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Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington PROC. BIOL. SOC. WASH. 103(1), 1990, pp. 248-253 SIX NEW COMBINATIONS IN BACCHAROIDES MOENCH AND CYANTHILLIUM "SUJME (VERNONIEAE: ASTERACEAE) Harold Robinson Abstract.— ThvQQ species, Vernonia adoensis Schultz-Bip. ex Walp., V. gui- neensis Benth., and V. lasiopus O. HofFm. in Engl., are transferred to the genus Baccharoides Moench, and three species, Conyza cinerea L., C. patula Ait., and Herderia stellulifera Benth. are transferred to the genus Cyanthillium Blume. The present paper provides six new com- tinct from the Western Hemisphere mem- binations of Old World Vemonieae that are bers of that genus. Although generic limits known to belong to the genera Baccharoides were not discussed by Jones, his study placed Moench and Cyanthillium Blume. The ap- the Old World Vernonia in a group on the plicability of these generic names to these opposite side the basic division in the genus species groups was first noted by the author from typical Vernonia in the eastern United almost ten years ago (Robinson et al. 1 980), States. Subsequent studies by Jones (1979b, and it was anticipated that other workers 1981) showed that certain pollen types also more familiar with the paleotropical mem- were restricted to Old World members of bers of the Vernonieae would provide the Vernonia s.l., types that are shared by some necessary combinations. A recent study of Old World members of the tribe tradition- eastern African members of the tribe by Jef- ally placed in other genera. The characters frey (1988) also cites these generic names as noted by Jones have been treated by the synonyms under his Vernonia Group 2 present author as evidence of a basic divi- subgroup C and Vernonia Group 4, al- sion in the Vernonieae between groups that though he retains the broad concept of Ver- have included many genera in each hemi- nonia. At this point it is not certain when sphere, and traditional Vernonia s.l. can be anyone will undertake more detailed studies seen as an excessively paraphyletic core ge- of these groups. However, the author does nus that is defined only by what "it is not" need to refer to a few members of these rather than by what "it is." In progressing genera and does not intend to use older, toward definitive generic concepts in the incorrect names. Instead of making isolated Vernonieae, the pattern seen by Jones jus- combinations as needed, as was done with tifies removing at least all of the Eastern Gymnanthemum coloratum (Robinson & Hemisphere members ofthe tribe from Ver- Kahn 1986), an effort is made here to place nonia. This segregation of the Old World needed combinations together in one paper. genera was partially put into practice by the Detailed monographic studies and the ma- use of the names Baccharoides Moench, jority of the combinations are left to future Gymnanthemum Cass., and Cyanthillium workers. In spite of the limited scope of the Blume, by Robinson et al. (1 980) and in the present effort, some explanation is offered. transfers made in the study of Distephanus The summary of the Vemonieae by S. B. Cass. (Robinson «fe Kahn 1986). Jones (1977) showed that the Eastern Hemi- At present there is good reason not to sphere species placed in the genus Vernonia transfer all the Old World species of Ver- were all chemically and cytologically dis- nonia out of the genus. Morphological and VOLUME 103, NUMBER 1 249 anatomical studies show the problem is Vernonia sect. Stengelia (Schultz-Bip. ex more complex than one Old World genus Walp.) Benth. in Benth. & Hook, f., Gen. versus one New World genus. Several gen- PI. 2: 127. 1873. era should be recognized in both the neo- This group of species has been imper- tropical and paleotropical elements of Ver- fectly recognized in the past, primarily on nonia s.l. More detailed studies of the type the basis ofexpanded foliose appendages on under way in neotropical species (Robinson the involucral bracts. The character is well 1987a, b, c, 1988a, b, c, 1989; Robinson & developed in the genus but is not a reliable Funk 1987) are needed before all transfers basis for distinction. Smith (1971) studied can be made properly. Nevertheless, the po- a group titled the "stengelioid species" of sition of some of the species is fully re- Vernonia, but many species included in the solved, especially of species belonging to study were not Baccharoides. Smith recog- older segregate genera such as Baccharoides nized the heterogeneity in the group he and Cyanthillium. treated, especially in the form of the pollen The lack of total resolution of the tribe is and in the shape of the corolla, but these not a reason to retain under Vernonia s.l. were not detailed for all of the species. names and concepts known to be obsolete. More recently, Kingham (1976), Jones The author believes that Vernonia will ul- (1981), Jeffrey (1988), and the present au- timately be restricted to Western Hemi- thor have studied Baccharoides pollen in sphere species with non-lophate type A pol- more detail. It is lophate and distinctive len and a chromosome number of N = 17 among Old World tricolporate Vernonieae and will perhaps be restricted to only the by the presence of polar areoles. The grains eastern North American element of that fall into Jones' (1981) Type C, although pol- group. lens of all species studied in detail are dif- The detailed variations of pollen in the ferent from most Type C pollen of the Neo- tribe are to be more fully compared and tropics by the 3 equatorial areoles of the illustrated elsewhere. The generic synony- intercolpi and the strong basal columellae mies follow mostly those of Jeffrey (1988), under the crests of the exine. but some additional synonymy is provided Jeffrey (1988) emphasized the pollen, the under Cyanthillium. flattened inner pappus bristles, and the co- rollas with long, slender, basal tubes and Baccharoides Moench abruptly expanded cylindrical limbs and Baccharoides Moench, Methodus. 528. comparatively short erect lobes as definitive 1 794. Type: Conyza anthelmintica L. {=B. characters of Baccharoides within Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Moench). s.l. Ascaricida Cass., Diet. Sci. Nat. 3, suppl. Ignoring some older counts, the genus 38. 1817, nom. superfl. Type: Conyza an- seems to have a consistent chromosome thelmintica L. number of N = 10 (Smith 1971, Jones Candidea Tenore, Atti Reale Accad. Sci. Sez. 1979a). The group is also notable for the Soc. Reale Borbon 4 (CI. Botan.): 104, t. presence of epoxy resins and has been stud- 1, 2. 1839. Type: Candidea senegalensis ied for possible commerical exploitation. Tenore. Neither the chromosome number nor the Vernonia subsect. Stengelia Schultz-Bip. ex chemistry is unique to the genus. Walp., Repert. Bot. Syst. 2: 946. 1843. Many of the species are understood well Vernonia adoensis Schultz-Bip. ex Walp. enough to justify new combinations, but Stengelia Steetz in Peters, Naturw. Reise most of these, and others not known to the Mossambique, Bot. 360. 1864. Type: present author, are left for final resolution Vernonia schimperi DC. by other workers. The species listed by Smith 250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE BIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON (1971) are an artificial group and the Smith Cyanthillium Blume should not be used without reference paper Cyanthillium Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. discussion by Jeffrey (1988). Except to the 889. 1826. Lectotype (designated here): of the Smith paper, the for its discussion Cyanthillium villosum Blume. study itself is limited to East African Jeffrey Isonema Cass., Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris species. It seems that a monograph of the 1817:152. 1817, nom. illeg., non R. Br. genus would be comparatively simple for (1810). Type: Isonema ovata Cass. someone with better resources to study pa- Cyanopis Blume ex DC, Prodr. 5:69. 1836, leotropical plants, for most of the species nom. illeg. et superfl., non Cass. (1817). occur in Africa. One species was described Lectotype (Jones 1980): Cyanthillium vil- Arabia, and the widely distributed type from losum Blume. species was described from Sri Lanka. Vernonia sect. Tephrodes DC, Prodr. 5:24. The three species combinations needed 1836. Lectotype (Jones 1981): Conyza ci- at present are as follows: nerea L. Claotrachelus Zoll. & Mortiz ex Zoll., Na- BACCHAROIDES ADOENSIS tuur-Geneesk. Arch. Ned Indie 2:263, ex Walp.) (Schultz-Bip. 565. 1845. Type: Claotrachelus rupestris H. Robinson, comb. nov. Zoll. & Moritz ex Zoll. Vernonia adoensis Schultz-Bip. ex Walp., Seneciodes L. ex Post & O. Kuntze, Lex. Repert. Bot. Syst. 2:946. 1843. For ex- Gen. Phan. 2:515. 1903. Type: Conyza tensive synonymy see Smith (1971) and cinerea L. Jeffrey (1988). Distribution is subsaharan Triplotaxis Hutch., Bull. Misc. Inform. Africa with concentration in the east 1 9 14:355. 1914. Lectotype: Herderia stel- (Smith 1971, map p. 19). lulifera Benth. in Hook. Vernonia subsect. Orbivestus S. B. Jones, BACCHAROIDES GUINEENSIS Rhodora 83:61. 1981. Lectotype (Jeffrey 1988): Vernonia karaguensis Oliv. & (Benth. in Hook, f & Benth.) Hiem. H. Robinson, comb. nov. Vernonia subsect. Hilliardianae S. B. Jones, Vernonia guineensis Benth. in Hook, f & Rhodora 83:66. 1981. Lectotype (Jeffrey Benth., Niger Fl. 427. 1849. For extensive 1988): Webbia oligocephala DC. synonymy see Smith (197 1). Distribution Vernonia subsect. Tephrodes (DC.) S. B. is subsaharan Africa from Sierra Leone Jones, Rhodora 83:70. 1981. in the west eastward to western Tanzania The designation of a new lectotype for and south to southwestern Angola and Cyanthillium rejects the earlier choice of C. northern Zimbabwe (Smith 1971, map p. moluccense that seems to date from Jones 48). (1980). Jones' selection was totally arbi- BACCHAROIDES LASIOPUS trary, being the first species listed by Blume without any evident study of the group in- (O. Hoffm. in Engl.) volved, and thus can be rejected under the H.
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