital territory, Province of Jakarta, and Depok City of the until 90% of the acetolysis was evaporated. After that, the Province of West Java. Oktarina (2013) observed that there object glass was removed from the heater and the pollen were 21 species of Asteraceae growing in the university grains were added with 2-3 drops of 96% ethanol. The areas, whereas Mustaqim (Personal communication, 2015) impurities trapped in the ethanol solution were cleaned found 33 species growing scattered in various places on the using tissue paper. Later, the safranin dye was taken using campus. She described the 21 species including their a sonde tip and then flattened onto the surface of the pollen. chromosome numbers (Oktarina 2013; Ambarwati 2015). One drop of glycerin was also flattened to the preparation. Nevertheless, studies on morphology and morphometry of The samples were then covered with a cover glass and its pollen have not been executed in UI Campus. Our research edges were sealed using transparent nail polish. The pollen aims to describe the pollen morphology of the Asteraceae sample was ready to be observed under a microscope. from UI Campus in Depok. The pollen morphological data will be used to compare the similarity of pollen Pollen data observation characteristics within one tribe and/or between species. Pollen data observation and measuring were conducted Furthermore, we have also revealed the ultrastructure of at Universitas Indonesia-Olympus Bioimaging Center (UI- representative species by taking the advantages of OBC) Laboratory, using a light microscope (Olympus Scanning Elecron Microscopy (SEM). Inverted IX73). We observed ten pollens from each flower. The qualitative data (polarity, symmetry, aperture, polar appearance, equatorial appearance and unity of pollen) and MATERIALS AND METHODS the quantitative data (length and diameter of the spines, aperture diameter, polar looks diameter, equator diameter, Collection of Samples and the ratio polar/equator) features were analyzed. The research was performed between October- December 2015. Flowers of 14 Asteraceae species Sample preparation and observation using Scanning (Ageratum conyzoides, Bidens pilosa, Chromolaena Electron Microscopy odorata, Clibadium surinamense, Cyanthillium cinereum, Pollen of the representative Asteraceae was fixed with Eclipta prostrata, Elephantopus scaber, Emilia sonchifolia, 2.5% glutaraldehyde in 0.1 M Phosphate Buffer Saline Porophyllum ruderale, Sonchus arvensis, Sphagneticola (PBS) pH 7.2 for up to 30 minutes at room temperature, trilobata, Synedrella nodiflora, Tridax procumbens, Zinnia followed with PBS washing three times, 5 minutes each. elegans) were collected around campus area of Universitas Samples were then subjected to OsO4 post-fixation for 15 Indonesia (UI). The identification of each species was minutes and subsequently dehydrated upon ethanol/water carried out following the description reported by Oktarina series (70%, 80%, 90%, and 100%), 10 minutes each. (2013). Pollen samples were collected from three to five Following dehydration, samples were incubated at -80oC flowers from each species; each sample was then put into overnight, dried by applying freeze-drying method, and separate papillote paper for pollen preparation. finally observed using SEM (FEI) at 80 kV. Acetolysis stock Anhydrous acetic acid (9 mL) was poured into a dark RESULTS AND DISCUSSION bottle and then
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