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Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by Ayta Communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines

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Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by Ayta Communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines Pharmacogn J. 2018; 10(5):859-870 A Multifaceted Journal in the field of Natural Products and Pharmacognosy Original Article www.phcogj.com | www.journalonweb.com/pj | www.phcog.net Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants used by Ayta Communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco*1, Marlon Lian C. Condes2, Hanna Hasmini T. Estadilla2, Elena M. Ragragio2 ABSTRACT Objectives: This study documented the species of medicinal plants used by Ayta communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan. The plant parts used for medicinal purposes, preparations, mode of administration of these medicinal plants were determined. The most important species based on use values and informant consensus factors were also calculated. Methods: A total of 26 informants were interviewed regarding the plants they utilize for medicinal purposes. Free and prior informed consents were obtained from the informants. Taxonomic identification was done in the Botany Division of the National Museum of the Philippines. Informant consensus factor (FIC) and use values (UV) were also calculated. Results: Ayta communities listed a total of 118 plant species classified into 49 families used as herbal medicines. The FamilyFabaceae was the most represented plant family with 11 species. Leaves were the most used plant part (43%). Majority of medicinal preparations were taken orally (57%). It was found that Psidium guajava L. and Lunasia amara Blanco were the most commonly used medicinal plants in the Ourlad Alzeus G. Tan- three communities with the use value of 0.814. Conclusion: This documentation provides tengco1*, Marlon Lian C. a catalog of useful plants of the Ayta and serves as a physical record of their culture for the 2 education of future Ayta generations. Condes , Hanna Hasmin T. Key words: Ethnobotany, Medicinal plants, Ayta, Philippines, Traditional medicine. Estadilla2, Elena M. Ra- gragio2* 1College of Medicine, University of the INTRODUCTION Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila City, PHILIPPINES. The Flora of the Philippines contains more than 12000 of ethnobotanical knowledge compared to those 2Department of Biology, College of plant species, around 1500 of which are used by the living close to the market town.6 Arts and Sciences, University of the traditional herbalists of the indigenous peoples in There were several bioactivity studies conducted on Philippines Manila, Padre Faura St., traditional medicine.1 Several medicinal plants have Ermita, Manila City, PHILIPPINES. the indigenous plants used by Ayta communities mechanical and chemical defense mechanisms that Correspondence in Bataan especially the Ayta from Sitio Kanawan, protect themselves from herbivores. These chemical Morong, Bataan.7­9 These studies indicate that the Ourlad Alzeus G. Tantengco compounds that deter herbivores have pharmacological indigenous plants from Bataan can be potential College of Medicine, University of the effects against human diseases.2 Indigenous communi­ sources of bioactive compounds thus further warrant Philippines Manila, Pedro Gil Street, ties in the Philippines have been using plants as remedies Ermita, Manila City, PHILIPPINESS. the need for extensive documentation of ethno botanical for several diseases ranging from common ones such knowledge of Ayta communities in Dinalupihan, Phone no : 02 562 4524 as headache, stomachache, cough, colds, toothache, Bataan. E-mail: [email protected] skin diseases to more serious and fatal ones such as History urinary tract infection, chicken pox, and dysentery.3 The traditional knowledge held by indigenous peoples is an important resource that should be • Submission Date: 06-12-2017; Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted in different • Review completed: 05-03-2018; conserved. This knowledge continues to decline • Accepted Date: 11-05-2018 Ayta communities in other provinces of Central Luzon such as Pampanga. A study conducted by Ragragio through time and there are only few indigenous DOI : 10.5530/pj.2018.5.145 et al.4 documented that Ayta communities in Porac, communities with wide traditional and botanical 10 Pampanga still use plants as food and medicines. knowledge. In the Philippines, this knowledge is Article Available online endangered by Western acculturation and mod­ http://www.phcogj.com/v10/i5 However, there are no published resources on the ethno­ botanical knowledge of the Ayta groups in Bataan. The ernization. The present study answers the need for Copyright Ayta communities of the Bataan Peninsula are consid­ systematic documentation the traditional knowledge © 2018 Phcog.Net. This is an open- ered as the least known and researched Ayta group in of indigenous peoples before it is lost. This research access article distributed under the terms documented the herbal medicines of the three Ayta of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Central Luzon, Philippines. The Ayta communities in International license. Bataan continue to reside in their forested ancestral communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan. Specifically, it lands and extensively depend on forest resources for aims to identify the species of these medicinal plants, food and medicines.5 Indigenous people living near determine which plant parts are used for medicinal the forest and far from market town have higher levels purposes, preparations and mode of administration Cite this article: Tantengco OAG, Condes MLC, Estadilla HHT, Ragragio EM. Ethnobotanical Survey of Medicinal Plants Used by Ayta Communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan, Philippines. Pharmacog J. 2018;10(5):859-70. Pharmacognosy Journal, Vol 10, Issue 5, Sep-Oct, 2018 859 Tantengco, et al.: Medicinal Plants Used by Ayta Communities in Philippines of these plants and identify the most important species and calculate the three Ayta communities in Dinalupihan, Bataan. The data were collected informant consensus factors. from 26 key informants composed of tribal chieftains, traditional healers and other elders through a semi­structured interview.13 This semi­structured MATERIALS AND METHODS interview consisted of questions on their knowledge about medicinal Study Sites plants, the diseases treated by the plants, parts that are used, how the parts are prepared and administered for medicinal purposes. The key The ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the Ayta communities informants also collected the plants which were used for taxonomic located in three rural barangays in Dinalupihan, Bataan namely Payangan, identification and part of the field collection of the researchers. Tubo­Tubo, and Bayan­Bayanan during December 2015. Dinalupihan is located 95 kms east of Manila with the geographical coordinates of Specimen Collection 14° 52’ 34” North, 120° 27’ 45” East (Figure 1).11 It has a total land area Samples of the functional parts of medicinal plants were collected for of 92.52 km2. As of May 1, 2010, the total population of Tubo­tubo is taxonomic identification. The habitat, morphological characteristics, and 342, Payangan is 554 and Bayan­bayanan is 447. It has a tropical climate reproductive parts of the plants were photographed and noted. Voucher with significant rainfall almost throughout the year. It is considered as an specimens were preserved by immersing them in denatured alcohol and agricultural town whose main resources are palay, sugar cane, corn, root were sent to Mr. Danilo Tandang, botanist and researcher at the National crops, legumes and fruits including livestock and poultry.12 Museum of the Philippines for identification and authentication. Scientific Study Population names of plants were determined and validated using The Plant List database.14 Data were collected through a semi­structured interview of 26 Ayta informants who are knowledgeable on medicinal plants. Informants Data Analysis were composed of the tribal chieftains, traditional healers and community The information on the Ayta individuals (socio­demographic data) and elders. This semi­structured interview was composed of questions on on the medicinal plants based on the interview was tabulated. Two values medicinal plants, its utilization as traditional medicine, the diseases were calculated to quantify the ethnobotanical data gathered: the Use treated by the plants, the plants used for various diseases the parts that Value (UV) and the Informant Consensus Factor (FIC). The Use Value is are used, how the parts are prepared and the frequency of use of these defined as the ratio of the number citations per species (U) to the number plants. of informants (N) and is given by the formula: UV = U/N.13 High UV Ayta communities in Bataan has two languages, Filipino and their ethnic indicates high use­reports for a plant implying its relative importance to language which is Ayta Ambala. The older generations are fluent speakers the local community. Low UV indicates few reports related to its use.15 of their ethnic language while the younger generations are more accus­ Informant Consensus Factor, on the other hand, is evaluated using the tomed to speaking the Filipino language. Few Ayta hold leadership formula: FIC = (Nur – Nt)/ Nur – 1: where Nur is the number of use­ position in the community and the municipality of Dinalupihan. Majority reports in each category and Nt is the number of species used for a of the Ayta in Dinalupihan, Bataan rely on farming for their living. They particular category by all informants4. The maximum value attained in have fruit and vegetable plantation in the mountains and they sell their this Formula, 1, means that the informants completely agree that the agricultural
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