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Introduction to Biogeography and Tropical Biology

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Introduction to Biogeography and Tropical Biology Alexey Shipunov Introduction to Biogeography and Tropical Biology Draft, version April 10, 2019 Shipunov, Alexey. Introduction to Biogeography and Tropical Biology. This at the mo- ment serves as a reference to major plants and animals groups (taxonomy) and de- scriptive biogeography (“what is where”), emphasizing tropics. April 10, 2019 version (draft). 101 pp. Title page image: Northern Great Plains, North America. Elaeagnus commutata (sil- verberry, Elaeagnaceae, Rosales) is in front. This work is dedicated to public domain. Contents What 6 Chapter 1. Diversity maps ............................. 7 Diversity atlas .................................. 16 Chapter 2. Vegetabilia ............................... 46 Bryophyta ..................................... 46 Pteridophyta ................................... 46 Spermatophyta .................................. 46 Chapter 3. Animalia ................................ 47 Arthropoda .................................... 47 Mollusca ..................................... 47 Chordata ..................................... 47 When 48 Chapter 4. The Really Short History of Life . 49 Origin of Life ................................... 51 Prokaryotic World ................................ 52 The Rise of Nonskeletal Fauna ......................... 53 Filling Marine Ecosystems ............................ 54 First Life on Land ................................. 56 Coal and Mud Forests .............................. 58 Pangea and Great Extinction .......................... 60 Renovation of the Terrestrial Life ........................ 61 Jurassic Park: World of Reptiles ......................... 62 The Rise of Contemporary Ecosystems ..................... 64 Last Great Glaciation ............................... 67 How 70 Chapter 5. Basics of Ecology ........................... 71 CONTENTS 5 Ecological Interactions: Two-Species Model .................. 71 Where 73 Chapter 6. Ecological geography and taxonomical geography . 74 Chapter 7. Regions ................................. 76 Chapter 8. Holarctic ................................ 77 Chapter 9. Neotropics ............................... 79 Chapter 10. Palaeotropics ............................. 81 Africa ....................................... 81 Asia ........................................ 83 Chapter 11. Australia and Pacific Islands .................... 84 Tropical Biology 85 Chapter 12. Architecture of Tropical Forest . 86 Illustrated Key to the Architectural Models of Tropical Trees ........ 86 What Chapter 1 Diversity maps Figure 1. The most diverse groups of living things. Vegetabilia Animalia tissues Spiralia Ecdysozoa Vegetabilia Deuterostomia Ctenophora, Spongia, Cnidaria Panalgae Panmycota Protista nucleus Viri Excavata Monera cell Archaea Bacteria “Pyramids of Life.” Bilateria Ctenophora Deuterostomia Chaetognatha Ecdysozoa Echinodermata: Anthozoa: corals starfish and others Medusozoa: jelly fish Hemichordata Lophotrochozoa Nemertea Nemathelminthes Chordata: Mollusca: Arthropoda: vertebrates Platyzoa: gastropods Placozoa flatworms and others all arthropods animals Lophophorata Annelida: Porifera: sponges Acoelomorpha leeches and others Fungi and allies Heliozoa Algae and Labyrinthomorpha Sulcozoa Haptophyta allies Opalozoa Amoebozoa: slime molds Cryptista Oomycota Choanozoa Metamonada Opisthosporidia Chromophyta: Glaucophyta Discoba brown algae Rhodophyta: Eomycota Rhizaria Entorrhizomycota red algae protists Myzozoa Basidiomycota: mushrooms Chlorophyta: Ciliophora Ascomycota: lichens green algae Bryophyta: Bacteria Archaea mosses and allies Elusimicrobia Nanoarchaeota Firmicutes Pteridophyta: Spirochaetae Euryarchaeota Actinobacteres ferns Planctobacteria Filarchaeota Cyanobacteria and allies Bacteroidetes Asgardarchaeota Chloroflexes plants Proteobacteria Spermatophyta: gymnosperms prokaryotes and angiosperms Treemap of Life. Lobopoda Tardigrada Arthropoda s.l.: Cheliceromorpha: Pancrustacea: Hexapoda: Entognatha Chelicerata: Insecta Palaeoptera: Arachnida: Other Polyneoptera: Neoptera Odonata: dragonflies Orthoptera: Araneae: spiders crustacean grasshopers Acari: ticks and mites groups Holometabola: Mantoidea: Scorpiones Hymenoptera: Mecopteroidea: s.str.: mantids Amblypigi: whip spiders wasps Blattoidea: Opiliones: harvestmen and ants cockroaches ... and smaller orders Mala- Trichoptera: Isoptera: Neuropteroidea: caddisflies costraca: termites Coleoptera: Lepidoptera: ... beetles moths Arthropoda Decapoda: Myriapoda: Neuroptera: Diptera: crabs, Paraneoptera: lacewings flies crayfish, Chilopoda: centipedes Hemiptera: bugs Megaloptera: ... shrimp and aphids dobsonflies Diplopoda: millipedes Isopoda: ... ... ... woodlice Treemap of arthropods. Bryophyta: seed plants (Spermatophyta): liverworts (Hepaticae) "gymnosperms": flowering plants (Angiospermae): mosses (Bryophytina) conifers liliids, monocots (Liliidae) hornworts (Anthocerotophytina) (Pinopsida) Pteridophyta: magnoliids (Magnoliidae) monilophytes (Pteridophytina): horsetails (Equisetopsida) Gnetopsida rosids (Rosidae) whisk ferns (Psilotopsida) cycads : clubmosses, (Cycadopsida) "dicots": tongue ferns (Ophioglossopsida) giant ferns (Marattiopsida) asterids (Asteridae) (Lycopodiopsida) ginkgo (Ginkgoopsida) spikemosses, quillworts spikemosses, true ferns (Pteridopsida) lycophytes Treemap of plants. Asterales asterids Gentianales Lamiales Rubiaceae, Labiatae, coffee family Compositae, mask family aster family Gesneriaceae Apocynaceae, Araliales Zingiberales Solanaceae dogbane family Zingiberaceae monocots Musaceae Ericales Garryales Cucurbitales Cornales Fagales Poales Begoniaceae Gramineae, (liliids) Caryophyllales Malpighiales grasses Dilleniales Fabales Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, sedge family spurge family Leguminosae Berberidopsidales Arecales Vitales Liliales Palmae Alismatales Santalales Celastrales Araceae Zygophyllales Rosales Gunnerales Piperales Urticaceae, Ochidaceae Oxalidales Saxifragales ... Piperaceae rosids Platanales Huerteales Geraniales Picramniales Magnoliales Brassicales magnollids Sapindales Ranunculales Chloranthales Myrtales Melastomataceae Malvales Nymphaeales Malvaceae Amborellales "dicots" Treemap of angiosperms. Agnatha (jawless fishes) "Pisces": Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous): Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) and Holocephala (chimaeras) Dipnoi (Sarcopterygii, lobe-finned): Ceratodontiformes, "Osteichthyes" Lepidosireniformes, Coelacanthiformes (latimeria) (bony): Actinopterygii (Actinopterygii, Chondrostei: Ascipenseriformes (sturgeon, ray-finned): paddlefish), Polypteriformes (bichir) Neopterygii: Teleostei: Acanthopterygii: Holostei: Clupeiformes (herring) Syngnathiformes (seahorses) Amiiformes Cypriniformes (zebrafish) Tetraodontiformes (pufferfish) (bowfin) Characiformes (tetras) Pleuronectiformes (flatfish) Lepisostei- Siluriformes (catfish) Scorpaeniformes (scorpionfish) formes (spo- Salmoniformes (salmon) Perciformes (clownfish, tang, tted gar) Gadiformes (cod) mackerel, cichlids, goby, ...) Treemap of fishes. Palaeognatha: ostrich, cassovaries, tinamous Aves: Neognatha: Neoaves Telluraves: Opisthocomiformes: hoatzin Afroaves: Australaves: Mirandornites: Accipitriformes: seriemas, falcons, flamingos, grebes vultures, eagles parrots, Columbimorphae: passerines: doves Cavitaves: NZ wrens Otidimorphae: owls, trogons, Suboscines: cotingas, chicken and geese chicken cuckoos, turacos hornbills, toucans, ... Caprimulgiformes: woodpeckers, Songbirds: corvides, hummingbirds, kingfishers passerides, ... nightjars Aequornites: shorebirds, pelicans, herons, cormorants, penguins, loons ... Galloanseres: Galloanseres: Treemap of birds. Prototheria: platypus, echidna Mammalia: Marsupialia: pouched mammals Theria: Placentalia: Atlantogenata: Boreoeutheria: Afrotheria: Laurasitheria: Euarchontoglires: Macroscelidae Eulypotyphla Scandentia: Chiroptera: bats tupaias Afrosoricida Dermoptera Perissodactyla: Tubulidentata: horses, Primates: us aadvark rhinos, tapirs Lagomorpha: anteaters, Syrenia: manatees Cetartiodactyla: rabbits pigs, whales, Rodentia: Proboscidea: cows, camels elephants hystricomorphs (aguti), Pholidota sciuromorphs (squirrels), Carnivora: castorimorphs (beavers), sloths, armadillos Hyracoidea: hyrax myomorphs (mice) Xenarthra: Xenarthra: cats and dogs Treemap of mammals. 16 Diversity maps Diversity atlas All black and white illustrations in this section were provided by Georgij Vinogradov and Michail Boldumanu. Diversity atlas 17 Figure 2. Monera: Bacteria. Left to right, top to bottom: Firmicutes: Bacillus sp.; Chlorobia: Chlorobium sp.; Cyanobacteria: Prochloron and Nostoc kihlmanii. 18 Diversity maps Figure 3. Protista: Excavata. Left to right, top to bottom: Jacobea: Jakoba lib- era; Parabasalea: Barbulanympha ufalula; Euglenophyceae: Euglena spirogyra; Kine- toplastea: Trypanosoma brucei; Heterolobosea: Acrasis rosea and Stephanopogon colpoda. Diversity atlas 19 Figure 4. Protista: Panmycota I. Left to right, top to bottom: Archamoebae: Pelomyxa palustris; Microsporea: Theloliania sp. spore; Macromycerozoa: Polyspho- ndylium pallidum; Choanomonadea: Codosiga botrytis; Chytridiomycetes: Polypha- gus euglenae. 20 Diversity maps Figure 5. Protista: Panmycota II. Left to right, top to bottom: Zygomycetes: a Mucor sp., b Pilobolus sp.; Ascomycetes: Gyromitra esculenta (a fruiting body, b ascus) and lichenes: a Usnea sp., b Cladonia deformis; Basidiomycetes: Boletus edulis (a fruiting body, b basidia). Diversity atlas 21 Figure 6. Protista: Panalgae: Chromobionta I. Left to right, top to bottom: Rhizopodea: Arcella vulgaris; Acantharia: Amphilonche elongata;
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