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Ethnobotanical Survey of Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants for Infections

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Ethnobotanical Survey of Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants for Infections Journal of Ethnopharmacology 176 (2015) 508–514 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Ethnopharmacology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jep Ethnobotanical survey of traditionally used medicinal plants for infections of skin, gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract and the oral cavity in Borabu sub-county, Nyamira county, Kenya E.O. Omwenga a,b, A. Hensel c,n, A. Shitandi d, F.M. Goycoolea b a Kisii University, School of Health Sciences, P.O. Box 408, 40200 Kisii, Kenya b University of Münster, Institute of Plant Biotechnology and Biology, Nanobiotechnology Group, Schlossgarten 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany c University of Münster, Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry, Corrensstraße 48, D-48149 Münster, Germany d Kisii University, Faculty of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 408, 40200 Kisii, Kenya article info abstract Article history: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Different communities throughout the world have specialized and Received 14 July 2015 profound knowledge on the use medicinal plants for various diseases. However, the detailed information Received in revised form on the respective use may extinct in near future as this knowledge is passed only orally among gen- 16 November 2015 erations in most of the communities. Accepted 16 November 2015 Aim of the study: The present survey aimed to document the use of medicinal plants by traditional Available online 17 November 2015 healers from the Kisii community, Borabu sub-county in Nyamira county, Kenya, to treat infections of the Keywords: urinary tract, oral cavity, gastrointestinal system and the skin and to evaluate the social context in which Ethnobotanical survey the healers work and practice. Infections Materials and methods: Validated questionnaires were applied to 50 traditional healers in the study Kenya region, followed by interviews and structured conversations. Information on the relevant traditionally Borabu sub-county used medicinal plants and their use were documented, including sampling and identification of voucher Medicinal plants specimens. Results: The ethnopharmacological survey revealed 25 medicinal plant species belonging to 19 families. It got evident that most of these species will be extinct in the near future unless appropriate measures are taken, as it turned out difficult to collect some of the wild growing species. Elaeodendron buchananii Loes, Erlangea marginata S. Moore, Acacia gerrardii Benth., Balanites orbicularis Sprague, Solanum renschii Vatke and Orthosiphon hildebrandtii Vatke have not been described before for its medicinal use. Among the 25 species collected from the various regions of Borabu sub-county Urtica dioica L. was the only medicinal plant that was collected from all regions. In contrast Erythrina abyssinica and Rhus natalensis were found in only two regions of the study area. Conclusion: The traditional medicinal use of the reported plants for infections should be documented and a great need of awareness from scientists and local government for improved preservation or field cultivation of some species is obvious. & 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction interest in documenting the use of medicinal plants by native peoples from different parts of the world (Mahwasane et al., 2013). “Traditional medicine” is to be understood as the sum total of WHO further estimates that about 80% of the world's population is the knowledge, skills and practices based on theories, beliefs and dependent on traditional medical practices for some aspect of experiences indigenous to different cultures that are used to primary health care. The reliance of this large population could be maintain and improve health, as well as to prevent, diagnose, and due to the fact that the population has a relatively good accessi- treat physical and mental illnesses (World Health Organization bility to the plants, good affordability of the herbal material as (WHO), 2008). The World Health Organization (WHO) has a keen compared to conventional drugs and the extensive local knowl- edge and expertise among the local communities (Omwenga et al., 2012). Abbreviations: GUT, gastrointestinum; UTI, urinary tract infection; WHO, World The African continent has a long history concerning the med- Health Organisation n Corresponding author. icinal use of plants and in some African countries more than 70% of E-mail address: [email protected] (A. Hensel). the rural population relies on medicinal plants as a source of http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.11.032 0378-8741/& 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved. E.O. Omwenga et al. / Journal of Ethnopharmacology 176 (2015) 508–514 509 remedies (Sam et al., 2013). In Kenya various communities utilizes to 29 °C with an average normal temperature of 19 °C. The study plants for both food and therapeutic purposes and this ranges site, which is mainly represented by rain forest vegetation is rich from one community to another as Kenya is a multi-tribal country in evergreen vegetation. The dominant neophytic tree species in (Jeruto et al., 2008). For instance it has been documented that the area are Eucalyptus spp., which are widely planted in wetland about 85% of the Samburu community of Northern Kenya utilises areas. The inhabitants of the study area are the Kisii community medicinal plants for medicare (Omwenga et al., 2009). This pre- and they are rich in their traditions and cultures. Most of its in- valence of use of medicinal plants could be attributed to poverty, habitants practice agriculture as the main occupation and several inadequate and inaccessibility to health care facilities, strong cul- crops are grown in the study area like maize, millet, tea, legumes, tural beliefs and practices among many other aspects (Omwenga vegetables, potatoes, bananas and fruits. Dairy, poultry and fish et al., 2012). farming is also practised in the study area. Each community has a set of indigenous knowledge and prac- tices especially in medicinal plant use. Therefore there is a great 2.2. Research permit/Informed consent need to document this indigenous knowledge that has been pas- sed from one generation to another orally for centuries without Research permit was sourced from the Ministry of Higher the aid of writing as traditional healers do not keep written re- Education, Science and Technology Borabu Sub-county office, cords. The lack of written ethnopharmaceutical information may Kenya. The informed consent was obtained orally from all re- jeopardize its transfer of the next generations as it may be de- spondents prior to the interview. It was made clear to the re- pleted or become extinct (Offiah et al., 2011; Sam et al., 2013). spondents that their information was purely for scientific studies Documentation can also play a key role towards conservatory as- and not for any commercial use; the identity of the respondents pects of such species of medicinal plants that could have been proven scientifically to be effective in the management of given was not to be exposed. diseases. There is also a need for continuous scientific research on the rationalized effectiviness of such medicinal plants as they have 2.3. Ethnobotanical data collection been found to be keys in the discovery of new lead structures (Simbo, 2010; Ampitan, 2013). The fieldwork was performed between July and August 2014. A The following ethnopharmacological survey aimed to identify total of six research assistants who were well trained on the in- and document the medicinal plants commonly used by traditional tention of the project plus the leading researcher (E.O.O.) con- healers from Borabu Sub County in Nyamira County in Kenya to ducted the fieldwork. All surveyors were allocated to the different treat infections of the gastrointestinal system, the skin, the urinary sites of the studied region. Structured questionnaires and inter- tract and the mouth cavity. Some of these diseases have been views were used to obtain the relevant data from the traditional grouped as the leading causes of death and disability in Kenya. For healers. Borabu sub county was subdivided into the following re- instance in 2009 diarrhoeal diseases accounted for 6% as the gions: Esise/Ekerubo, Memisi/Kineni, Mogusii/Mwongori/Isoge, leading causes of death and disability (Government of Kenya Raitigo/Riangongo/Chepngombe, Mecheo/Tidereti, Nyansiongo/ (GOK), 2010). Also in the annual development plan 2014/15 of Manga, and Kijauri/Nyandoche Ibere. Ethnomedicinal information Nyamira County Report, skin infections, including wounds, are on the plants used in the treatment of infections of gastro- grouped as one of the most common diseases in thecounty intestinal, skin, urinary tract and oral cavity were obtained by (NCADP, 2015). These facts rationalize the selection of the selected consulting the traditional herbalists in the seven regions of the diseases for the present study. study region. The questionnaire was divided into two sections, The distinct study region in Kenya was chosen due to the fact namely: (a) dealt with demographic information such as age, sex that the local inhabitants frequently use medicinal plants, re- and duration of practice and (b) dealt with the information on the commended by professional healers, for their own health and for treatment of the infections of interest. Gifts were handed over to their domesticated animals. They still adhere to their people's age- the respondents as it was realised that the majority of them were old traditional beliefs and customs, and, as such, the inhabitants not willing
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