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Famiglia Asteraceae Famiglia Asteraceae Classificazione scientifica Dominio: Eucariota (Eukaryota o Eukarya/Eucarioti) Regno: Plantae (Plants/Piante) Sottoregno: Tracheobionta (Vascular plants/Piante vascolari) Superdivisione: Spermatophyta (Seed plants/Piante con semi) Divisione: Magnoliophyta Takht. & Zimmerm. ex Reveal, 1996 (Flowering plants/Piante con fiori) Sottodivisione: Magnoliophytina Frohne & U. Jensen ex Reveal, 1996 Classe: Rosopsida Batsch, 1788 Sottoclasse: Asteridae Takht., 1967 Superordine: Asteranae Takht., 1967 Ordine: Asterales Lindl., 1833 Famiglia: Asteraceae Dumort., 1822 Le Asteraceae Dumortier, 1822, molto conosciute anche come Compositae , sono una vasta famiglia di piante dicotiledoni dell’ordine Asterales . Rappresenta la famiglia di spermatofite con il più elevato numero di specie. Le asteracee sono piante di solito erbacee con infiorescenza che è normalmente un capolino composto di singoli fiori che possono essere tutti tubulosi (es. Conyza ) oppure tutti forniti di una linguetta detta ligula (es. Taraxacum ) o, infine, essere tubulosi al centro e ligulati alla periferia (es. margherita). La famiglia è diffusa in tutto il mondo, ad eccezione dell’Antartide, ed è particolarmente rappresentate nelle regioni aride tropicali e subtropicali ( Artemisia ), nelle regioni mediterranee, nel Messico, nella regione del Capo in Sud-Africa e concorre alla formazione di foreste e praterie dell’Africa, del sud-America e dell’Australia. Le Asteraceae sono una delle famiglie più grandi delle Angiosperme e comprendono piante alimentari, produttrici di materie prime, medicinali, che forniscono spezie, ornamentali ed anche infestanti e velenose. La specie alimentare commercialmente più importante è Lactuca sativa (lattuga), altre sono Cichorium endivia , Cichorium intybus (cicoria), Scorzonera hispanica , Tragopogon porrifolius , Cynara scolimus (carciofo), Helianthus tuberosus (topinambur) e Artemisia dracunculus (dragoncello). Inoltre, Helianthus annuus (girasole), Carthamus tinctorius (falso zafferano), Guisotia abissinica (niger ) vengono coltivate per i loro semi che sono fonti importanti di oli commestibili e siccativi (questi ultimi usati nelle vernici). Specie più rappresentative sono: Achillea millefolium - Arctium lappa - Artemisia vulgaris - Bellis perennis - Calendula officinalis - Carlina acaulis - Centaurea cyanus - Cichorium intybus - Helichrysum italicum - Crepis sancta - Dipsacus silvestris – Lapsana communis - Inula crithmoides – Sonchus oleraceus - Tragopogon pratensis – Taraxacum officinale - Pallenis spinosa – Xanthium strumarium – Urospermum dalechampii - Chrysanthemum coronarium – Reichardia picroides - Senecio bicolor - Petasits hybridus - Cynara scolimus . Le infiorescenze più significative di alcune specie della famiglia delle asteracee sono riportate nella figura 1. Figura 1 - 1. Anthemis tinctoria ; 2. Glebionis coronarium ; 3. Coleostephus myconis ; 4. Argyranthemum frutescens ; 5. Sonchus oleraceus ; 6. Cichorium intybus ; 7. Gazania rigens ; 8. Galactites tomentosa ; 9. Calendula arvensis ; 10. Leucanthemum vulgare ; 11. Hieracium lachenalli ; 12. Osteospermum ecklonis . Si riportano i sinonimi con cui questa grande famiglia è stata anche indicata: Acarnaceae , Ambrosiaceae , Anthemidaceae , Aposeridaceae , Arctotidaceae , Artemisiaceae , Athanasiaceae , Calendulaceae , Carduaceae , Centaureaceae , Cichoriaceae , Cnicaceae , Compositae , Coreopsidaceae , Cynaraceae , Echinopaceae , Eupatoriaceae , Gnaphaliaceae , Heleniaceae , Helianthaceae , Helichrysaceae , Inulaceae , Lactucaceae , Lampsanaceae , Madiaceae , Matricariacea e, Mutisiaceae , Nassauviaceae , Partheniaceae , Perdiciaceae , Picridaceae , Santolinaceae , Senecionaceae , Tanacetaceae , Vernoniaceae , Xanthiaceae . 2 Le Asteraceae vengono suddivise nelle seguenti sottofamiglie: 1. sottofamiglia Asteroideae (Cass.) Lindl. in Loud. 1829: include il 70% delle specie della famiglia Asteraceae . Fin dal 2004 la sottofamiglia è stata suddivisa in tre supertribù: • supertribù Senecionodae , che comprende la sola tribù Senecioneae (con la specie Doronicum , che alcune volte è posta nella tribù Doroniceae ); • supertribù Asterodae , che comprende 4 tribù: • tribù Anthemideae • tribù Astereae • tribù Calenduleae • tribù Gnaphalieae • supertribù Helianthodae, che comprende 15 tribù: • tribù Athroismeae • tribù Bahieae • tribù Chaenactideae • tribù Coreopsideae • tribù Eupatorieae • tribù Feddeeae • tribù Helenieae • tribù Heliantheae • tribù Inuleae (comprendente Plucheeae ) • tribù Madieae • tribù Millerieae • tribù Neurolaeneae • tribù Perityleae • tribù Polymnieae • tribù Tageteae 2. sottofamiglia Barnadesioideae D. Don, 1830: è una sottofamiglia delle Asteraceae (chiamata anche famiglia del girasole). Comprende un’unica tribù che quella delle Barnadesieae D. Don, 1830. La sottofamiglia è endemica del Sud America. Studi di biologia molecolare mettono in evidenza la posizione basale della sottofamiglia nei confronti della famiglia dei girasoli. In filogenetica la posizione basale si riferisce alla struttura del cladogramma per cui il taxon si posiziona in un punto nodale o cruciale. Un gruppo basale costituisce un gruppo autonomo rispetto alla parte restante del cladogramma, come nel seguente esempio: Gruppo basale • Gruppo non basale • Gruppo non basale • Gruppo non basale Il termine “basale” è preferito al termine “primitivo” perché quest’ultimo può portare a false connotazioni di inferiorità e di complessità. 3. sottofamiglia Carduoideae Cass. ex Sweet, 1826: secondo Takhtajan, in accordo con Reveal, questa sottofamiglia che comprende le seguenti tribù: • tribù Cynareae • tribù Arctotideae • tribù Barnadesieae • tribù Carlineae • tribù Cichorieae • tribù Echinopeae • tribù Eremothamneae • tribù Gundelieae • tribù Mutisieae 3 4. sottofamiglia Cichorioideae (Juss.) Chevall., 1828. Comprende le seguenti tribù: • tribù Cichorieae • tribù Heterolepis • tribù Gorteriinae • tribù Platycarpheae • tribù Liabeae • tribù Distephanus • tribù Trichospira • tribù Moquinieae • tribù Vernonieae Tuttavia, gli studi di biologia molecolare rendono molto flessibili queste classificazioni. A seguito di studi sulle sequenze di DNA un certo numero di tribù divennero delle nuove sottofamiglie. 5. sottofamiglia Corymbioideae Panero & V.A. Funk, 2002. 6. sottofamiglia Gochnatioideae Benth. & Hook.f., 1873. Questa sottofamiglia comprende una sola tribù, quella delle Gochnatieae (Benth. & Hook.f.) Panero & V.A.Funk, 2002 che include sei generi originari dell’America Centrale e meridionale. 7. sottofamiglia Gymnarrhenoideae Panero & V.A. Funk, 2002. 8. sottofamiglia Hecastocleioideae Panero & V.A. Funk, 2002. 9. sottofamiglia Mutisioideae (Cass.) Lindl., 1833. comprende tre tribù: • tribù Mutisieae • tribù Nassauvieae • tribù Onoserideae 10. sottofamiglia Pertyoideae Panero & V.A. Funk, 2002. 11. sottofamiglia Scorzoneroideae Burmeist., 1837. 12. sottofamiglia Stifftioideae (D. Don, 1830) Panero, 200 7. 13. sottofamiglia Wunderlichioideae Panero & Funk, 2002. La sottofamiglia include 8 generi e circa 24 specie che sono concentrate in Venezuela e Guyana. Alcune specie sono naturalizzate nell’America Meridionale e nel sud-est della Cina. I caratteri morfologici dei membri di questa sottofamiglia sono la presenza branche con stili glabri. I caratteri genetici sono costituiti dalla delezione del gene rpoB . Sono riconosciute due sottotribù: Wunderlicheae e Hyalideae . Si riporta la figura 2 che rappresenta la foto della specie Wunderlichia mirabilis . Figura 1 - Wunderlichia mirabilis un’interessante asteracea arborea di origine brasiliana. 4 Ne fanno parte più di 1.000 generi con circa 20.000 specie: A Aaronsohnia, Abrotanella, Acamptopappus, Acanthocephalus, Acanthocladium, Acanthodesmos, Acantholepis, Acanthospermum, Acanthostyles, Achillea, Achnophora, Achnopogon, Achyrachaena, Achyrocline, Achyropappus, Achyrophorus, Achyrothalamus, Acilepidopsis, Acilepis, Acmella, Acomis, Acourtia, Acrisione, Acritopappus, Acroclinium, Acroptilon, Actinella, Actinobole, Actinomeris, Actinoseris, Actites, Adelostigma, Adenachaena, Adenanthellum, Adenocaulon, Adenocritonia. Adenoglossa, Adenoon, Adenopappus, Adenophyllum, Adenostemma, Adenostyles, Adenothamnus, Adventina, Aedesia, Aegopordon, Aequatorium, Aetheolaena, Aetheorhiza, Ageratella, Ageratina, Ageratinastrum, Ageratum, Agoseris, Agrianthus, Ainsliaea, Ajania, Ajaniopsis, Alatosela, Albertinia, Alcantara, Alcione, Aldama, Alepidocline, Alfredia, Aliella, Allagopappus, Allardia, Alloispermum, Allopterigeron, Almutaster, Alomia, Alomiella, Alvordia, Amauria, Amberboa, Amblyocarpum, Amblyolepis, Amblyopappus, Amboroa, Ambrosia, Ameghinoa, Amellus, Ammobium, Amolinia, Ampelaster, Amphiachyris, Amphiglossa, Amphipappus, Amphoricarpos, Anacantha, Anacyclus, Anaphalioides, Anaphalis, Anaxeton, Ancathia, Ancistrocarphus, Ancistrophora, Andryala, Angelphytum, Angianthus, Anisochaeta, Anisocoma, Anisopappus, Anisothrix, Antennaria, Anthemis, Antillia, Antiphiona, Antithrixia, Anura, Anvillea, Apalochlamys, Aphanactis, Aphanostephus, Aphyllocladus, Apodocephala, Apopyros, Aposeris, Apostates, Arbelaezaster, Archibaccharis, Arctium, Arctogeron, Arctotheca, Arctotis, Argyranthemum, Argyroglottis, Argyrovernonia, Argyroxiphium, Aristeguietia, Arnaldoa, Arnica, Arnicastrum, Arnoglossum, Arnoseris, Arrhenechthites, Arrojadocharis, Arrowsmithia, Artemisia, Artemisiopsis, Asaemia, Asanthus, Ascidiogyne, Aspilia, Asplundianthus, Aster, Asteridea, Asteriscus, Asteromoea, Asteropsis, Asterothamnus, Astranthium, Athanasia, Athrixia, Athroisma, Atractylis,
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