A Summary of Biological Inventory Data Collected at Natchez Trace Parkway Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories

Home , Acalypha gracilens, Acalypha virginica, Agrostemma githago, Alabama hog sucker, American gizzard shad, Ampelopsis cordata

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Program Center

Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GULN/NRTR—2010/400

Jackson Falls on the Natchez Trace Parkway

River Bend on the Natchez Trace Parkway

Big Swan Creek on the Natchez Trace Parkway

ON THE COVER The 444-mile Natchez Trace Parkway commemorates an ancient trail used by animals and people that connected southern portions of the Mississippi River, through Alabama, to salt licks in today's central Tennessee. Cypress Swamp is located on the Natchez Trace Parkway at milemarker 122. The swamp supports a wide variety of vegetation including Bald Cypress and Water Tupelo trees. NPS photos.

A Summary of Biological Inventory Data Collected at Natchez Trace Parkway Vertebrate and Vascular Plant Inventories

Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GULN/NRTR—2010/400

Gulf Coast Network National Park Service 646 Cajundome Blvd. Room 175 Lafayette, LA 70506

November 2010

U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Fort Collins, Colorado

The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public.

The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for the timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been completed. Consequently, the initial analyses of data in this report are provisional and subject to change.

All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.

Views, statements, findings, conclusions, recommendations, and data in this report do not necessarily reflect views and policies of the National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use by the U.S. Government.

This report is available from the Gulf Coast Network Inventory and Monitoring Program website: http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/guln/networkhome/reports.cfm and the Natural Resource Publications Management website (http://www.nature.nps.gov/publications/NRPM).

Please cite this publication as:

Gulf Coast Network 2010. A summary of biological inventories conducted at Natchez Trace Parkway: Vertebrate, and vascular plant inventories. Natural Resource Technical Report NPS/GULN/NRTR—2010/400. National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado.

NPS 604/106084, November 2010

Contents

Page

Contents ...... iii

Tables ...... iv

Introduction ...... 1

Methods...... 1

Results and Discussion ...... 2

Discussion ...... 36

Monitoring ...... 36

Management ...... 36

Literature Cited ...... 37

NPSpecies https://science1.nature.nps.gov/npspecies/web/main/start Feb 4, 2009Appendix A. NPSpecies Data Dictionary ...... 37

Appendix A. NPSpecies Data Dictionary ...... 38

Appendix B. Natchez Trace Parkway (NATR) Local List...... 41

iii

Tables

Page

Table 2. Count of organisms by Abundance categories at NATR (NPSpecies 2009)...... 3

Table 3. Count of organisms by Residency categories at NATR (NPSpecies 2009) ...... 3

Table 4Count of organisms by Nativity categories at NATR (NPSpecies 2009) ...... 3

Table 5. Non-native plants occurring at Natchez Trace Parkway with an Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank).NatureServe.2009...... 5

Table 6. Organisms on the park’s local list for Alabama which possess a designated conservation status (State Status, State Rank, Federal Status or TNC Global Rank)...... 27

Table 7. Organisms on the park’s local list for Mississippi which possess a designated conservation status (State Status, State Rank, Federal Status or TNC Global Rank)...... 29

Table 8. Organisms on the park’s local list for Tennessee which possess a designated conservation status (State Status, State Rank, Federal Status or TNC Global Rank)...... 31

Introduction

Park managers are directed by federal law and National Park Service (NPS) policies to know the status and trends in A natural resource inventory the condition of natural resources under their stewardship in is an extensive point-in-time order to fulfill the NPS mission of conserving parks effort to document the unimpaired. The National Park Service established the presence, location or condition Inventory and Monitoring Program (I&M) in 1992 to of a resource, including the provide funding, technical assistance, and coordination for status of plants, animals, and more than 270 parks to complete 12 basic natural resource abiotic components such as inventories and to begin monitoring the status and trend of water, soils, landforms, and park natural resources. As part of this effort, the I&M climate. Monitoring differs Program’s Gulf Coast Network (GULN) completed several from an inventory in adding inventories of the vertebrate species and vascular plants at the dimension of time, with the Natchez Trace Parkway (NATR). These efforts included general purpose of detecting cataloging all existing data, followed up by additional field changes or trends in a resource investigations. The primary purpose of these inventories was to document the presence of resources in parks, and to assess and document the current condition and knowledge of natural resources in the parks. This report provides a summary of results. Results are also briefly discussed within the context of future inventory efforts, long-term monitoring, and management.

Methods

Prior to the initiation of any field investigation, an effort was made to assemble extant data on species occurrence at NATR. This included searches of reference databases and vouchers, as well as a site visit to the park. Based on these investigations, inventories for several vertebrate and vascular plant groups at NATR were determined to be incomplete. Consequently, new field inventories of fish (Johnston 2007), birds (Accipiter Biological Consultants 2001), amphibians and reptiles (Accipiter Biological Consultants 2001), and vascular plants (Hatch and Kruse 2008) were conducted on the park.

NPSpecies is the National Park Service's master Recent inventory reports for NATR are database for documenting the occurrence and available on the GULN website at status of species in more than 270 national park http://science.nature.nps.gov/im/units/guln/. units containing significant natural resources. Data gathered from the initial reviews at NATR and recent inventories were organized and entered in NPSpecies. Organism names were linked to the available evidence (reference, observation and/or voucher), quality checked, and made ready for review by individuals with expertise in the various taxa groups. The purpose of these reviews was to assign a park status (e.g., Present in Park, Probably Present, False Report, etc.) and complete a series of checklist fields for each organism (i.e., abundance, residency, nativity and cultivation). Upon completion of this step, data were considered certified and uploaded to a master, online version of NPSpecies on the NPS resource management application website (http://NRInfo.gov). This site

is currently restricted to NPS users and contractors, and records flagged as "sensitive" are not visible to users without edit permissions.

Results and Discussion

Searches for past data and completion of recent inventory efforts resulted in 19 references, 7,340 vouchers, and 1,309 observations being entered into NPSpecies for NATR. Based on a review of this evidence, 1,839 organisms were categorized as Present in Park or Probably Present (Table 1). An additional 223 organisms were categorized as Unconfirmed or Encroaching. Unconfirmed organisms were included on the park list primarily due to historic and/or weak evidence supporting its existence on the park. Encroaching species includes those organisms known to occur in the region, but that are unlikely to occur on the park, at least presently.

Currently 1,621 of the parks total 2,101 organisms are documented as Present in Park. Additionally, the percentage of total organisms Present in Park is 77%. However, if both categories, Present in Park and Probably Present are combined, then the number of documented organisms rises to 1,839. The percentage of Present in Park and Probably Present of total organisms is 88%. Thus, based on current data, the percentage of documented organisms occurring in NATR is likely between 77 and 88%. The I&M goal was to document as many organisms occurring in the park as possible, be them previously unidentified, encroaching, possibly present, or Present in Park.

Table 1. Count of organisms by Park Status categories at NATR (NPSpecies 2009). Park Status1 Bird Fish Mammal Amphibian Reptile Vascular Plant Total Present in Park 134 101 30 27 46 1283 1621 Probably Present - 72 1 5 1 139 218 Encroaching ------0 Unconfirmed 95 31 32 10 15 40 223 Historical - 14 2 - - 15 31 False Report - - - 2 1 5 8 1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Park Status categories.

Of the 2,101 organisms documented, reviewers assigned a general abundance category (e.g. Abundant, Common, Uncommon, Rare, and Occasional) to 1,577 (75%) (Table 2). Reviewers believed additional information was needed before an abundance category could be assigned to the remaining 524 (25%) organisms (e.g. Unknown, Not Accounted for).

Table 1. Count of organisms by Abundance categories at NATR (NPSpecies 2009). Abundance 1 Category Bird Fish Mammal Amphibian Reptile Vascular Plant Total Abundant - 46 - - 2 66 114 Common 87 24 - 14 23 1047 1195 Uncommon 44 24 - 11 11 140 230 Rare 2 6 - 1 4 25 38 Occasional ------0 Unknown 1 1 30 1 6 5 44 Not Accounted for 95 117 35 17 17 199 480 1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Abundance categories.

Residency values (e.g. Breeder, Resident, Migrant, and Vagrant) were assigned for 76 organisms with the exception of 2,025 organisms that were categorized as unknown or not accounted for (219 birds, 218 fish, 65 mammals, 22 amphibians, and 19 reptiles). There are a low number of breeder birds and a high number of unknown birds due to insufficient data according to the latest bird inventory report (Accipiter Biological Consultants 2001). Unknown and Not Accounted for residency values were assigned primarily because it was unclear as to whether or not the organism bred on the park. Also, residency was not established for the 1482 vascular plants because residency values do not apply to vascular plants.

Table 2. Count of organisms by Residency categories at NATR (NPSpecies 2009) Residency Category1 Bird Fish Mammal Amphibian Reptile Vascular Plant Total Breeder 4 - - 21 43 - 68 Resident 4 - - 1 1 - 6 Migratory 2 - - - - - 2 Vagrant ------0 Unknown 124 101 30 5 2 - 262 Not Accounted for 95 117 35 17 17 1482 1763 1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Residency categories.

NATR’s local list includes 224 non-native organisms (i.e., 13% of total). Of the 224 non-native organisms, there are seven fish, two are mammals, and the remaining 215 are vascular plants. Three additional birds were assigned a nativity of unknown due to a park status of unconfirmed and false reports regarding these three birds.

Table 3Count of organisms by Nativity categories at NATR (NPSpecies 2009) Nativity Category1 Bird Fish Mammal Amphibian Reptile Vascular Plant Total Native 3 206 63 44 63 1132 1511 Non-Native - 7 2 - - 215 224 Unknown 226 5 - - - 135 366 Not Accounted for ------1 Refer to Appendix A for definitions of Nativity categories.

NatureServe, in cooperation with The Nature Conservancy and NPS, developed a protocol to rank the impact of non-native invasive vascular plants (Morse et al. 2004). Through a series of standardized questions, non-native species are evaluated and assigned an Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank) based on impact to native species and natural biodiversity. I-Ranks are categorized as high, high/medium, height/low, medium, medium/low, medium/insignificant, low, low/insignificant, or insignificant. Twenty-four of the non-native vascular plants on NATR’s local list received an overall I-Rank score from NatureServe containing high (Table 5). All are known to occur in the park (i.e., Present in Park). The linear nature of the park compounds the difficulty of controlling many of these invasive species.

Table 4. Non-native plants occurring at Natchez Trace Parkway with an Invasive Species Impact Rank (I-Rank).NatureServe.2009. Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Dense monospecific stands in California are linked with severe giant reed, degradation of ecosystem processes and several species within the giantreed Arundo donax High High Low community including the Least Bell's Vireo. Thickets of this species exhibit significant canopy disturbance reducing species richness and abundance and inhibiting native tree seedlings. It has already reached much of its invasive range potential in the United States occurring in most states. Migratory Amur birds disperse seeds and fruits widely and the species is capable of honeysuckle, invading native wooded areas. Control is costly and difficult, but Amur repeated clipping has been shown to have some effect over multiple honeysuckle bush Lonicera maackii High High/Medium Medium years. Aggressive weed tree of the southeastern U.S. and also spreading in California. Capable of transforming important natural communities ranging from coastal prairies, marshes, and bottomland forests, into monospecific Chinese tallow forests. Alters soil chemistry such that the species may be self-perpetuating once tallowtree Triadica sebifera High High High/Medium established. This perennial herb is a nitrogen-fixer, alters the fuel loads in fire- adapted ecosystems, creates dense monospecific stands by crownvetch, strongly outcompeting native plants, and impacts high-quality purple crown- occurances of common and rare native plant communities in the vetch, purple US. It is widespread across the US, in every state except for crownvetch, Varia California, Louisiana, Alaska and North Dakota. It takes at least 3-5 crownvetch Coronilla varia High High Low years to manage an infestation of this species.

Myriophyllum spicatum has invaded many natural lakes, where it forms dense mats that alter dissolved oxygen levels, reduces light penetration, and negatively impacts macrophytes, macroinvertebrates, and fish abundance and diversity. It has negative impacts on a native congener, Myriophyllum sibiricum, Eurasian water- through both hybridization and competition. It is present in most of milfoil, Eurasian the continental US, and listed as noxious in 15 states by the USDA. watermilfoil, Recent reports indicate it is increasing within its range. In addition to myriophylle en lake habitat, it infests ponds, and pools and stagnant to slowing epi, spike moving fresh to slightly brackish water. As only limited control is watermilfoil, achieved through current management methods, biological control spiked water Myriophyllum agents such as the milfoil beetle (Euhrychiopsis lecontei) are being milfoil spicatum High High High explored.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary common waterhyacinth, floating Water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes, is considered by many to be waterhyacinth, Eichhornia the "world's worst weed," even though it's range does not spread water hyacinth crassipes High High/Medium High throughout the U.S. Elaeagnus umbellata is reported to alter ecosystem processes by fixing nitrogen in the soil. It also alters community structure and composition by creating dense thickets and shading other species. It invades prairies, savannas, and wetlands. E. umbellata is on the West Virginia noxious weed list and reported as invasive throughout the Southeast. This fast-spreading shrub was once a popular ornamental and is still planted for wildlife and soil stabilization projects. It can be controlled with a combination of cutting and autumn olive, Elaeagnus herbicide treatment, but control requires a five-year time oleaster umbellata High High Low commitment. Carduus nutans is a persistent annual or biennial of open areas, chardon penche, including prairies, grasslands, roadsides and areas of disturbance in musk thistle, dense woods. Prolific seed production and seeds that can remain nodding viable for up to 15 years ensure that control and management plumeless thistle, programs will extend over the long-term. However, most of the nodding negative effects appear to be as an agricultural and pasture weed -- plumeless-thistle, grazers actively aviod eating C. nutans. There is some concern nodding thistle, Medium/ about native thistles and negative effects biological control agents plumeless thistle Carduus nutans High/Low Insignificant High/Medium may have on desirable species.

Brassica nigra occurs in most of the continental U.S. states and also in Hawaii. It is widespread and locally common. Brassica nigra often occurs in disturbed habitats such as neglected fields, waste places, pastures, ditches, and roadsides, but it also threatens some communities of conservation significance in California including fog- belt grasslands, annual grasslands, and coastal sage scrub. Brassica nigra often forms pure stands in California annual grasslands. Brassica nigra has been shown to produce water soluble toxins which inhibit native grassland species. In California coastal scrub communities, Brassica nigra may dominate some sites after fires, because its dry above-ground biomass ignites more easily than native vegetation and because its seeds can survive fire. Although it is an annual, Brassica nigra exhibits some aggressive reproductive characteristics. It produces more than 1000 seeds per plant and seeds may be viable for more than 5 years. Most impacts black mustard, to biodiversity appear to be in California but more information is shortpod mustard Brassica nigra High/Low High/Low High/Medium needed.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary mimosa, mimosa Often a plant of human-disturbed areas (roadsides, etc.), but also tree, powderpuff affects naturally scoured riparian areas and forest edges. It is tree, silk tree, having some serious impacts on biodiversity in parts of the silktree Albizia julibrissin High/Low High/Low Medium/Low southeastern U.S. Plantago lanceolata is very widespread. It occurs in every U.S. state and the District of Columbia. Plantago lanceolata commonly occurs in disturbed areas such as roadsides, waste places, and pastures as well as in manicured areas such as lawns, gardens, and cultivated fields. However, it can also invade native grasslands. In the San Francisco area of California, it occurs in coastal grasslands and is outcompeting native species including at least one plant buckhorn species of conservation significance. It may also impact biodiversity plantain, English in Hawaii in subalpine shrubland and mesic forest communities. plantain, lanceleaf Plantago lanceolata rapidly colonizes open areas and forms dense Indianwheat, swards that crowd out native vegetation and prevent the lanceleaf plantain, establishment of native species. It has seeds that may remain narrowleaf viable in the soil for 10 years. It is not known to invade intact plantain, ribgrass, vegetation but more information is needed. More information is also ribwort Plantago lanceolata High/Low High/Low High/Low needed about its negative impacts across the region and its trends.

Linaria vulgaris is a species once planted as an ornamental. This species produces attractive yellow and orange flowers, but is an aggressive invader in many parts of the United States. It is common butter and eggs, throughout the eastern US and has been increasingly problematic in butterandeggs, the west and particularly in Colorado, where it has infested more flaxweed, greater than 40,000 acres. This species impacts the ecosystems it invades butter-and-eggs, by increasing erosion, and displacing native vegetation. Once Jacob's ladder, established in a disturbed area is it capable of invading nearby ramsted, wild undistrubed areas because its root system is extensive and snapdragon, produces secondary shoots from the roots. It also produces large yellow toadflax Linaria vulgaris High/Low Medium/Low High/Medium numbers of seeds yearly. Sometimes used as a hallucinigen, the species appears to be widespread throughout the U.S. in disturbed habitats and nearby natural areas. Little information is available regarding reproduction, Jamestown weed, dispersal, trends or ecological effects; although all appear to be jimsonweed, mad relatively minor. Problems associated with Datura stramonium apple, poisonings (livestock and human) compose a greater portion of the moonflower, available literature. In addition, there is some confusion over the stinkwort, thorn native range of the species and how it may have first gotten to the apple Datura stramonium High/Low Medium/Low Unknown U.S.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary

Widespread in the U.S. Holcus lanatus is present in every state (including AK and HI), except WY, SD, NE, MN, and FL. Apparently, it causes more negative impacts in the western U.S. but more information is needed. Holcus lanatus forms dense swards that reduce native species richness and eliminate native grasses and forbs. Allelopathic activity is suspected. In Hawaii, it forms dense stands which shade out seedling establishment. Holcus lanatus occurs in disturbed areas but also in some communities of conservation significance. Holcus lanatus has become a major problem on western Oregon and Washington grassland preserves. Holcus lanatus was determined to be the fourth worst invasive plant threatening Garry oak and associated ecosystems in British Columbia; these communities occur from British Columbia south to California. In Hawaii, it is a common plant in a number of montane and subalpine communities, including wetlands and uplands. Elimination of the plant is difficult due to its perennial nature, its common ability to regenerate from decumbent tillers even when cut to only 2 velvetgrass, cm above the ground surface, and it enormous seed bank. More velvetgrass, High/ information is needed, especially about trends in distribution and Yorkshire fog Holcus lanatus Medium High/Medium High/Low abundance, and management difficulty.

Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue), is a non-native species that has escaped from cultivation throughout the United States. It currently is known from nearly every state in the country, including Alaska and Hawaii. It threatens several natural communitites, including fens, prairies, woodlands, salt desert scrub, sagebrush, and other grasslands. This species is usually infected with a fungal endophyte which is estimated to be in at least 75% of tall fescue plants in the country. When infected with the fungus tall fescue is allelopathic, inhibiting other plants from growing around it, and is poisonous to animals including soil organims. In addition, when tall fescue is infected with the fungus it produces more seed, these seeds produce larger more vigorous seedlings which are more capable of persisting than those not infected and the plants have high instances of tillering. Overall, this species is an aggressive non- Lolium native species, especially when infected with the fungal endophyte arundinaceum, Lolium High/ and it is suspected that this species is currently spreading due to tall fescue arundinaceum Medium Medium High/Medium the fact that it is still planted.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary

Johnson grass has been shown to severely inhibit pioneer grass species which normally appear in abandoned fields and can persist in almost pure stands for many years. The massive size (up to 3 m tall) of this plant creates difficulties for the establishment of other plants and rapid growth of rhizomes also provides the plant with a competitive edge over other species. It is one of the most frequently aleppo listed noxious weeds in the U.S. and occurs throughout the entire milletgrass, herbe southern half of the country. The plant is self-pollinated, aggressive, de Cuba, Johnson and wind dispersed though humans often disperse it during field grass, cultivation. Although it can colonize undisturbed sites as a pioneer Johnsongrass, species, it is often found in old fields or previously cultivated areas. sorgho d'Alep, Control is difficult and costly and, although some selective sorgo de alepo, Sorghum High/ herbicides have been developed, such treatment usually impacts zacate Johnson halepense Medium Medium/Low High/Medium natives. Chinese honeysuckle, Lonicera japonica can have extremely negative consequences for Japanese High/ forest communities and forest structure. Few effective control honeysuckle Lonicera japonica Medium Medium High/Medium methods known. Dioscorea oppositifolia alters community structure and composition by overtopping existing vegetation layers and shading species below with a thick blanket of leaves. Initial infestations tend to be associated with disturbances, but it then moves from these sites into undisturbed habitats such as pristine riparian areas, mesic bottomland/floodplain forests, and rich upland forest interiors. It is established in most of the eastern and south-central states and appears to be especially problematic in central eastern states such as Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky. Although planted since at least the early 1900s, naturalized populations were not recorded until the mid-1980s and the species appears to still be undergoing some local and regional spread, although the central north and arid west may not be suitable for establishment. Reproduces vigorously asexually via small aerial tubers (bulbils) produced in the leaf axils; bulbils can be transported relatively long distances by water. Resprouting of the tuberous root complicates control, but some Dioscorea High/ methods suitable for natural areas can be successful with repeated Chinese yam oppositifolia Medium High/Medium Medium/Low follow-up.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary

A climbing fern established in the southeastern United States (mostly on the coastal plain, NC to e. TX, south to FL and north to s. AR) and in Hawaii (big island and Oahu); invades a variety of habitats including mesic upland forests, mesic to wet flatwoods, bottomland forests, cypress swamps, hydric hammocks, and riparian communities. Most problematic along the Gulf coast and in Florida. Although generally scattered throughout the landscape, it sometimes occurs in dense infestations where it can form mats that smother native understory vegetation. In some of these dense infestations, mats ascend to the upper vegetation layers to smother tall shrubs and trees, which can eventually result in complete dominance of the habitat. High-climbing fronds can function as fire ladders, conducting fire into the canopy where it can kill native dominants. Spreads by rhizomes and spores; spores dispersed long distances by wind and contamination. Spreading south through Florida. Control can be achieved by pulling vines from the trees and treating them with a foliar herbicide; it is generally considered difficult. In general, Lygodium japonicum is not considered to be as serious of a threat to entire forests as its congener L. microphyllum; Japanese Lygodium High/ however, L. microphyllum currently has a much smaller U.S. range, climbing fern japonicum Medium High/Medium Medium established only in central and southern Florida. Potentilla recta is widespread in the U.S. It is established in every continental U.S. state except Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. Potentilla recta was first established in the Northeast and the Great Lakes region. It has recently been expanding into the western U.S. exponentially. Potentilla recta occurs in open grasslands, shrubby areas, open forest, logged areas, roadsides, waste areas, and abandoned fields. Potentilla recta is very competitive in native grasslands and can become dominant in forest habitats where tree cover has been reduced. However, it does not occur in full shade. roughfruit Potentilla recta is becoming one of the most serious wildland cinquefoil, sulfur invaders in the northern Rocky Mountains. Although Potentilla recta (or erect) commonly colonizes and dominates disturbed sites, it is also cinquefoil, sulfur capable of invading relatively undisturbed sites. It exhibits several cinquefoil, sulphur High/ aggressive reproductive characteristics. Control is apparently cinquefoil Potentilla recta Medium High/Low Medium/Low moderately difficult.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Acer platanoides, a commonly planted shade and street tree has been escaping and increasing its presence in natural areas for several years. Reproducing vigourously by seed, and resprouting after cutting makes it difficult to eliminate any escaped plants. Many High/ states have since banned the use of A. platanoides as a street tree, Norway maple Acer platanoides Medium Medium Medium/Low although the species has already become widespread. Ligustrum sinense alters community structure and composition by creating a dense shrub layer that shades plant species in lower layers. It threatens the globally rare and federally endangered plant Schweintz's sunflower (Helianthus schweinitzii) . It is reported as invasive in six Southeastern states, where it can infest pinelands, hammocks, river and stream floodplains, lake shores, edges of swamps and marshes, bottomland forests, and woodlands. L. Chinese privet, sinense produces large quantities of fruit, which are eaten by birds. common chinese High/ It may be controlled in three to five years using a combination of privet Ligustrum sinense Medium Medium Low mechanical and chemical treatments. Ligustrum vulgare is established across the eastern U.S. and in scattered western states. It is a stout and much branched shrub up to 5 m tall that is widely used as a hedge. Ligustrum vulgare is extremely agressive and escapes from cultivation. It forms dense and impenetrable thickets that crowd out native species. Apparently, it often occurs in disturbed situations but may also occur in more intact vegetation such as river bottoms, closed canopy forests, and calcareous glades and barrens. Ligustrum vulgare is commonly escaped in the northeastern U.S. In Tennesse and Kentucky, Ligustrum vulgare is listed as a severe threat. In the southern Williamette Valley or Oregon, Ligustrum vulgare is classified as having a medium impact on native vegetation. Ligustrum vulgare is a prolific seed producer. At Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore it produces more than 1000 seeds per plant. Birds can spread seeds far from the orginal planting. Ligustrum European privet, High/ vulgare also colonizes by root sprouts. Once established, Ligustrum wild privet Ligustrum vulgare Medium High/Low High/Medium vulgare is difficult to control.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary

Impacts of this species largely occur at the native species level except where stands are dense and prevent native forest regeneration. This species spreads/carries disease that kills native red mulberry; itself considered an endangered species in Canada. White mulberry also hybridizes readily with native red mulberry and, with time, could eleminate native genetic strains and come to replace native red mulberry in the United States. It is already distributed throughout most of the United States except the southwest and Alaska but is considered particularly invasive in the northeast and Wisconsin. It is easily spread by birds and mammals mulberry, white High/ and has moderate capability of invading undisturbed areas. Control mulberry Morus alba Medium Medium/Low Medium/Low is not difficult although success over time has not been evaluated. Brassica juncea is a widespread exotic species known from every state in the US, including Hawaii, the Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico. This species is a crop plant grown as a vegetable or for oil. It is not clear, however, that it has invaded natural habitats or conservation areas. It has escaped to waste places, fields, road sides and other disturbed areas. This species is a noxious weed in Michigan, Oklahoma and Massachusetts; however, there isn't evidence to suggest that this species spreads into conservation areas. No reports to that effect were found. Also, the Michigan Flora says "[It is] much less common than often supposed (or Chinese mustard, misidentified!), perhaps declining as a result of sticter control of India mustard, agricultural seed quality (reducing contaiminants) and improved Indian mustard Brassica juncea Insignificant Unknown Unknown cultivation methods. shepardspurse, shepherd's purse, shepherd's-purse, Capsella bursa- This plant is mostly a problem in disturbed areas and only rarely shepherdspurse pastoris Insignificant Insignificant High/Low occurs in conservation areas. Bromus catharticus is found in waste places, open, generally rescue brome, disturbed places, lawns, gardens, roadsides, ditchbanks, and small rescue grass, grain winter crops. Labeled as a plant species that spreads in or rescuegras, near disturbed areas and are not presently considered a threat to rescuegrass Bromus catharticus Insignificant Unknown Unknown native plant communities. Persists as a dense mat of vegetation in abandoned pastures, which prevents the successful restoration of pastures to native Bahia grass, sandhill or forest communities. But does not appear to spread from bahiagrass Paspalum notatum Insignificant Unknown Unknown pastures into adjacent forested areas or any other natural area.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary

Medicago sativa, Alfalfa, is a forage crop planted throughout the United States. It has escaped from cultivation in every state in the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii. While widespread, it doesn't appear to be an aggressive invader as all sources found described its habitat as 'disturbed places' or 'degraded'. This species, while uncommon most places where it has escaped, probably does have some impact on the ecosystem wher it occurs due to its ability to fix nitrogen and increase the nitrogen mineralization rates in the soil. This could be detrimental to native species occurring nearby it that are not adapted to high nutrients loads. Further, this species doesn't seem to have any reproductive characters that make it well adapted to invading intact natural areas. Overall, this species though widespread is an insignificant alfalfa Medicago sativa Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant threat to biodiversity. Introduced and now widely naturalized in the eastern U.S. paper mulberry, Broussonetia according to FNA but does not occur in conservation areas or native wauke papyrifera Insignificant Unknown Unknown species habitat. Only occurs in waste areas and disturbed thickets. This monocarpic perennial herb persists in recovering grasslands bird's nest, Queen and prairies, but declines on its own sometimes. Also persistent in Anne's lace, wild heavy soils with good clay content. Management needs are carrot Daucus carota Low Insignificant Insignificant minimal. common tansy, This naturalized ornamental plant is reproductively aggressive, but garden tansy, has no reported ecological impacts. It is found in the wild in tansy Tanacetum vulgare Low Insignificant Medium California and Colorado, and is fairly hard to control.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary

Stellaria media is an extremely widespread and common species in the United States and throughout the world. It prefers cooler, more humid climates, tolerating very low temperatures and shade but being notably sensitive to drought. It is found predominantly in open disturbed areas (e.g. lawns, gardens, and agricultural fields, roadsides) and additionally in more grassland-like communities and in (often disturbed) upland forests. This species is a prolific seed producer and can continue reproduction through the winter in many areas of the U.S., allowing it to reach high abundances. However, it is not a strong competitor and does not appear to have significant effects on the composition of natural communities. Additionally, this chickweed, species appears dependent upon continual or periodic soil common disturbance and is replaced by perennial communities when the chickweed, disturbance ceases. Mechanical management methods are not very nodding Low/ effective, but the species can be controlled by some commonly- chickweed Stellaria media Low Insignificant Medium/Low used herbicides.

Planted for forage and soil improvement. Mainly found in disturbed areas especially pastures, old fields, roadsides, and waste areas. Fixes nitrogren and is highly competitive on infertile sites but is common usually overgrown by other pioneers in a few years. It can thrive in lespedeza, Kummerowia Medium/ some prairies and open woodlands. Scattered throughout most of Japanese clover striata Low Low Insignificant the eastern U.S. but apparently having low impacts in most areas.

Glechoma hederacea is most often found in frequently disturbed areas. However, it can be very persistent (even if no further creeping charlie, disturbance occurs) and can prevent reestablishment of natives in gill-over-the- some situations (e.g. woodlot understories). It occurs throughout the ground, ground U.S. but is not linked to any long-term ecological damage. Harsh ivy, groundivy, Glechoma Low/ herbicide treatment may be required to achieve complete haymaids hederacea Low Insignificant Medium/Low eradication. beefsteak, This is a ruderal species in the eastern U.S. It escapes and beefsteak mint, naturalizes in pastures, roadsides, disturbed urban and suburban beefsteakplant, Low/ areas, and other lower quality habitats. It does not appear to Purple mint Perilla frutescens Low Insignificant Low seriously impact any higher quality native species habitats. prostrate This species is extremely widespread and common but is almost knotweed, yard Polygonum Low/ wholly restricted to croplands, yards, and other highly disturbed knotweed aviculare Low Insignificant Low sites; impacts on native biodiversity are farily minimal.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Lactuca serriola, a lettuce species native to Europe, is widespread and abundant in the United States, however, from disturbed and waste places. This species has been reported from conservation areas in at least three states, Idaho, Kansas and California and in each site, its abundance and cover was not reported to be great. It is suspected that this species occurs in other conservation areas or China lettuce, native species habitats, but probably not as a dominant species. It prickly lettuce, Low/ has been reported as an aggressive invader in crop lands and wild lettuce Lactuca serriola Insignificant Insignificant Unknown orchards, so it is problematic for humans. spring draba, This species seems unlikely to be able to amass enough biomass to spring Low/ Low/ Low/ ever be greater than low or insignificant - may pose largest threat to Whitlowgrass Draba verna Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant spring ephemeral species and communities.

Although Dianthus armeria has been reported throughout the U.S., it generally colonizes pastures, fields, lawns, trail edges, and sometimes open and/or disturbed woods. No evidence could be found that it has invaded intact natural areas and it has biological characteristics such as being an annual/biennial, low seed Deptford pink, Low/ Low/ production, slender taproot, and no vegetative spread that would Deptford's pink Dianthus armeria Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant suggest it would not be a strong competitor in an intact natural area. bouncing bet, bouncing-bett, bouncingbet, bouncingbet soapweed, This weed occurs in all states of the US except for Hawaii, due to soapwort, sweet Saponaria Low/ being cultivated. It has no ecological impact, and is very easy to Betty officinalis Insignificant Insignificant Unknown manage.

Established in Louisiana where it occurs on moist disturbed sites. It cattail grass, may occur sporadically in Oregon, Texas, and Arkansas. This taxon yellow bristle is a weed of tropical and subtropical areas that apparently has a grass, yellow Low/ Low/ limited range in the U.S. Very little information was found about its bristlegrass Setaria pumila Insignificant Insignificant Unknown impacts on native species habitats in the U.S. Established in Louisiana where it occurs on moist disturbed sites. It may occur sporadically in Oregon, Texas, and Arkansas. This taxon is a weed of tropical and subtropical areas that apparently has a yellow Setaria pumila ssp. Low/ Low/ limited range in the U.S. Very little information was found about its bristlegrass pallidifusca Insignificant Insignificant Unknown impacts on native species habitats in the U.S.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary

This species ocurrs in every state in a variety of environments and is planted for forage (livestock and bees) thus many occurrences are probably on private lands. It is a nitrogen fixer but not considered to cause major alterations since it typically occurs in fields, roadsides, disturbed areas, prairies, open forest, forest edges, paths, gardens, and lawns. In crowded areas the species will stand upright competing for sun otherwise it sprawls on the ground, but can tolerate shade and wet soil. Said to be short-lived with slow initial growth unless there is ample moisture. Seed can persist and it has a thick, deep taproot. No mention of long-term Low/ Low/ problems with this species and it does not appear to be persistant red clover Trifolium pratense Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant so control and management would appear to be relatively easy.

A relatively widespread weed of disturbed places and fields. Fairly infrequent in the East but apparently common in coastal California and in the Pacific Northwest where it may very occassionally be able to invade some higher quality habitats. Generally a weed of waste places without much impact on biodiversity. Additional Low/ Low/ information from California could help determine if this species tiny vetch Vicia hirsuta Insignificant Insignificant Unknown could definitively be removed from "Medium" status.

Rumex crispus is a perennial, taprooted forb that is extremely widespread in the United States (and the world). It is an important weed of agriculture and occurs in a broad range of ruderal, agricultural, and seminatural habitats; it is frequently found in open disturbed areas, croplands, pastures, roadsides, and ditches and occasionally found in more natural habitats such as meadows, stream banks, shores, forests, and vernal pools. This species requires disturbance for establishment, as seedlings are slow growers and poor competitors until their taproot systems have developed. Once established, it can grow in dense patches that displace native vegetation, although it ultimately an early- successional plant that does not tend to capture sites long-term. Curley dock, curly Can produce prodigious quantities of seed, have an extremely long- dock, narrowleaf lived seed bank, and resprout from its taproot when plants are cut at dock, sour dock, Low/ Low/ the soil surface. Cutting plants below-ground or treating with yellow dock Rumex crispus Insignificant Insignificant Medium/Low herbicide can achieve successful control.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary An herbaceous perennial ground cover species native to Asia, Duchesnea indica has become well-established in the mid-Atlantic and southeastern states, with scattered establishment to the north and west of this area as well as in the west coast states. It is commercially available as a ground cover for landscaping and sometimes escapes into native habitats. It predominantly invades disturbed open areas, but is shade-tolerant and is also frequently found in woodland and woodland edges, and is rarely found in more intact habitats such as rockhouses and native prairies. Impacts India include formation of a dense ground cover, which can be especially mockstrawberry, Low/ problematic for small native perennials. Management by pulling or Indian strawberry Duchesnea indica Insignificant Insignificant Low herbicide is relatively straightforward. Alternanthera philoxeroides can alter ecosytem processes such as water flow, levels of dissolved oxygen, and rates of sedimentation. It severely impacts community structure and composition, creating a new dense layer that outcompetes other species for light. A. philoxeroides invades a wide varitey of aquatic communities and some adjacent terrestrial habitats. Its reproductive strategies and alligator weed, dispersal by water currents and human activities also contribute to alligatorweed, pig Alternanthera its overall invasiveness rank. Mangagement using herbicide weed philoxeroides Medium High/Medium Medium treatments reguire more than five years to achieve control. Lolium perenne occurs in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. It is used as a lawn and pasture grass. Lolium perenne often escapes on roadsides and in disturbed areas. It also invades grasslands, meadows, and vernal pools, especially in California. Apparently most of its negative impacts on biodiversity are in California. Lolium perenne can spread quickly and forms dense swards that displace native species. It threatens a federally threatened butterfly in serpentine grassland in California because it displaces the butterfly's primary larval food plant. Depending on environmental conditions, Lolium perenne may behave as an annual, biennial, short-lived perennial, or perennial. Seed production is prolific. Several management techniques are effective italian ryegrass, in controlling Lolium perenne including burning, mowing, grazing, perennial rye and herbicides. Lolium perenne includes both Lolium perenne ssp. grass, perennial Medium/ multiflorum (often called L. multiflorum) and Lolium perenne ssp. ryegrass Lolium perenne Medium Medium Insignificant perenne.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary This species can cause declines in and competetively exclude native grasses and may occur in national and state park areas. It currently occurs in every U.S. state and is considered noxious in many. Because it is so widespread and common, continued invasive potential is only local within existing range. The species is capable of invading early to mid-successional grasslands and early seral mixed forests. Seeds are easily dispersed by wind and have spread widely via agriculture. Various control measures have met with moderate success although control in areas of conservation common timothy, concern is difficult as most control methods negatively affect native timothy Phleum pratense Medium Medium/Low Medium species. Lespedeza cuneata may alter ecosystem processes by reducing water availability, fixing nitrogen on nutrient-poor sites, and altering sedimentation patterns in rocky areas along rivers. It alters community structure and composition by forming a dense monotypic herb layer that reduces plant and invertebrate diversity. Allelopathic, it can also supress forest regeneration. In addition, it is a known threat to globally rare communities and plant species on riverscour prairies in West Virginia. L. cuneata is found in half the continental US and Hawaii. Expanding within the western edge of its range, it is spread by seed in wildlife plantings and accidental introduction into native seed mixes. It also spreads vegetatively, and benefits from disturbance, including fire. Seed bank may be Chinese viable for up to twenty years. Once established, the possibility for lespedeza, eradication is very low, requiring more than five years of sericea lespedeza Lespedeza cuneata Medium Medium management.

An agressive woody vine that commonly invades disturbed areas but can also invade high quality native species habitats. A problem plant in native plant communities throughout the Southeast, Chinese wisteria Wisteria sinensis Medium Medium/Low Low Midatlantic, and Hawaii. ailanthus, copal A widespread species, this appears to be primarily invasive on tree, tree of disturbed sites with low habitat quality but with some ability to heaven, tree-of- invade higher quality sites. It appears if infestions are caught early heaven Ailanthus altissima Medium Medium/Low Medium/Low and treated diligently, the species can be eradicated.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary big taper, common mullein, flannel mullein, This biennial herb is a pioneer species that quickly colonizes flannel plant, disturbed areas such as roadsides, pastures, and woodland great mullein, margins. It occurs in all 50 states, but is especially problematic in mullein, velvet western states and Hawaii. It is reproductively aggressive and the dock, velvet plant, Verbascum fast growth and high seed production of this plant makes this plant woolly mullein thapsus Medium Medium/Low Low somewhat difficult to manage. chamomile, dog fennel, dogfennel, mayweed, mayweed chamomile, mayweed dogfennel, This ubiquitous herb appears to have not attracted any attention in stinking natural areas, being found usually in waste places or disturbed chamomile, Medium/ Medium/ sites. Very little is known about the taxon's behavior outside of crop- stinkweed Anthemis cotula Insignificant Insignificant Unknown systems. Arctium minus occurs in every continental U.S. state except Arkansas and Florida. Apparently it occurs in native species habitats infrequently but more information is needed. It is established on roadsides and in waste places throughout most of the U.S. However, where it does occur in native species habitats, it is described as an invasive of medium urgency to control in a meadow area in Shenandoah National Park and as a large persistent herb that effectively shades out any competition in successional woodlands in Illinois. It is moderately aggressive bardane, beggar's including an average 11,700 to 13,400 seeds per plant, seeds button, burdock, capable of remaining fiable for 3 years, and the ability to disperse common burdock, long-distances by sticking to animals. Management difficulty is lesser burdock, moderate. In Shenandoah National Park, it was described as lesser burrdock, relatively harder to control than other exotic plants. In Midewin small burdock, National Tallgrass Prairie was described as difficult to eradicate and smaller burdock, replace with desirable species. In a TNC preserve in Missouri, it wild burdock, wild Medium/ Low/ Medium/ was categorized as a weed that can be stubbornly persistent once rhubarb Arctium minus Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant established.

The ecology/invasive characteristics of this species is not referred annual to in any recent texts, with most information from texts 50+ years wormwood, sweet Medium/ Medium Low/ old. Unlikely to be a problem species. Was not even able to sagewort Artemisia annua Insignificant /Insignificant Insignificant ascertain with 100% confidence whether it is in natural areas or not.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary

Widespread throughout the US, this commonly cultivated plant apparently readily escapes to nearby habitats. In the Pacific Northwest, populations of Centaurea cyanus are apparently bachelor's button, persistent. Other Centaurea spp. have been linked with changes in cornflower, Medium/ Low/ nutrient cycles and economic losses, however, no such effects have garden cornflower Centaurea cyanus Insignificant Insignificant Low been reported for C. cyanus.

Medium/ Medium/ Medium/ Common in coastal grasslands, where Aira caryophyllea may inhibit silver hairgrass Aira caryophyllea Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant local species diversity. cocksfoot, orchard grass, Medium/ Low/ Occuring in every state in the U.S. the species is not linked to any orchardgrass Dactylis glomerata Insignificant Insignificant Medium/Low signigicant ecosystem or community effects. jungle rice, Jungle Echinochloa colona appears to be a weed primarily of disturbed ricegrass, places or crops, having no significant impact on the ecosystem it junglerice, Medium/ Medium/ has invaded. However, information regarding its role in U.S. watergrass Echinochloa colona Insignificant Insignificant Unknown ecosystems is relatively limited, resulting in a large range rank. Poa annua occurs in every U.S. state and is apparently widespread within each state. Poa annua is often a lawn and garden weed and is also characteristic of unstable and disturbed situations. In addition to manicured areas it also occurs on roadsides, waste ground, trails in woods, clearings, shores, and stream banks. In Kentucky, it is listed as a lesser threat which is defined as an exotic plant species that seems to principally spread and remain in disturbed corridors and does not readily invade natural areas. Poa annua occurs in Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Grand Canyon National Park, and Channel Islands National Park. In Grand Canyon National Park, it occurs in areas that have been disturbed within the last 10 years, is associated with early successional species, and annual blue shows little or no invasion of native communities. It is not grass, annual considered to be a strong competitor with established plants. bluegrass, Medium/ Medium/ Apparently its impacts on native species are low but more walkgrass Poa annua Insignificant Insignificant High/Low information is needed. black medic, black medic clover, black medick, hop clover, hop medic, nonesuch, yellow Medium/ Medium/ Although common throughout the US, Medicago lupulina tends to trefoil Medicago lupulina Insignificant Insignificant Unknown inhabit disturbed areas like roadsides, pastures and lawns.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary

It is unknown if this taxon is present in natural areas. It does spread from original plantings in cultivated situations, suggesting the probability that the taxon occurs outside of cultivation. However, it is Lagerstroemia Medium/ Low/ not associated with significant negative effects, either at an crapemyrtle indica Insignificant Insignificant Unknown ecosystem level or by a high current range.

This common weed appears to be so ubiquitous that no one notices pimpernel, scarlet Medium/ Medium/ Medium/ it anymore. It is unlikely to be affecting ecosystems, communities or pimpernel Anagallis arvensis Insignificant Insignificant Insignificant individual species. Malus pumila is established across the U.S. Apparently it does spread on its own but has limited abiity to invade mature native vegetation. It generally occurs in disturbed areas such as roadsides, railroad grades, fields, waste places, hedgerows, and clearings, especially those that are near planted populations, but it can also occur in grassland bird habitat, prairie remnants, shores, and wooded areas. In some cases it may appear to be naturalized, but was actually planted and vegetation has since grown up around it. It is not clear, what proportion of individuals are in this category. Humans may disperse it long distances but reproduction in the immediate vicnity is probably more common. More information is Medium/ Medium/ needed especially about its ecological impact, trends, and paradise apple Malus pumila Insignificant Insignificant Unknown managment difficulty. Current distribution and range does not appear to be highly Medium/ Low/ problematic, however, there appears to be the potential for greater Callery pear Pyrus calleryana Insignificant Insignificant Medium/Low spread and effect. Conium maculatum is highly competitive, preventing the establishment of native grasses and forbs by shading and competing for space. Mechanical or chemical removal of Conium cigue maculee, maculatum is relatively easy but complete eradication may be cigue tachetee, difficult due to reintroductions and the presence of viable seeds in deadly hemlock, the soil. Its current range includes every contiguous U.S. state poison hemlock, except Mississippi and Florida. Its local range is apparently poison parsley, Medium/ Low/ expanding, particularly in the West. Since this plant is toxic to poison-hemlock Conium maculatum Low Low Insignificant livestock, landowners are interested in controling it.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Colocasia esculenta (taro) is widely cultivated for food throughout the tropics. It was probably the single most important plant to early Hawaiians and is still grown commercially in Hawaii today. In the conterminous US, a different morphological form of the species (separated in some treatments as var. aquatilis) is well-established in Florida, Louisiana, southern Mississippi, southern Alabama, southern Georgia, and the Gulf Coast of Texas, with the range extending west into Texas and north along the costal plain of the Carolinas. Invades a variety of riparian/shoreline habitats and wetland fringes, where it forms large, dense stands that displace native species; has been found in several relatively natural areas and is considered to have the ability to invade natural habitats. It is widely sold and planted as an ornamental, but it cannot establish in areas subjected to cold temperatures, which will prevent its establishment in much of the rest of the US. Reproduces primarily coco yam, wild Colocasia Medium/ vegetatively, by ready fragmentation and dispersal of rhizomes; taro esculenta Low Medium/Low Medium/Low resprouting of rhizome fragments can complicate management. Widespread species that appears to occur in common habitats and thus have minimal impact in natural areas. May most significantly bull thistle, alter the available forage for obligate grazers such as elk. Agents common thistle, Medium/ introduced for biological control of various non-native Cirsium spear thistle Cirsium vulgare Low Medium/Low Medium/Low species have spread and caused impact on rare, native Cirsiums. ox-eye daisy, oxeye daisy, Leucanthemum vulgare is widespread throughout the US and oxeye-daisy, Leucanthemum Medium/ difficult to control. However, there are no signicantly negative oxeyedaisy vulgare Low Low/Insignificant High/Medium ecological/community impacts currently known.

In and of itself, this species does not appear to have highly significant impacts, although it is expanding and becoming more noxious in the northeast (e.g. Hudson River basin) as well as in the Great Lakes where it is considered an invasive aquatic species in some areas. Recently, the species has begun showing up in the Pacific northwest as well. In Germany, native Rorippa sylvestris hybridizes with non-native R. austriaca, forming Rorippa x armoracioides hybrids which appear to be more competitive/invasive than either of the parent species. Although creeping yellow both parents are present in the US and are likely to hybridize where cress, creeping they form contact zones, this potentially invasive hybrid has not yet yellowcress, keek, Medium/ Medium/ been confirmed present. Management of R. sylvestris is possible by yellow fieldcress Rorippa sylvestris Low Insignificant Medium/Low hand-removal several times a year.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Largest populations are concentrated in the southeast U.S. where it is increasing in abundance. Apparently restricted to habitats with hairy jointgrass, Medium/ Medium/ some disturbance. It can form dense stands, particularly along small carpgrass Arthraxon hispidus Low Medium/Low Insignificant shorelines, which may threaten native vegetation.

Bromus sterilis is a widespread exotic grass and is known from the northeast, south and to the west, however, it is not present in the Great Plains states. This species seems to invade mostly waste barren places, and open areas. It has invaded a few natural habitats that bromegrass, are open, e.g., shale barrens and glades. It does threaten the poverty brome, Medium/ formerly federally listed Lesquerella filiformis, the Missouri sterile brome Bromus sterilis Low Medium/Low Unknown bladderpod, and rare shale barren communities in Maryland. Rarely establishes outside of areas where it is planted, however, it weeping Medium/ can be difficult to eradicate and can affect ecosystem processes, lovegrass Eragrostis curvula Low Medium/Low High/Low especially those relating to soil water availability. Dipsacus fullonum is known from throughout most of the US, primarily from roadside habitats. It can also invade natural areas, in habitats such as grasslands, savannas, forest edges, riparian habitats and wet meadows. This species can form large, often dense monocultures that significantly alter the composition and structure of native communities. Recently noted to be spreading common teasel, rapidly throughout much of its invaded range, which may be linked Fuller's teasel, Dipsacus fullonum Medium/ to the expansion of the interstate highway system, an important teasel ssp. sylvestris Low Low Medium/Low long-distance dispersal corridor. This is a widespread exotic species with some evidence that it can alter soil nitrogen, at least in nitrogen-poor systems. It requires yellow sweet- some disturbance to become established and is often found on clover, yellow Medium/ roadsides but it also impacts recovering prairies and other sites of sweetclover Melilotus officinalis Low Medium Medium greater biodiversity value. It is still widely planted.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary This species was introduced from Europe and is still planted primarily for forage and to prevent soil erosion. It occurs in fields, lawns, roadsides, cranberry bogs, oak savannas, rocky slopes/ledges near water, and woodland edges. Noted as invading habitats of the rare plant Lesquerella globosa. It is a nitrogen fixer and uses high amounts of water. It can tolerate flooding for up to 20 days and its seed can persist for up to six years under ideal conditions. Although scattered across the entire U.S. including Hawaii and Alaska, this species seems to prefer the climate of the upper mid-west and northeast since it currently does not do well with extended periods of heat. Species was introduced long ago by early settlers and has been adapted to U.S. conditions using natural selection for characteristics and work continues to enhance the clovers. Not much mention of management of this species except by commercial cranberry growers but it does seem necessary where it occurs with native species such as the Lesquerella globosa or in naturally occuring cranberry bogs. Management would seem to Medium/ have minimal impact since it can be spot treated either with cutting alsike clover Trifolium hybridum Low Medium/Low Medium/Low or spraying. Trifolium repens (white clover) is extremely widespread in the United States. It was introduced c. 1700 and has high economic importance as a forage plant, in addition to other uses such as erosion control, cover cropping, and wildlife plantings. Although establishing best in disturbed and open sites, it can invade a variety of native species habitats, including grasslands/meadows, heathlands, deciduous woodlands, boreal forest, riparian areas, and coastal beaches. T. repens is a nitrogen-fixing species, but it should not significantly alter nutrient cycling because of its preference for fertile soils and low biomass per area. Its greatest impacts likely result from its stoloniferous, mat-forming habit, which may interfere Dutch clover, with establishment of native species, potentially including at least ladino clover, Medium/ Medium/ one endangered species (running buffalo clover, Trifolium white clover Trifolium repens Low Medium/Low Insignificant stoloniferum).

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary Trifolium repens (white clover) is extremely widespread in the United States. It was introduced c. 1700 and has high economic importance as a forage plant, in addition to other uses such as erosion control, cover cropping, and wildlife plantings. Although establishing best in disturbed and open sites, it can invade a variety of native species habitats, including grasslands/meadows, heathlands, deciduous woodlands, boreal forest, riparian areas, and coastal beaches. T. repens is a nitrogen-fixing species, but it should not significantly alter nutrient cycling because of its preference for fertile soils and low biomass per area. Its greatest impacts likely result from its stoloniferous, mat-forming habit, which may interfere with establishment of native species, potentially including at least Trifolium repens Medium/ Medium/ one endangered species (running buffalo clover, Trifolium white clover var. repens Low Medium/Low Insignificant stoloniferum). butterprint, buttonweed, Indian mallow, One of the worst agricultural weeds in North America but probably velvetleaf, not having a major impact on native biodiversity in most areas. velvetleaf Indian Abutilon Medium/ Low/ However, native plants surviving in trailside/roadside and right-of- mallow theophrasti Low Insignificant High/Low way remnants could be impacted. Although negative impacts of this species are not great (sometimes forms dense colonies by adventitious shoots from widely spreading roots and rhizomes, poisons livestock and sometimes native common sheep ungulates), it is widespread across the country and is spreading at a sorrel, field sorrel, moderate rate, particularly in disturbed areas. The plant can be red (or sheep) prolific and become a nuisance if left untended, but control is costly sorrel, red sorrel, Medium/ Low/ and difficult with control measures impacting native grassland sheep sorrel Rumex acetosella Low Insignificant High species. Multiflora rose has a large current distribution and is continuing to spread locally in the west. It is relatively easy to manage, and has a low ecological impact on biodiversity. It is mainly an agricultural weed, but it may create dense thickets, sometimes monocultures that crowd out native species in open woodlands, forest edges, prairies, and savannas. It has the ability to become the dominant vegetation in old fields, and in savannas and prairies that have been subjected to land disturbance. Individual rose plants may take time to become established and may not thrive initially once they invade a relatively undisturbed habitat such as along a stream corridor. And they may never become a dominant component of that environment. However, when conditions do become more Medium/ favorable, these individual plants will grow to disperse seeds to new multiflora rose Rosa multiflora Low Low Low habitat, continuing the spread.

Ecological Management Common Names Species Overall I-Rank Impact 1 Difficulty 2 I-Rank Summary chinaberry, Melia azedarach used to be widely planted for ornamental or for Chinaberry tree, harvest for its medicinal properties. It has since escaped and Chinaberrytree, naturalized which has caused at least one state (FL) to ban it, Indian lilac, lelah, although it is still sold elsewhere in the U.S. It appears most often paraiso, pride of Medium/ on disturbed soils, however it can invaded floodplain and marsh India, white cedar Melia azedarach Low Medium/Low Medium/Low communities, and can crowd out native species. princess tree, An aggressive invader of many types of disturbed areas in the princesstree, Paulownia Medium/ eastern U.S. that is apparently able to infest some some high- royal paulownia tomentosa Low Medium/Low Low quality native species habitats. creeping jenny, European bindweed, field bindweed, Although Convolvulus arvensis has significantly negative impacts in morningglory, agricultural settings, there are few to no reported negative effects in perennial native species habitats. The long-lived seed bank and extreme morningglory, difficulty in management should be considered and used as smallflowered Convolvulus Medium/ Low/ evidence to prevent any dispersal of seed or root fragments of this morning glory arvensis Low Insignificant High/Medium species. common morning- This annual weed of disturbed areas can be a serious agricultural glory, tall pest but impacts on native biodiversity are probably somewhat morning-glory, tall Medium/ Low/ limited. Can invade native habitats along disturbance corridors, morningglory Ipomoea purpurea Low Insignificant Medium/Low however.

Pueraria Montana Not Yet Kudzu var. lobata Assessed 1A subcategory of Overall I-Rank score that addresses organism’s negative impacts on native plant and animal populations and communities. 2 A subcategory of Overall I-Rank score that addresses difficulty of control. If information (as evidenced by protocol questions answered) is sufficient to eliminate at least two of the four possible I-Ranks, but insufficient to narrow the I-Rank to a single value, a range I-Rank (e.g. High/Medium) is assigned.

A total of 31 organisms (Table 6a) on NATR’s local list currently meet at least one of the following criteria:

• Listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under the auspices of the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. • Ranked as Critically Imperiled or Imperiled at the global level by NatureServe and its network of member programs.

Table 5. Organisms on the park’s local list for Alabama which possess a designated conservation status (State Status, State Rank, Federal Status or TNC Global Rank). TNC State Federal Glabal Common Names Scientific Name Park Status1 Status2 State Rank3 Status4 Rank5 BIRDS Present in Cooper's Hawk Accipiter cooperii Park SP S3B,S4N G5

Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Unconfirmed T S1 G5

Haliaeetus Bald Eagle leucocephalus Unconfirmed LE S1B,S2N DM G4

Osprey Pandion haliaetus Unconfirmed SP Falco Merlin columbarius Unconfirmed SP

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Unconfirmed E SZN G4 Pelecanus Present in White Pelican erythrorhynchos Park SP S3N G3 Common Ground- Columbina Dove passerina Unconfirmed SP Thryomanes Present in Bewick's Wren bewickii Park E S2S3B,SZN G5 Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis Unconfirmed LE S1 E G3 MAMMALS Long-tailed Weasel Mustela frenata Unconfirmed SP S3 G5 Southeastern Myotis Myotis austroriparius Unconfirmed SP S3 G3G4 Present in Gray Myotis Myotis grisescens Park E S2 E G3 Indiana Myotis Myotis sodalis Unconfirmed E S1 E G2 Meadow Jumping Mouse Zapus hudsonius Unconfirmed SP S4 G5 REPTILES Masticophis flagellum Coachwhip flagellum NA SP S3 G5 Alligator Macroclemys Present in Snapping Turtle temminckii Park SP S2S3 G3G4 FISH Cyprinella Spotfin Chub monacha NA SP S1 G2 Spring Pygmy Elassoma Sunfish alabamae Unconfirmed SP S1 G1 Crystal Darter Crystallaria Probably LT S1 G3

TNC State Federal Glabal Common Names Scientific Name Park Status1 Status2 State Rank3 Status4 Rank5 asprella Present

Etheostoma Present in Slackwater Darter boschungi Park SP S1 T G1 Etheostoma Present in Brighteye Darter lynceum Park SP S1 G5 Etheostoma Probably Lollypop Darter neopterum Present SP S1S2 G3 Etheostoma Tuscumbia Darter tuscumbia Unconfirmed SP SX G1 Blotchside Probably Logperch Percina burtoni Present D S2 G2G3 Slenderhead Percina Probably Darter phoxocephala Present LE S1 G5 Alabama Speoplatyrhinus Cavefish poulsoni Unconfirmed SP S1 E G1 Southern Typhlichthys Cavefish subterraneus Unconfirmed SP S3 G3G4 AMPHIBIANS Green Probably Salamander Aneides aeneus Present LE S1 G3G4 Tennessee Cave Gyrinophilus Salamander palleucus Unconfirmed T S2 G2G3 Webster's Plethodon Salamander websteri Unconfirmed S3 G3

A total of 24 organisms (Table 6b) on NATR’s local list currently meet at least one of the following criteria:

• Listed on Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks (MDWFP) list of rare biota (http://www.mdwfp.com/museum/downloads/tandelist.pdf/). • Listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under the auspices of the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. • Ranked as Critically Imperiled or Imperiled at the global level by NatureServe and its network of member programs.

Table 6. Organisms on the park’s local list for Mississippi which possess a designated conservation status (State Status, State Rank, Federal Status or TNC Global Rank). TNC Park State State Federal Global Common Names Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 Rank 3 Status 4 Rank 5 BIRDS Haliaeetus Bald Eagle leucocephalus Unconfirmed LE S1B,S2N DM G4 Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Unconfirmed E SZN G4 Thryomanes Present in Bewick's Wren bewickii Park E S2S3B,SZN G5 Red-cockaded Woodpecker Picoides borealis Unconfirmed LE S1 E G3 MAMMALS Louisiana Black Ursus americanus Bear luteolus NA LE S1 T G5T2 Present in Gray Myotis Myotis grisescens Park E SAN E G3 Indiana Myotis Myotis sodalis Unconfirmed E SAN E G2 REPTILES Farancia Present in Rainbow Snake erytrogramma Park LE S2 G5 Ringed Map Graptemys Present in Turtle oculifera Park LE S2 T G2 FISH Probably Bigeye Shiner Notropis boops Present LE S1 G5 Suckermouth Phenacobius Minnow mirabilis Historic LE S1 G5 Southern Phoxinus Present in Redbelly Dace erythrogaster Park LE S2 G5 Crystallaria Probably Crystal Darter asprella Present LT S1 G3 Etheostoma Present in Greenside Darter blennioides Park LE SH G5 Etheostoma Probably Bayou Darter rubrum Present LE S1 T G1 Pearl Darter Percina aurora Historic LE S1 G1 Slenderhead Percina Probably Darter phoxocephala Present LE S1 G5

TNC Park State State Federal Global Common Names Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 Rank 3 Status 4 Rank 5 Probably Slender Madtom Noturus exilis Present LE S1 G5 AMPHIBIANS Ambystoma Tiger Salamander tigrinum Unconfirmed LE S3 G5 Cryptobranchus Hellbender alleganiensis Unconfirmed LE S3 G3G4 Green Probably Salamander Aneides aeneus Present LE S1 G3G4 Present in Cave Salamander Eurycea lucifuga Park LE S1 G5 Spring Gyrinophilus Present in Salamander porphyriticus Park LE S1 G5 VASCULAR PLANTS Price's Potato- Probably bean Apios priceana Present LE S1 T G2

A total of 98 organisms (Table 6c) on NATR’s local list currently meet at least one of the following criteria:

• Listed on Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation (TDEC) list of rare biota (http:/ www.tn.gov/environment/na/nhp.shtml). • Listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service under the auspices of the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. • Ranked as Critically Imperiled or Imperiled at the global level by NatureServe and its network of member programs.

Table 7. Organisms on the park’s local list for Tennessee which possess a designated conservation status (State Status, State Rank, Federal Status or TNC Global Rank). TNC Park State State Rank Federal Global Common Names Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 3 Status 4 Rank 5 BIRDS Sharp-shinned Present in Hawk Accipiter striatus Park D S3B,S4N G5 Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos Unconfirmed T S1 G5 Northern Harrier Circus cyaneus Unconfirmed D S4N G5 Haliaeetus Bald Eagle leucocephalus Unconfirmed D S3 DM G5 Ictinia Present in Mississippi Kite mississippiensis Park D S2S3 G5

Anhinga Anhinga anhinga Unconfirmed D S1B G5 Present in Great Egret Ardea alba Park D S2B,S3N G5 Present in Little Blue Heron Egretta caerulea Park D S2B,S3N G5 Present in Snowy Egret Egretta thula Park D S2B,S3N G5

Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus Unconfirmed D S1B G4 Bachman's Aimophila Present in Sparrow aestivalis Park E S1B G3 Henslow's Ammodramus Sparrow henslowii Unconfirmed D S1B G4 Pooecetes Vesper Sparrow gramineus Unconfirmed D S1B,S4N G5 Loggerhead Lanius Present in Shrike ludovicianus Park D S1B,S2N G4 Present in Cerulean Warbler Dendroica cerulea Park D S3B G4 Swainson's Limnothlypis Present in Warbler swainsonii Park D S3 G4 Thryomanes Present in Bewick's Wren bewickii Park E S1 G5 Yellow-bellied Sphyrapicus Present in Sapsucker varius Park D S1B,S4N G5 Barn Owl Tyto alba Unconfirmed D S3 G5

TNC Park State State Rank Federal Global Common Names Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 3 Status 4 Rank 5 MAMMALS Present in Gray Myotis Myotis grisescens Park E S2 E G3 Indiana Myotis Myotis sodalis Unconfirmed E S1 E G2 Southeastern Shrew Sorex longirostris Unconfirmed D S4 G5 REPTILES Farancia Present in Rainbow Snake erytrogramma Park LE S2 G5 Masticophis flagellum Coachwhip flagellum NA SP S3 G5 Alligator Snapping Macroclemys Present in Turtle temminckii Park D S2S3 G3G4 Ringed Map Graptemys Present in Turtle oculifera Park LE S2 T G2 FISH Highfin Present in Carpsucker Carpiodes velifer Park D S2S3 G4G5 Erimonax Probably Spotfin Chub monachus Present T S2 T G2 Hemitremia Present in Flame Chub flammea Park D S3 G3 Probably Silverjaw Minnow Notropis buccatus Present T S1 G5 Probably Rosyface Shiner Notropis rubellus Present D S2 G5 Golden Fundulus Topminnow chrysotus Unconfirmed D S1S2 G5 Naked Sand Ammocrypta Darter beani NA D S2 G5 Ammocrypta Scaly Sand Darter vivax Historic D S2 G5 Coppercheek Etheostoma Darter aquali Unconfirmed T S2S3 G2G3 Etheostoma Ashy Darter cinereum Unconfirmed T S2S3 G2G3 Etheostoma Present in Crown Darter corona Park E S1S2 G3 Etheostoma Probably Redband Darter luteovinctum Present D S4 G4 Etheostoma Smallscale Darter microlepidum Unconfirmed D S2 G2G3 Etheostoma Firebelly Darter pyrrhogaster Unconfirmed D S2 G2G3 Blotchside Probably Logperch Percina burtoni Present D S2 G2G3 Percina Probably Longhead Darter macrocephala Present T S2 G3

Slenderhead Percina Probably Darter phoxocephala Present D S3 G5 Southern Brook Ichthyomyzon Probably Lamprey gagei Present D S1 G5 AMPHIBIANS

TNC Park State State Rank Federal Global Common Names Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 3 Status 4 Rank 5 Barking Treefrog Hyla gratiosa Unconfirmed D S3 G5 Cryptobranchus Hellbender alleganiensis Unconfirmed D S3 G3G4 Tennessee Cave Gyrinophilus Salamander palleucus Unconfirmed T S2 G2G3 Four-toed Hemidactylium Salamander scutatum False Report D S3 G5 VASCULAR PLANTS Shortbeak Sagittaria Present in Arrowhead brevirostra Park T S1 G5 Angelica Present in Great Angelica atropurpurea Park T S1 G5 Hieracium Present in Rough Hawkweed scabrum Park T S2 G5 Broadleaf Marshallia Present in Barbara's-buttons trinervia Park T S2S3 G3 Rough Prenanthes Probably Rattlesnake-root aspera Present E S1 G4 Rudbeckia Present in Sweet Coneflower subtomentosa Park T S2 G5 Spreading Arenaria Present in Sandwort lanuginosa Park E S1 G5 Plukenet's Cyperus Probably Cyperus plukenetii Present S SH G5 Hairy Umbrella- Present in sedge Fuirena squarrosa Park S S1 G4G5 Rhynchospora Present in Falling Beakrush caduca Park S S1 G5 Few-flowered Rhynchospora Present in Beakrush rariflora Park E S1 G5 Needleleaf Dichanthelium Present in Witchgrass aciculare Park E S1 G4G5 Walter's Barnyard Echinochloa Present in Grass walteri Park S S1 G5

Present in Cluster Fescue Festuca paradoxa Park S S1 G5 Symplocos Probably Horsesugar tinctoria Present S S2 G5 Present in Elliott's Blueberry Vaccinium elliottii Park E S1 G5 Price's Potato- Probably bean Apios priceana Present LE S2 T G2 White Prairie- clover Dalea candida NA S S2 G5 Purple Prairie- Present in clover Dalea purpurea Park E S1 G5 American Present in Chestnut Castanea dentata Park S S2S3 G4 Asclepias Present in Purple Milkweed purpurascens Park S S1 G5 Gelsemium Present in Yellow Jessamine sempervirens Park S S1S2 G5

TNC Park State State Rank Federal Global Common Names Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 3 Status 4 Rank 5 Present in Butternut Juglans cinerea Park T S3 G4 Lilium Present in Michigan Lily michiganense Park T S3 G5 Virginia Melanthium Probably Bunchflower virginicum Present E S1 G5 Laurel-leaf Present in Greenbrier Smilax laurifolia Park S S1 G5 Sweetbay Magnolia Magnolia virginiana NA T S2 G5 Globe-fruit False Ludwigia Present in Loosestrife sphaerocarpa Park T S1 G5 Present in Dwarf Sundew Drosera brevifolia Park T S2 G5 Southern Probably Twayblade Listera australis Present E S1S2 G4 Shining Ladies'- Present in tresses Spiranthes lucida Park T S1S2 G5 Probably Heartleaf Plantain Plantago cordata Present E S1 G4 Present in Maryland Milkwort Polygala mariana Park S S1 G5 Present in Dwarf Milkwort Polygala nana Park E S1 G5 Fringed Black- Polygonum Present in bindweed cilinode Park T S1S2 G5 Woodwardia Present in Virginia Chainfern virginica Park S S2 G5 Appalachian Trichomanes Present in Bristle Fern boschianum Park T S1S2 G4 Alderleaf Present in Buckthorn Rhamnus alnifolia Park E S1 G5 Probably Yellow Avens Geum aleppicum Present S S1 G5 Present in Rough Avens Geum laciniatum Park S S1 G5 Present in Virginia Rose Rosa virginiana Park S SH G5 Largeleaf Grass- Parnassia Present in of-Parnassus grandifolia Park S S3 G3 American Smoketree Cotinus obovatus Unconfirmed S S2 G4 Northern Prickly- Zanthoxylum Present in ash americanum Park S S2 G5 Prairie False Agalinis Foxglove heterophylla Unconfirmed T S1 G4G5 Present in Red Turtlehead Chelone obliqua Park S S1 G4 Southern Southern Stylisma Probably Morning-glory humistrata Present T S1 G4G5 Ovate False Present in Fiddleleaf Hydrolea ovata Park S S1 G5 Hydrophyllum Present in John's-cabbage virginianum Park T S3 G5

TNC Park State State Rank Federal Global Common Names Scientific Name Status 1 Status 2 3 Status 4 Rank 5 Creeping St. Hypericum Probably John's-wort adpressum Present E S1 G3

1 Refer to the Appendix for definitions of Park Status categories. 2 The official endangerment status the state heritage program has assigned to this species. T – Threatened : Any species or subspecies that is likely to become an endangered species within the foreseeable future. E – Endangered : Animal: Any species or subspecies of wildlife whose prospects of survival or recruitment within the state are in jeopardy or are likely to become so within the foreseeable future. LE – endangered : A species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. D - Deemed in Need of Management : Any species or subspecies of nongame wildlife which the executive director of the TWRA believes should be investigated in order to develop information relating to populations, distribution, habitat needs, limiting factors, and other biological and ecological data to determine management measures necessary for their continued ability to sustain themselves successfully. SP - Species Protected : It shall be unlawful to take, capture, kill, or attempt to take, capture or kill; possess, sell, trade for anything of monetary value, or offer to sell or trade for anything of monetary value, the following nongame wildlife species (or any parts or reproductive products of such species) without a scientific collection permit or written permit from the Commissioner, Department of Conservation and Natural Resources, which shall specifically state what the permittee may do with regard to said species. S - Special concern : any species or subspecies that is uncommon, or has unique or highly specific habitat requirements or scientific value and therefore requires careful monitoring of its status. 3 State Rank S1– Extremely rare and critically imperiled in the state with five or fewer occurrences, or very few remaining individuals, or because of some special condition where the species is particularly vulnerable to extirpation. S2– Very rare and imperiled within the state, six to twenty occurrences and less than 3000 individuals, or few remaining individuals, or because of some factor(s) making it vulnerable to extirpation. S3– Rare and uncommon in the state, from 21 to 100 occurrences. S4– Widespread, abundant, and apparently secure within the state, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery, and is of long-term concern. SH– Of historical occurrence, i.e., known to occur in the past, with the expectation that it may be rediscovered. 4U.S. Endangered Species Act: Current status of the taxon as designated or proposed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) or the U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, and as reported in the U.S. Federal Register in accordance with the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. E– Listed endangered, denotes a taxon that is threatened by extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. T– Listed threatened, denotes a taxon that is likely to become an endangered species in the foreseeable future. DM– Delisted taxon, recovered, being monitored for first five years. 5The rounded NatureServe conservation status, developed by NatureServe and its network of member programs, of a species from a global (i.e., rangewide) perspective, characterizing the relative imperilment of the species. G1=Critically Imperiled, G2=Imperiled, G3=Vulnerable, G4=Apparently Secure, G5=Secure. Refer to for additional information on ranks.

Discussion

It is recognized that a species list will never be 100% complete and accurate any given time. Because most inventories are “point in time” surveys, not every species present may be found during the inventory. However, these new inventories, combined with historical observations give a reasonably complete list of species currently found on the park. In addition, the inventories resulted in the documentation of many new species and will provide baseline information that may of management significance.

While significant strides have been made in documenting the presence of vertebrate species and vascular plants (as noted above), it is anticipated that additional survey efforts will result in an increase in the number of organisms documented on NATR.

Monitoring

GULN’s current list of high priority vital signs to be monitored at NATR includes several that related directly to the vascular plant and vertebrate species documented in these recent inventories. These include terrestrial vegetative communities, amphibian & reptile communities, and water quality. Water quality relates directly to the vegetative communities, amphibians, and fish communities. Amphibians are considered good indicators of general ecosystem health due to their ties with both aquatic and terrestrial environments, and sensitivity to environmental stresses. Consequently, amphibians have been selected as a high priority group to monitor in all Gulf Coast Network parks. The baseline inventories have allowed the network to target long- term monitoring protocols to the species of interest on each park.

The potential impact of climate change on park resources has recently become a focus for the National Park Service. Although the impacts are difficult to predict, all vital signs that will be monitored at NATR are very sensitive to changes in precipitation (timing, amount, and/or frequency) and temperature. The GULN will compile available weather data to use for placing monitoring results in context of changing weather and climate.

Management

Recent inventories have revealed that NATR supports a diverse array of vascular plants and vertebrates. As noted, the data have been consolidated into NPSpecies for use in park planning and management decisions. An additional step to be taken with these data is identification of management priority species. This would likely include sensitive or rare species, and highly invasive exotics, among others. Additional management recommendations can be found in the specific inventory reports for NATR.

Literature Cited

Accipiter Biological Consultants. 2001. Natchez Trace Parkway Avifauna Inventory Project: Accipiter Biological Consultants, Portal, Az.

Accipiter Biological Consultants. 2001. Natchez Trace Parkway Amphibian and Reptile Inventory Project: Accipiter Biological Consultants, Portal, Az.

Hatch, S.L. and Kruse, D.A. 2008. The Vascular Flora of the Natchez Trace Parkway (Franklin, Tennessee to Natchez Mississippi): S.M.Tracy Herbarium (TAES), Texas A&M University, College Station, Tx.

Johnston, C.E. 2007. Fishes of Natchez Trace Parkway: Department of Fisheries, Auburn University, Auburn, Al.

Morse, L.E., J.M. Randall, N. Benton, R. Heibert, and S. Lu. 2004. An invasive species assessment protocol: Evaluating non-native plants for their impact on biodiversity. Version 1. NatureServe, Arlington, VA.

NatureServe. 2009. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://www.natureserve.org/explorer. (Accessed: June 22, 2010 ).

NPSpecies https://science1.nature.nps.gov/npspecies/web/main/start Feb 4, 2009

Appendix A. NPSpecies Data Dictionary

Park Status The current status of each species in Applicable only to organisms with the Local List each park. checkbox checked. The possible values reflect a combination of confidence, and availability and currency of verifiable evidence in NPSpecies.

Present in Park Species' occurrence in park is Extremely high confidence that the species is documented and assumed to be currently in the park. A current, verifiable reference, extant. voucher or observation is included in NPSpecies.

Probably Park is within species' range and Very high confidence that the organism is currently Present contains appropriate habitat. in the park. Verifiable evidence may exist in Documented occurrences of the NPSpecies, but is not considered current enough to species in the adjoining region of the elevate the status to Present in Park. Efforts should park give reason to suspect that it be made to obtain current, verifiable evidence in probably occurs within the park. The NPSpecies to elevate the Park Status to “Present in degree of probability may vary within Park”. If reasonable efforts to obtain current, this category, including species that verifiable evidence are unsuccessful, then the Park range from common to rare. Status should be changed to Unconfirmed, Historic, Encroaching or False Report as applicable.

Unconfirmed Included for the park based on weak Any confidence from very low to high that the ("unconfirmed record") or no evidence, organism is currently in the park. Verifiable giving minimal indication of the species' evidence may exist in NPSpecies, but it is not occurrence in the park. considered sufficient enough to elevate the status to Probably Present, nor current enough to elevate the status to Present. Efforts should be made to obtain current, verifiable evidence in NPSpecies to elevate the Park Status to “Present in Park”. If reasonable efforts to obtain current, verifiable evidence are unsuccessful, then the Park Status should be changed to Historic, Encroaching or False Report as applicable.

Encroaching The species is not documented in the Extremely low confidence that the organism is park, but is documented as being currently in the park, but extremely high confidence adjacent to the park and has potential that the organism is currently adjacent to the park. to occur in the park. Verifiable evidence may exist in NPSpecies documenting the occurrence in the park, but it is not current. Potential invasive organisms are good candidates for this Park Status designation, either before they enter a park or after they have been eliminated from a park.

Historic Species' historical occurrence in the Extremely low confidence that the organism is park is documented, but recent currently in the park. Verifiable evidence exists in investigations indicate that the species NPSpecies, but is not current. Extinct, extirpated or is now probably absent. eliminated species are candidates for a Historic Park Status designation.

False Report Species previously reported to occur Extremely low confidence that the organism is within the park, but current evidence currently in the park. Evidence exists in NPSpecies, indicates that the report was based on but it cannot be sufficiently verified. a misidentification, a taxonomic concept no longer accepted, or some other similar problem of interpretation.

NA Not Applicable - Park-Status does not The NA value prevents null values from appearing apply to the scientific name for the in NPSpecies and applies to 2 primary situations: park. 1) An outdated scientific name that is not used in the locale of the park for an organism, but is in NPSpecies for a park because of the inclusion of vouchers, observations or names linked to references. Note that outdated names are reconciled in NPSpecies with the LOCAL CLASSIFICATION system.

2) Vouchers, observations or names linked to references have not been identified at the species level or lower, but are included in NPSpecies with the name of a higher taxonomic rank than the species level. The names of these higher level taxonomic ranks will disappear from NPSpecies if the evidence of the respective name are identified to the species level or lower, and are changed appropriately in NPSpecies. Abundance The current abundance of each Applicable only to organisms with the Local List organism in each park. checkbox checked and a Park Status of "Present". The values attempt to balance abundance with suitable habitat, and temporal/behavioral considerations. In practice, the entered value should apply (although there are numerous exceptions) to the abundance in the most suitable habitat of the organism, and at the time that the organism is engaged in it’s principle behavior in (e.g. breeding, migrating, hibernating, etc.), or most important behavior to, the park. A future generation of NPSpecies will address the coding of Abundance (and associated Residency) to separate out the temporal and behavioral aspects. The Data Source field for Abundance is available to provide a citation that specifically addresses abundance in more detail. Abundant Animals: May be seen daily, in suitable habitat and season, and counted in relatively large numbers. Plants: Large number of individuals; wide ecological amplitude or occurring in habitats covering a large portion of the park. Common Animals: May be seen daily, in suitable habitat and season, but not in large numbers. Plants: Large numbers of individuals predictably occurring in commonly encountered habitats but not those covering a large portion of the park.

Uncommon Animals: Likely to be seen monthly in appropriate season/habitat. May be locally common. Plants: Few to moderate numbers of individuals; occurring either sporadically in commonly encountered habitats or in uncommon habitats. Rare Animals: Present, but usually seen only a few times each year. Plants: Few individuals, usually restricted to small areas of rare habitat. Occasional Animals: Occurs in the park at least once every few years, but not necessarily every year. Plants: Not applicable. Unknown Abundance unknown.

NA Not Applicable – Abundance does not All names on a park’s list that do not have a Park apply to the scientific name in the park. Status of Present should have a Residency of NA. Residency Current residency classification for Applicable only to ANIMALS with the Local List each ANIMAL species in each park. checkbox checked and a Park Status of "Present". The values attempt to balance temporal and behavioral considerations. In practice, the entered value should apply (although there are numerous exceptions) to the residency of the organism at the time that the organism is engaged in its principle behavior (e.g. breeding, migrating, hibernating, etc.) in, or most important behavior to, the park. A future generation of NPSpecies will address the coding of Residency (and associated Abundance) to separate out the temporal and behavior aspects. The Data Source field for Residency is available to provide a citation that specifically addresses Residency in more detail. Breeder Population reproduces in the park.

Resident A significant population is maintained in the park for more than two months each year, but it is not known to breed there. Migratory Migratory species that occurs in park approximately two months or less each year and does not breed there.

Vagrant Park is outside of the species' usual range. Unknown Residency status in park is unknown. NA Not Applicable – Residency does not All names on a park’s list that do not have a Park apply to the scientific name in the park. Status of Present should have a Residency of NA. Nativity Nativity classification for each organism Applicable only to organisms with the Local List for each park. checkbox checked. If the park-status of an organism is not “Present in Park”, then nativity represents the nativity if the organism were eventually confirmed in the park. Native The organism is native, or would be native, to the park (either endemic or indigenous).

Non-Native The organism is not native, or would Cultivated organisms as defined under the not be native, to the park (neither Cultivation field are also considered non-native. endemic nor indigenous). Unknown Nativity is unknown relative to the park. NA Not Applicable Applies to names that do not represent organism names for the locale of the park. Cultivation Cultivation classification for each non- Applicable only to organisms with the Local List native organism in each park. checkbox checked, a Park Status of "Present" or "Probably Present" and a Nativity of Non-Native. Cultivation is intended to distinguish between non- native organisms that were introduced as part of a park’s mission, and non-native organisms that occur in the park naturally. Cultivation was not intended to apply to organisms that are cultivated for landscape purposes and have not persisted into the natural environment, for example plants in gardens or terrariums, or animals in enclosures. In general, NPSpecies was not intended to include controlled, “domestic” organisms. Cultivated A non-native species that is currently cultivated in the park. Persistent A non-native species that persists in the park (either reproducing or non- reproducing) from a previous cultivation in the park. Not Cultivated A non-native species that is not currently cultivated in the park. Unknown A non-native species for which the cultivation in the park is currently unknown. NA Not Applicable – Cultivation does not All names on a park’s list that do not have a Park apply to the non-native scientific name Status of Present or Probably Present and a in the park. Nativity of Non-native should have a Cultivation of NA.

41 Appendix B. Natchez Trace Parkway (NATR) Local List (NPSpecies 12/15/2009).

Small-mouthed Scientific Name Common Name Park Status1 Ambystoma texanum Salamander U Amphibians Ambystoma tigrinum Tiger Salamander U Bufo americanus American Toad PIP Amphiuma means Two-toed Amphiuma FR Bufo fowleri Fowler's Toad PIP Amphiuma tridactylum Three-toed Amphiuma PIP Acris crepitans Northern Cricket Frog PIP Cryptobranchus alleganiensis Hellbender U Acris gryllus Southern Cricket Frog PIP Aneides aeneus Green Salamander PP Hyla avivoca Bird-voiced Treefrog PIP Dusky Salamander, Hyla chrysoscelis Cope's Gray Treefrog PIP Northern Dusky Desmognathus fuscus Salamander PP Green Tree Frog, Green Hyla cinerea Treefrog PIP Southern Two-lined Eurycea cirrigera Salamander PP Hyla gratiosa Barking Treefrog U Eurycea longicauda Long-tailed Salamander PIP Hyla squirella Squirrel Treefrog PIP Eurycea lucifuga Cave Salamander PIP Hyla versicolor Gray Treefrog PIP Tennessee Cave Pseudacris brachyphona Mountain Chorus Frog PP Gyrinophilus palleucus Salamander U Pseudacris crucifer Spring Peeper PIP Gyrinophilus porphyriticus Spring Salamander PIP Striped Chorus Frog, Hemidactylium scutatum Four-toed Salamander FR Pseudacris triseriata Western Chorus Frog PIP Northern Zigzag Gastrophryne Eastern Narrow-mouthed Salamander, Zig-zag carolinensis Toad PIP Salamander, Zigzag Plethodon dorsalis Salamander PIP Rana areolata Crawfish Frog U Northern Slimy American Bullfrog, Salamander, Slimy Rana catesbeiana Bullfrog PIP Plethodon glutinosus Salamander PIP Rana clamitans clamitans Bronze Frog PIP Plethodon websteri Webster's Salamander U Green Frog, Northern Pseudotriton ruber Red Salamander PIP Rana clamitans melanota Green Frog PIP Necturus maculosus Mudpuppy U Rana palustris Pickerel Frog PP Notophthalmus Rana sphenocephala Southern Leopard Frog PIP viridescens Eastern Newt PIP Scaphiopus holbrookii Eastern Spadefoot U Siren intermedia Lesser Siren PIP 1 Ambystoma maculatum Spotted Salamander U Scientific Name Common Name Park Status Ambystoma opacum Marbled Salamander PIP Birds Ambystoma talpoideum Mole Salamander PIP Aix sponsa Wood Duck PIP Anas acuta Northern Pintail U 42

Anas americana American Wigeon U Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern U Anas clypeata Northern Shoveler U Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret PIP Anas discors Blue-winged Teal U Butorides striatus Green-backed Heron U Anas platyrhynchos Mallard PIP Butorides virescens Green Heron PIP Anas rubripes American Black Duck U Casmerodius albus Great Egret PIP Greater White-fronted Egretta caerulea Little Blue Heron PIP Anser albifrons Goose U Egretta thula Snowy Egret PIP Aythya affinis Lesser Scaup U Ixobrychus exilis Least Bittern U Aythya americana Redhead U Yellow-crowned Night- Aythya collaris Ring-necked Duck U Nyctanassa violacea Heron PIP Aythya valisineria Canvasback U Black-crowned Night- Nycticorax nycticorax Heron U Branta canadensis Canada Goose PIP Yellow-crowned Night- Bucephala clangula Common Goldeneye U Nycticorax violaceus Heron U Chen caerulescens Snow Goose U Charadrius vociferus Killdeer PIP Lophodytes cucullatus Hooded Merganser U Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture PIP Dendrocygna bicolor Fulvous Whistling-Duck PIP Coragyps atratus Black Vulture PIP Chaetura pelagica Chimney Swift PIP Falco columbarius Merlin U Ruby-throated Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon U Archilochus colubris Hummingbird PIP Falco sparverius American Kestrel PIP Accipiter cooperii Cooper's Hawk PIP Chlidonias niger Black Tern U Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned Hawk PIP Larus argentatus Herring Gull PIP Aquila chrysaetos Golden Eagle U Larus delawarensis Ring-billed Gull U Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk PIP Sterna maxima Royal Tern PIP Buteo lagopus Rough-legged Hawk U Pelecanus Buteo lineatus Red-shouldered Hawk PIP erythrorhynchos American White Pelican PIP Buteo platypterus Broad-winged Hawk PIP Double-crested Phalacrocorax auritus Cormorant PIP Circus cyaneus Northern Harrier U Podilymbus podiceps Pied-billed Grebe U American Swallow-tailed Elanoides forficatus Kite, Swallow-tailed Kite U Actitis macularia Spotted Sandpiper U Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald Eagle U Gallinago gallinago Common Snipe U Ictinia mississippiensis Mississippi Kite PIP Scolopax minor American Woodcock PIP Pandion haliaetus Osprey U Tringa flavipes Lesser Yellowlegs U Anhinga anhinga Anhinga U Tringa melanoleuca Greater Yellowlegs U Ardea alba Great Egret PIP Tringa solitaria Solitary Sandpiper U Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron PIP Columba livia Rock Dove PIP

Columbina passerina Common Ground-Dove U Carduelis pinus Pine Siskin PIP Zenaida macroura Mourning Dove PIP Carduelis tristis American Goldfinch PIP Ceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher PIP Carpodacus mexicanus House Finch PIP Ceryle torquata Ringed Kingfisher U Carpodacus purpureus Purple Finch U Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo PIP Chondestes grammacus Lark Sparrow U Coccyzus Coccothraustes erythropthalmus Black-billed Cuckoo PIP vespertinus Evening Grosbeak U Colinus virginianus Northern Bobwhite PIP Black-throated Blue Dendroica caerulescens Warbler U Meleagris gallopavo Wild Turkey PIP Common Pheasant, Ring- Dendroica castanea Bay-breasted Warbler U Phasianus colchicus necked Pheasant U Dendroica cerulea Cerulean Warbler PIP Grus canadensis Sandhill Crane U Dendroica coronata Yellow-rumped Warbler PIP Fulica americana American Coot U Dendroica discolor Prairie Warbler PIP Eremophila alpestris Horned Lark U Dendroica dominica Yellow-throated Warbler U Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar Waxwing PIP Dendroica fusca Blackburnian Warbler U Certhia americana Brown Creeper PIP Dendroica magnolia Magnolia Warbler U Cistothorus palustris Marsh Wren U Dendroica palmarum Palm Warbler U Cistothorus platensis Sedge Wren U Dendroica pensylvanica Chestnut-sided Warbler U Polioptila caerulea Blue-gray Gnatcatcher PIP Dendroica petechia Yellow Warbler PIP Thryomanes bewickii Bewick's Wren PIP Dendroica pinus Pine Warbler PIP Thryothorus ludovicianus Carolina Wren PIP Dendroica striata Blackpoll Warbler U Troglodytes aedon House Wren PIP Dendroica tigrina Cape May Warbler U Troglodytes troglodytes Winter Wren PIP Black-throated Green Dendroica virens Warbler U Corvus brachyrhynchos American Crow PIP Dolichonyx oryzivorus Bobolink PIP Corvus ossifragus Fish Crow PIP Euphagus carolinus Rusty Blackbird PIP Cyanocitta cristata Blue Jay PIP Euphagus cyanocephalus Brewer's Blackbird U Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged Blackbird PIP Geothlypis trichas Common Yellowthroat PIP Aimophila aestivalis Bachman's Sparrow PIP Guiraca caerulea Blue Grosbeak PIP Ammodramus henslowii Henslow's Sparrow U Helmitheros vermivorus Worm-eating Warbler PIP Ammodramus leconteii Le Conte's Sparrow U Ammodramus Icteria virens Yellow-breasted Chat PIP savannarum Grasshopper Sparrow PIP Baltimore Oriole, Icterus galbula Northern Oriole PIP Calcarius lapponicus Lapland Longspur U Icterus spurius Orchard Oriole PIP Calcarius pictus Smith's Longspur U Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed Junco PIP Cardinalis cardinalis Northern Cardinal PIP

Limnothlypis swainsonii Swainson's Warbler PIP Vermivora chrysoptera Golden-winged Warbler U Melospiza georgiana Swamp Sparrow U Vermivora peregrina Tennessee Warbler U Melospiza lincolnii Lincoln's Sparrow U Vermivora pinus Blue-winged Warbler PIP Melospiza melodia Song Sparrow PIP Vermivora ruficapilla Nashville Warbler U Mniotilta varia Black-and-white Warbler PIP Wilsonia canadensis Canada Warbler U Molothrus ater Brown-headed Cowbird PIP Wilsonia citrina Hooded Warbler PIP Oporornis agilis Connecticut Warbler U Wilsonia pusilla Wilson's Warbler U Oporornis formosus Kentucky Warbler PIP Zonotrichia albicollis White-throated Sparrow PIP Oporornis philadelphia Mourning Warbler U Zonotrichia leucophrys White-crowned Sparrow PIP Parula americana Northern Parula PIP Hirundo pyrrhonota Cliff Swallow PIP Passerculus Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow PIP sandwichensis Savannah Sparrow PIP Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cliff Swallow U Passerella iliaca Fox Sparrow U Progne subis Purple Martin PIP Passerina ciris Painted Bunting PIP Riparia riparia Bank Swallow U Passerina cyanea Indigo Bunting PIP Northern Rough-winged Pheucticus ludovicianus Rose-breasted Grosbeak U Stelgidopteryx serripennis Swallow PIP Eastern Towhee, Rufous- Tachycineta bicolor Tree Swallow U Pipilo erythrophthalmus sided Towhee PIP Lanius ludovicianus Loggerhead Shrike PIP Piranga olivacea Scarlet Tanager PIP Catharus fuscescens Veery U Piranga rubra Summer Tanager PIP Catharus guttatus Hermit Thrush PIP Pooecetes gramineus Vesper Sparrow U Catharus minimus Gray-cheeked Thrush U Protonotaria citrea Prothonotary Warbler PIP Catharus ustulatus Swainson's Thrush U Quiscalus quiscula Common Grackle PIP Hylocichla mustelina Wood Thrush PIP Seiurus aurocapillus Ovenbird U Sialia sialis Eastern Bluebird PIP Seiurus motacilla Louisiana Waterthrush PIP Turdus migratorius American Robin PIP Seiurus noveboracensis Northern Waterthrush U Parus bicolor Tufted Titmouse PIP Setophaga ruticilla American Redstart PIP Parus carolinensis Carolina Chickadee PIP Spiza americana Dickcissel PIP Anthus spinoletta Water Pipit U Spizella arborea American Tree Sparrow U Anthus spragueii Sprague's Pipit U Spizella passerina Chipping Sparrow PIP Passer domesticus House Sparrow PIP Spizella pusilla Field Sparrow PIP Regulus calendula Ruby-crowned Kinglet PIP Sturnella magna Eastern Meadowlark PIP Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned Kinglet PIP Sturnella neglecta Western Meadowlark U Sitta canadensis Red-breasted Nuthatch PIP Vermivora celata Orange-crowned Warbler U Sitta carolinensis White-breasted Nuthatch PIP 45

Sitta pusilla Brown-headed Nuthatch PIP Bubo virginianus Great Horned Owl PIP Dumetella carolinensis Gray Catbird PIP Otus asio Eastern Screech-Owl PIP Mimus polyglottos Northern Mockingbird PIP Strix varia Barred Owl PIP Sturnus vulgaris European Starling PIP Barn Owl, Common Barn- Tyto alba Owl U Toxostoma rufum Brown Thrasher PIP Scientific Name Common Name Park Status1 Contopus borealis Olive-sided Flycatcher U Fish Contopus virens Eastern Wood-Pewee PIP Amia calva bowfin PIP Empidonax flaviventris Yellow-bellied Flycatcher U Anguilla rostrata American eel PP Empidonax minimus Least Flycatcher U Labidesthes sicculus brook silverside PIP Empidonax virescens Acadian Flycatcher PIP Menidia peninsulae tidewater silverside U Myiarchus crinitus Great Crested Flycatcher PIP blue herring, golden Sayornis phoebe Eastern Phoebe PIP shad, green herring, river herring, skipjack, skipjack Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern Kingbird PIP Alosa chrysochloris herring, skipjack shad PP Vireo flavifrons Yellow-throated Vireo PIP American gizzard shad, Vireo gilvus Warbling Vireo PIP eastern gizzard shad, gizzard shad, hickory Vireo griseus White-eyed Vireo PIP Dorosoma cepedianum shad, mud shad, skipjack PIP Vireo olivaceus Red-eyed Vireo PIP Dorosoma petenense threadfin shad PIP Philadelphia Vireo U Vireo philadelphicus Carpiodes carpio river carpsucker PIP Blue-headed Vireo, quillback, quillback Vireo solitarius Solitary Vireo U Carpiodes cyprinus carpsucker PIP Colaptes auratus Northern Flicker PIP Carpiodes velifer highfin carpsucker PIP Dryocopus pileatus Pileated Woodpecker PIP Catostomus commersonii white sucker U Melanerpes carolinus Red-bellied Woodpecker PIP Erimyzon oblongus creek chubsucker PIP Melanerpes erythrocephalus Red-headed Woodpecker PIP Erimyzon sucetta lake chubsucker PP Red-cockaded Erimyzon tenuis sharpfin chubsucker PP Picoides borealis Woodpecker U Hypentelium etowanum Alabama hog sucker PP Picoides pubescens Downy Woodpecker PIP Hypentelium nigricans northern hog sucker PIP Picoides villosus Hairy Woodpecker PIP Ictiobus bubalus smallmouth buffalo PP Sphyrapicus varius Yellow-bellied Sapsucker PIP Ictiobus cyprinellus bigmouth buffalo PP Caprimulgus carolinensis Chuck-will's-widow PIP Ictiobus niger black buffalo H Caprimulgus vociferus Whip-poor-will PIP Minytrema melanops spotted sucker PIP Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk PIP Moxostoma anisurum silver redhorse PP Asio flammeus Short-eared Owl U hookfin redhorse, Asio otus Long-eared Owl U Moxostoma breviceps smallmouth redhorse H

Moxostoma carinatum river redhorse H Lythrurus roseipinnis cherryfin shiner PIP Moxostoma duquesnei black redhorse PIP Lythrurus umbratilis redfin shiner PIP Moxostoma erythrurum golden redhorse PIP Macrhybopsis aestivalis speckled chub U Moxostoma Nocomis effusus redtail chub PP macrolepidotum shorthead redhorse H Nocomis leptocephalus bluehead chub PIP Moxostoma poecilurum blacktail redhorse PP Nocomis micropogon river chub PIP Campostoma anomalum central stoneroller PIP Notemigonus crysoleucas golden shiner PIP Campostoma oligolepis largescale stoneroller PIP Notropis ammophilus orangefin shiner PIP Clinostomus funduloides rosyside dace PIP Notropis ariommus popeye shiner PP Cyprinella camura bluntface shiner PIP Notropis atherinoides emerald shiner PIP Cyprinella galactura whitetail shiner PIP Notropis baileyi rough shiner PIP Cyprinella lutrensis red shiner PIP Notropis boops bigeye shiner PP Cyprinella spiloptera spotfin shiner PIP Notropis buccatus silverjaw minnow PP Cyprinella venusta blacktail shiner PIP Notropis leuciodus Tennessee shiner PIP Cyprinella whipplei steelcolor shiner PIP common carp, European Notropis longirostris longnose shiner PIP Cyprinus carpio carp PP Notropis lutipinnis yellowfin shiner U Erimonax monachus spotfin chub PP Notropis maculatus taillight shiner U Erimystax dissimilis streamline chub H Notropis melanostomus blackmouth shiner U Erimystax insignis blotched chub PP highland shiner, redface shiner, southern rosyface Hemitremia flammea flame chub PIP Notropis micropteryx shiner PP Hybognathus hayi cypress minnow H Notropis photogenis silver shiner PP Mississippi silvery Hybognathus nuchalis minnow PIP Notropis rubellus rosyface shiner PP Hybopsis amblops bigeye chub PIP Notropis stilbius silverstripe shiner PIP Hybopsis winchelli clear chub PIP Notropis telescopus telescope shiner PIP Luxilus chrysocephalus striped shiner PIP Notropis texanus weed shiner PIP Luxilus coccogenis warpaint shiner PIP Notropis volucellus mimic shiner PP Luxilus zonistius bandfin shiner PIP Notropis wickliffi channel shiner PIP Lythrurus ardens rosefin shiner PIP Opsopoeodus emiliae pugnose minnow PIP Lythrurus bellus pretty shiner PIP Phenacobius mirabilis suckermouth minnow H scarlet shiner, scarletfin Phenacobius uranops stargazing minnow PP Lythrurus fasciolaris shiner PP Phoxinus erythrogaster southern redbelly dace PIP Lythrurus fumeus ribbon shiner PP Pimephales notatus bluntnose minnow PIP Lythrurus lirus mountain shiner U Pimephales vigilax bullhead minnow PIP

Pteronotropis signipinnis flagfin shiner U Lepomis megalotis longear sunfish PIP Pteronotropis welaka bluenose shiner U Lepomis microlophus redear sunfish PIP blacknose dace, eastern redspotted sunfish, Rhinichthys atratulus blacknose dace PIP Lepomis miniatus scarlet sunfish PIP Semotilus atromaculatus creek chub PIP Lepomis punctatus spotted sunfish PP sheepshead minnow, Micropterus dolomieu smallmouth bass PP Cyprinodon variegatus sheepshead pupfish U Micropterus punctulatus spotted bass PIP Adinia xenica diamond killifish U Micropterus salmoides largemouth bass PIP Fundulus catenatus northern studfish PIP Pomoxis annularis white crappie PIP Fundulus chrysotus golden topminnow U northern starhead Pomoxis nigromaculatus black crappie PIP topminnow, starhead Elassoma alabamae spring pygmy sunfish U Fundulus dispar topminnow U Elassoma zonatum banded pygmy sunfish H Fundulus notatus blackstripe topminnow PIP Ctenogobius shufeldti freshwater goby U bayou topminnow, Gulf starhead topminnow, Morone chrysops white bass H Fundulus nottii starhead topminnow PP Morone mississippiensis yellow bass PP Fundulus olivaceus blackspotted topminnow PIP Ammocrypta beanii naked sand darter PP mosquitofish, western Ammocrypta vivax scaly sand darter H Gambusia affinis mosquitofish PIP grass pickerel, redfin or Crystallaria asprella crystal darter PP grass pickerel, redfin Etheostoma aquali coppercheek darter U Esox americanus pickerel PIP Etheostoma asprigene mud darter H Esox niger chain pickerel PP black mullet, gray mullet, Etheostoma blennioides greenside darter PIP Mugil cephalus striped mullet U Etheostoma blennius blenny darter PIP Mugil curema silver mullet, white mullet U Etheostoma boschungi slackwater darter PIP Hiodon alosoides goldeye U Etheostoma caeruleum rainbow darter PIP Ambloplites ariommus shadow bass PP Etheostoma chlorosomum bluntnose darter PIP Ambloplites rupestris rock bass PP flier, peacock sunfish, Etheostoma cinereum ashy darter U Centrarchus macropterus round sunfish PIP Etheostoma corona crown darter PIP Lepomis auritus redbreast sunfish U Etheostoma crossopterum fringed darter PIP Lepomis cyanellus green sunfish PIP Etheostoma denoncourti golden darter PP Lepomis gulosus warmouth PIP Etheostoma derivativum Stone darter PIP Lepomis humilis orangespotted sunfish PP black darter, blackside Lepomis macrochirus bluegill PIP darter, blackside Etheostoma duryi snubnose darter PIP Lepomis marginatus dollar sunfish H Etheostoma flabellare fantail darter PIP 48

Etheostoma flavum saffron darter PIP Percina aurora pearl darter H Etheostoma fusiforme swamp darter U Percina burtoni blotchside logperch PP Etheostoma gracile slough darter H Percina caprodes logperch PIP Etheostoma histrio harlequin darter PIP Percina evides gilt darter PP Etheostoma jessiae blueside darter PP Percina lenticula freckled darter PP Etheostoma kennicotti stripetail darter PIP Percina macrocephala longhead darter PP Etheostoma lachneri Tombigbee darter PIP Percina maculata blackside darter PIP Etheostoma luteovinctum redband darter PP Percina nigrofasciata blackbanded darter PP Etheostoma lynceum brighteye darter PIP Percina phoxocephala slenderhead darter PP Etheostoma meridianum southern sand darter PP Percina sciera dusky darter PIP Etheostoma Percina shumardi river darter PP microlepidum smallscale darter U lollipop darter, lollypop Percina vigil saddleback darter PIP Etheostoma neopterum darter PP Sander canadensis sauger PP Etheostoma nigripinne blackfin darter PP Aplodinotus grunniens freshwater drum PP Etheostoma nigrum johnny darter PIP Leiostomus xanthurus spot U Etheostoma parvipinne goldstripe darter PP Speoplatyrhinus poulsoni Alabama cavefish U Etheostoma proeliare cypress darter PIP Typhlichthys subterraneus southern cavefish U Etheostoma pyrrhogaster firebelly darter U Aphredoderus sayanus pirate perch PIP Etheostoma rubrum bayou darter PP Ichthyomyzon bdellium Ohio lamprey PP Etheostoma rufilineatum redline darter PIP Ichthyomyzon castaneus chestnut lamprey PP Etheostoma rupestre rock darter PP snubnose darter, Ichthyomyzon gagei southern brook lamprey PP Tennessee snubnose Ichthyomyzon greeleyi mountain brook lamprey PP Etheostoma simoterum darter PIP Lampetra aepyptera least brook lamprey PP Etheostoma spectabile orangethroat darter PP Lampetra appendix American brook lamprey U Etheostoma squamiceps spottail darter PP Trinectes maculatus hogchoker U Etheostoma stigmaeum speckled darter PP Cottus bairdii mottled sculpin PP Etheostoma swaini Gulf darter PIP Cottus carolinae banded sculpin PIP Etheostoma tuscumbia Tuscumbia darter U shortnose gar, spotted Etheostoma virgatum striped darter PP Lepisosteus oculatus gar PIP Etheostoma whipplei redfin darter PIP Lepisosteus osseus longnose gar PIP Etheostoma zonale banded darter PIP Ameiurus melas black bullhead PP Etheostoma zonistium bandfin darter PP Ameiurus natalis yellow bullhead PIP Perca flavescens yellow perch U Ictalurus furcatus blue catfish PP

channel catfish, graceful Tadarida brasiliensis Brazilian free-tailed bat U Ictalurus punctatus catfish PIP Eptesicus fuscus big brown bat PIP Noturus elegans elegant madtom PP Lasionycteris noctivagans silver-haired bat U Noturus eleutherus mountain madtom PP Lasiurus borealis eastern red bat, red bat PIP Noturus exilis slender madtom PP Lasiurus cinereus hoary bat PIP Noturus funebris black madtom PIP Lasiurus intermedius northern yellow bat PP Noturus gyrinus tadpole madtom PIP Lasiurus seminolus Seminole bat U Noturus hildebrandi least madtom PP Myotis austroriparius southeastern myotis U Noturus leptacanthus speckled madtom PP Myotis grisescens gray bat, gray myotis PIP Noturus miurus brindled madtom PIP Myotis keenii Keen's myotis U Noturus nocturnus freckled madtom PP little brown bat, little Noturus phaeus brown madtom PP Myotis lucifugus brown myotis PIP Pylodictis olivaris flathead catfish PP Myotis sodalis Indiana bat U Scientific Name Common Name Park Status1 Nycticeius humeralis evening bat PIP Mammals Pipistrellus subflavus eastern pipistrelle PIP domestic goat, goat Rafinesque's big-eared Capra hircus (feral) U Plecotus rafinesquii bat U Odocoileus virginianus white-tailed deer PIP Didelphis virginiana Virginia opossum PIP Sus scrofa pig, pig (feral), wild boar PIP mole shrew, northern short-tailed shrew, short- Canis latrans coyote PIP Blarina brevicauda tailed shrew U Canis lupus gray wolf U southern short-tailed Urocyon common gray fox, gray Blarina carolinensis shrew U cinereoargenteus fox PIP bee shrew, least shrew, little short-tailed shrew, Vulpes vulpes red fox PIP Cryptotis parva small short-tailed shrew U Felis concolor mountain lion H Sorex longirostris southeastern shrew U Lynx rufus bobcat PIP Scalopus aquaticus eastern mole, topos PIP Mephitis mephitis striped skunk PIP Sylvilagus aquaticus swamp rabbit PIP eastern spotted skunk, Spilogale putorius spotted skunk PIP Sylvilagus floridanus eastern cottontail U African wild ass, ass, Lutra canadensis river otter PIP Equus asinus burro, burro (feral) U Mustela frenata long-tailed weasel U Castor canadensis american beaver, beaver PIP Mustela vison American mink, mink PIP Zapus hudsonius meadow jumping mouse U common raccoon, northern raccoon, Myocastor coypus coypu, nutria PIP Procyon lotor raccoon PIP Microtus ochrogaster prairie vole U American black bear, Ursus americanus black bear H Microtus pinetorum pine vole, woodland vole U 50

Mus musculus house mouse PIP Elaphe guttata Corn Snake, Cornsnake PIP Neotoma floridana eastern woodrat U Elaphe spiloides Gray Ratsnake PIP Ochrotomys nuttalli golden mouse U Farancia abacura Mud Snake, Mudsnake PIP Ondatra zibethicus muskbeaver, muskrat PIP Farancia erytrogramma Rainbow Snake PIP Oryzomys palustris marsh rice rat U Eastern Hog-nosed Heterodon platirhinos Snake PIP Peromyscus gossypinus cotton mouse U Prairie Kingsnake, Peromyscus leucopus white-footed mouse U Lampropeltis calligaster Yellow-bellied Kingsnake PIP Peromyscus maniculatus deer mouse U Lampropeltis getula Common Kingsnake PIP Peromyscus polionotus oldfield mouse U Lampropeltis triangulum elapsoides Scarlet Kingsnake PIP Rattus norvegicus Norway rat U Lampropeltis triangulum Rattus rattus black rat U triangulum Eastern Milk Snake PIP Reithrodontomys Masticophis flagellum Coachwhip U fulvescens fulvous harvest mouse U Nerodia erythrogaster Yellow-bellied Water Reithrodontomys humulis eastern harvest mouse U flavigaster Snake PIP Diamondback Water Sigmodon hispidus hispid cotton rat PIP Nerodia rhombifer Snake PIP Glaucomys volans southern flying squirrel U Nerodia sipedon Northern Water Snake PIP Marmota monax woodchuck PIP Rough Green Snake, eastern gray squirrel, Opheodrys aestivus Rough Greensnake PIP Sciurus carolinensis gray squirrel PIP Pituophis melanoleucus eastern fox squirrel, fox melanoleucus Northern Pine Snake U Sciurus niger squirrel PIP Glossy Crayfish Snake, Tamias striatus eastern chipmunk U Regina rigida Glossy Crayfish Snakes U long-nosed armadillo, Queen Snake, Dasypus novemcinctus nine-banded armadillo PIP Regina septemvittata Queensnake PP Brown Snake, Dekay's Scientific Name Common Name Park Status1 Brown Snake, DeKay's Reptiles Storeria dekayi Brownsnake U alligator, American Storeria occipitomaculata Alligator, Florida alligator, occipitomaculata Northern Redbelly Snake U gator, Louisiana alligator, Tantilla coronata Southeastern Crowned Alligator mississippiensis Mississippi alligator PIP coronata Snake U Ophisaurus attenuatus Slender Glass Lizard U Thamnophis sauritus Eastern Ribbon Snake PIP Ophisaurus ventralis Eastern Glass Lizard U Thamnophis sirtalis Common Garter Snake PIP Eastern Worm Snake, Rough Earth Snake, Carphophis amoenus Eastern Wormsnake PIP Virginia striatula Rough Earthsnake U Cemophora coccinea Scarlet Snake U Smooth Earth Snake, Virginia valeriae Smooth Earthsnake PIP Coluber constrictor Racer PIP Eastern Fence Lizard, Ring-necked Snake, Sceloporus undulatus Fence Lizard, Plateau PIP Diadophis punctatus Ringneck Snake PIP 51

Lizard, Prairie Lizard Razor-backed Musk Sternotherus carinatus Turtle PIP Anolis carolinensis Green Anole PIP Sternotherus minor Eumeces anthracinus Coal Skink PIP peltifer stripeneck musk turtle U Eumeces fasciatus Five-lined Skink PIP Sternotherus odoratus Common Musk Turtle PIP Southeastern Five-lined Smooth Softshell, smooth Eumeces inexpectatus Skink PIP Apalone mutica softshell turtle PIP Eumeces laticeps Broad-headed Skink PIP Spiny Softshell, spiny Apalone spinifera softshell turtle U Ground Skink, Little Scincella lateralis Brown Skink PIP Scientific Name Common Name Park Status1 Cnemidophorus Vascular Plants sexlineatus Six-lined Racerunner U burhead, creeping Agkistrodon contortrix Copperhead PIP burhead, creeping Echinodorus cordifolius burrhead PIP Agkistrodon piscivorus Cottonmouth PIP midwestern arrowhead, Eastern Diamond-backed short-beak arrowhead, Rattlesnake, Eastern Sagittaria brevirostra shortbeak arrowhead PIP Diamondback Crotalus adamanteus Rattlesnake PIP Sagittaria engelmanniana ssp. longirostra Englemann's Arrowhead PP Crotalus horridus Timber Rattlesnake PIP broadleaf arrowhead, Pigmy Rattlesnake, common arrowhead, Sistrurus miliarius Pygmy Rattlesnake U Sagittaria latifolia duck-potato, wapato PIP common snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina Snapping Turtle PIP Sagittaria longirostra long-beaked Arrowhead PIP California arrowhead, Macroclemys temminckii alligator snapping turtle PIP Sagittaria montevidensis giant arrowhead PIP Chrysemys picta dorsalis Southern Painted Turtle PIP Angelica atropurpurea purplestem angelica PIP Deirochelys reticularia Chicken Turtle PIP hairy angelica, venous Graptemys geographica Common Map Turtle PIP Angelica venenosa angelica PIP Ringed Map Turtle, Chaerophyllum Graptemys oculifera ringed sawback turtle PIP procumbens spreading chervil PIP Chaerophyllum tainturieri Graptemys ouachitensis Ouachita Map Turtle U var. tainturieri hairyfruit chervil PIP Graptemys common water hemlock, pseudogeographica False Map Turtle PIP poison parsnip, spotted Pseudemys concinna River Cooter PIP cowbane, spotted Pseudemys floridana Common Cooter FR parsley, spotted water common box turtle, hemlock, spotted water- Terrapene carolina Eastern Box Turtle PIP hemlock, spotted Trachemys scripta waterhemlock, water elegans Red-eared Slider PIP Cicuta maculata hemlock PIP cigue maculee, cigue Trachemys scripta scripta Yellow-bellied Slider PIP tachetee, deadly common mud turtle, Conium maculatum hemlock, poison hemlock, PIP Kinosternon subrubrum Eastern Mud Turtle PIP 52

poison parsley, poison- golden zizia hemlock Canadian honewort, Aralia racemosa American spikenard PIP Cryptotaenia canadensis honewort PIP angelicatree, devil's bird's nest, Queen Anne's walkingstick, devils Daucus carota lace, wild carrot PIP Aralia spinosa walkingstick PIP American wild carrot, American ginseng, rattlesnake carrot, Panax quinquefolius american ginseng PIP rattlesnake weed, green dragon, Daucus pusillus southwest wild carrot PIP Arisaema dracontium greendragon PIP Erigenia bulbosa harbinger of spring PIP Arisaema pusillum small Jack in the pulpit PP Arisaema triphyllum ssp. Eryngium aquaticum rattlesnakemaster PP pusillum Jack in the pulpit PIP Eryngium prostratum creeping eryngo PIP Colocasia esculenta coco yam, wild taro PIP Eryngium yuccifolium var. yuccifolium button eryngo PIP Orontium aquaticum goldenclub PIP manyflower common duckweed, least marshpennywort, duckweed, lesser Hydrocotyle umbellata umbrella pennyroyal PIP Lemna minor duckweed PIP Ligusticum canadense Canadian licorice-root PIP Spirodela polyrhiza giant duckweed PIP aniseroot, longstyle dotted duckmeat, dotted Osmorhiza longistylis sweetroot PIP Spirodela punctata duckweed PIP Oxypolis rigidior stiff cowbane PIP Sabal minor dwarf palmetto PIP herbwilliam, threadleaf Canadian wild ginger, Ptilimnium capillaceum mockbishopweed PIP Asarum canadense Canadian wildginger PIP Canada sanicle, Hexastylis arifolia littlebrownjug PIP Sanicula canadensis Canadian blacksnakeroot PIP bloodwort, carpenter's black sanicle, Maryland weed, common yarrow, black-snakeroot, hierba de las cortaduras, Sanicula marilandica Maryland sanicle U milfoil, plumajillo, western cluster sanicle, clustered Achillea millefolium yarrow, yarrow (common) PIP Sanicula odorata blacksnakeroot PIP Acmella oppositifolia var. creeping spotflower, hairyjoint repens oppositeleaf spotflower PIP meadowparsnip, Ageratina altissima var. Thaspium barbinode hairyspine thaspium PIP altissima white snakeroot PIP purple meadowparsnip, Thaspium trifoliatum purple thaspium PIP Ageratina aromatica lesser snakeroot PIP annual ragweed, common Torilis japonica erect hedgeparsley PIP ragweed, low ragweed, Trepocarpus aethusae aethusae, whitenymph PIP ragweed, Roman heart-leaf alexanders, wormwood, short heartleaf alexanders, Ambrosia artemisiifolia ragweed, small ragweed PIP meadow zizia, Ambrosia glandulosa common ragweed PP Zizia aptera meadowparsnip, zizia PIP Zizia aurea golden alexanders, PIP 53

Cuman ragweed, Aster novae-angliae New England aster H perennial ragweed, Aster paludosus southern swamp aster H Ambrosia psilostachya western ragweed PIP blood ragweed, giant white heath aster, white ragweed, great ragweed, Aster pilosus oldfield aster H horseweed, perennial Aster praealtus willowleaf aster U ragweed (great), tall Aster shortii Short's aster H Ambrosia trifida ragweed PIP Aster simplex Panicled aster PIP Antennaria fallax Parlin's Pussytoes PP plantainleaf pussytoes, Aster solidagineus narrow whitetop aster U Antennaria plantaginifolia woman's tobacco PIP annual saltmarsh aster, Antennaria solitaria singlehead pussytoes PIP panicled aster, saltmarsh chamomile, dog fennel, aster, slender aster, dogfennel, mayweed, Aster subulatus var. southern annual mayweed chamomile, ligulatus saltmarsh aster U mayweed dogfennel, Aster tenuicaulis slender stemmed aster H stinking chamomile, Anthemis cotula stinkweed PIP Aster umbellatus flat-top white aster PP bardane, beggar's button, Aster undulatus var. burdock, common diversifolius wavyleaf aster PIP burdock, lesser burdock, Baccharis halimifolia eastern baccharis PIP lesser burrdock, small Bidens aristosa var. burdock, smaller burdock, mutica tickseed Beggarticks PIP wild burdock, wild Arctium minus rhubarb PIP Spanish needles, Arnoglossum Bidens bipinnata spanish-needles PIP atriplicifolium pale Indian plaintain PIP Arnoglossum ovatum ovateleaf cacalia U bur marigold, nodding annual wormwood, sweet beggartick, nodding Artemisia annua sagewort PIP beggarticks, nodding bur marigold, nodding Aster azureus sky blue aster H burmarigold, nodding Aster concolor eastern silver aster H Bidens cernua burr-marigold, sticktight PIP Aster cordifolius common blue wood aster H Bidens coronata crowned beggarticks PIP Aster dumosus var. coridifolius rice button aster H burmarigold, smooth beggartick, smooth Aster exilis slender aster H Bidens laevis beggarticks PIP Aster hirsuticaulis hairy stemmed aster H Bidens polylepis var. long bracketed tickseed Aster infirmus Cornel-leaf aster H retrorsa sunflower PP Aster laevis smooth aster H star boltonia, white doll's Aster lateriflorus calico aster H Boltonia asteroides daisy, white doll's-daisy PIP Aster linariifolius flaxleaf aster H Boltonia diffusa var. smallhead doll's daisy PIP 54

interior eastern purple coneflower, purple Calyptocarpus vialis straggler daisy PIP Echinacea purpurea coneflower PIP chardon penche, musk eclipta, false daisy, yerba thistle, nodding plumeless Eclipta prostrata de tago, yerba de tajo PIP thistle, nodding Elephantopus Carolina elephantsfoot, plumeless-thistle, carolinianus leafy elephantfoot PIP nodding thistle, plumeless Carduus nutans thistle PIP Elephantopus elatus tall elephantsfoot PIP bachelor's button, Elephantopus devil's grandmother, hairy cornflower, garden tomentosus elephantfoot PIP Centaurea cyanus cornflower PIP Erechtites hieracifolia burnweed PIP Chrysopsis graminifolia narrowleaf silk-grass PP Erechtites hieraciifolia American burnweed PIP Chrysopsis mariana Maryland goldenaster PIP annual fleabane, eastern Erigeron annuus daisy fleabane PIP Cirsium altissimum roadside thistle, tall thistle PIP Carolina thistle, soft Erigeron canadensis Canada horseweed PIP Cirsium carolinianum thistle PIP Philadelphia daisy, Erigeron philadelphicus Philadelphia fleabane PIP Cirsium coloradense Colorado thistle PIP poor robin fleabane, Cirsium discolor field thistle PIP Erigeron pulchellus robin's plantain PIP Cirsium horridulum yellow thistle PIP Daisy Fleabane, prairie Erigeron strigosus fleabane, rough fleabane PIP Cirsium muticum swamp thistle PIP slender fleabane, Cirsium virginianum Virginia thistle PP Erigeron tenuis slenderleaf fleabane PP bull thistle, common Eupatorium album white thoroughwort PP Cirsium vulgare thistle, spear thistle PIP Eupatorium capillifolium dogfennel PIP Conoclinium coelestinum blue mistflower PIP Eupatorium dogfennel eupatorium, Conyza canadensis var. compositifolium yankeeweed PIP pusilla Canadian horseweed U Eupatorium cuneifolium Coreopsis auriculata lobed tickseed PIP var. semiserratum small flower thoroughwort PP lance coreopsis, lanceleaf Joe Pye weed, Coreopsis lanceolata tickseed PIP Eupatorium fistulosum trumpetweed PIP Coreopsis major greater tickseed PIP Eupatorium hyssopifolium hairy coreopsis, star var. calcaratum hyssopleaf thoroughwort PIP Coreopsis pubescens tickseed PIP spotted joe-pye-weed, Eupatorium maculatum spotted joepyeweed PP golden tickseed, plains Eupatorium perfoliatum bonset, common boneset PIP Coreopsis tinctoria coreopsis, plains tickseed PIP Eupatorium pilosum rough boneset PIP atlantic coreopsis, tall sweetscented Coreopsis tripteris tickseed PIP Eupatorium purpureum joepyeweed PP Cosmos bipinnatus garden cosmos PIP roundleaf eupatorium, clasping coneflower, Eupatorium rotundifolium roundleaf thoroughwort PIP Dracopis amplexicaulis clasping-coneflower PP Eupatorium rugosum richweed, snakeroot, PP

white snakeroot artichoke, Jerusalem late eupatorium, sunflower, Jerusalem- lateflowering artichoke Eupatorium serotinum thoroughwort PIP Helianthus X glaucus glaucous sunflower U Eurybia hemispherica southern prairie aster PIP heliopsis sunflower, oxeye, smooth oxeye, Eurybia paludosa southern swamp aster PIP Heliopsis helianthoides sunflower heliopsis PIP Euthamia leptocephala bushy goldentop U Heterotheca graminifolia narrow leaf silk-grass U Euthamia tenuifolia var. camphorweed, golden tenuifolia slender goldentop PIP Heterotheca subaxillaris aster PIP Facelis retusa annual trampweed PIP Gronovis hawkweed, Hieracium gronovii queendevil PIP Gamochaeta argyrina everlasting PIP Hieracium paniculatum Allegheny hawkweed PIP Gamochaeta coarctata grey everlasting PIP spoon-leaf purple Hieracium scabrum rough hawkweed PIP everlasting, spoonleaf flaxleaf whitetop aster, Gamochaeta purpurea purple everlasting PIP Ionactis linariifolius savoryleaf aster PIP bitter sneezeweed, annual marsh-elder, Helenium amarum yellowdicks PIP annual marshelder, Helenium autumnale var. Iva annua seacoast sumpweed PIP parviflorum smallflower sneezeweed PIP Iva caudata Annual sumpweed PP Helenium flexuosum purplehead sneezeweed PIP tall dwarfdandelion, twoflower dwarf-dandelion, Helenium parviflorum common sneezeweed PIP Krigia biflora twoflower dwarfdandelion PIP longdisc sneezeweed, Krigia caespitosa weedy dwarfdandelion PIP Helenium quadridentatum longdisk sneezeweed PIP potato dwarfdandelion, swamp sneezeweed, tuber dandelion, tuber Helianthus angustifolius swamp sunflower PIP Krigia dandelion dwarfdandelion PIP annual sunflower, common sunflower, Krigia virginica Virginia dwarfdandelion PIP Helianthus annuus sunflower, wild sunflower PIP Canada lettuce, Florida Lactuca canadensis blue lettuce, wild lettuce PIP Helianthus atrorubens purpledisk sunflower PIP Lactuca canadensis var. Helianthus decapetalus thinleaf sunflower PIP latifolia Canada lettuce PP Helianthus divaricatus woodland sunflower PIP Florida lettuce, woodland Helianthus saw-tooth sunflower, Lactuca floridana lettuce PIP grosseserratus sawtooth sunflower PP China lettuce, prickly Lactuca serriola lettuce, wild lettuce PIP Helianthus hirsutus hairy sunflower PIP Lactuca villosa woodland lettuce PP Helianthus microcephalus small woodland sunflower PIP horseweed, bitterweed, Helianthus mollis ashy sunflower PIP Leptilon canadense prideweed, mare'stail PIP ox-eye daisy, oxeye paleleaf woodland daisy, oxeye-daisy, Helianthus strumosus sunflower PIP Leucanthemum vulgare oxeyedaisy PIP Helianthus tuberosus girasole, Jerusalem PIP 56

cat-tail gayfeather, Rudbeckia fulgida orange coneflower PIP Kansas gayfeather, Rudbeckia fulgida var. Liatris pycnostachya prairie blazing star PIP speciosa orange coneflower PIP Liatris scabra hairy blazing star PP Rudbeckia fulgida var. Liatris scariosa devil's bite PIP umbrosa orange coneflower PIP blackeyed Susan, Liatris spicata dense blazing star PIP Rudbeckia hirta blackeyedsusan PIP scaly blazing star, scaly cutleaf coneflower, green- Liatris squarrosa gayfeather PIP Rudbeckia laciniata head coneflower PIP Liatris squarrosa var. squarrosa scaly blazing star PIP Rudbeckia subtomentosa sweet coneflower PIP broadleaf Barbara's Rudbeckia triloba browneyed Susan PIP Marshallia trinervia buttons PIP Senecio aureus golden ragwort PIP German chamomile, Matricaria recutita mayweed PIP Senecio plattensis prairie groundsel PIP Melanthera nivea snow squarestem PP Senecio smallii Small's ragwort PIP Mikania cordifolia Florida Keys hempvine PIP Sericocarpus linifolius narrowleaf whitetop aster PIP climbing hempvine, Silphium asteriscus Mikania scandens climbing hempweed PIP trifoliatum starry rosinweed U Packera glabella butterweed PIP Silphium gatesii rough-stem rosinweed PIP Packera paupercula balsam groundsel PIP Silphium integrifolium wholeleaf rosinweed PIP American feverfew, wild cup plant, cup-plant, Parthenium integrifolium quinine PIP Cupleaf rosinweed, Pityopsis graminifolia var. Silphium perfoliatum squarestem rosinweed PIP graminifolia narrowleaf silkgrass PIP Silphium camphor pluchea, terebinthinaceum prairie rosinweed PIP Pluchea camphorata camphor weed PIP Silphium trifoliatum var. marsh fleabane, latifolium whorled rosinweed PIP Pluchea odorata sweetscent PIP Smallanthus uvedalius hairy leafcup PIP rayless leafcup, Solidago bicolor white goldenrod PP Polymnia canadensis whiteflower leafcup PIP rattlesnakeroot, tall Solidago caesia wreath goldenrod PIP Prenanthes altissima rattlesnakeroot PIP Solidago caesia var. mountain decumbent curtisii goldenrod PIP Prenanthes aspera rough rattlesnakeroot PP Canada goldenrod, Pseudognaphalium Canadian goldenrod, obtusifolium ssp. Solidago canadensis common goldenrod PIP obtusifolium rabbittobacco PIP Solidago canadensis var. Canada goldenrod, Carolina desert chicory, scabra Canadian goldenrod PIP Carolina desert-chicory, Pyrrhopappus Carolina false dandelion, Solidago discoidea rayless mock goldenrod PP carolinianus Carolina false-dandelion PIP Solidago erecta slender goldenrod PP grayhead Solidago gigantea giant goldenrod PIP prairieconeflower, pinnate Ratibida pinnata prairie coneflower PIP Solidago hispida hairy goldenrod PIP 57

Solidago juncea early goldenrod PIP Symphyotrichum dyersweed goldenrod, lanceolatum ssp. Solidago nemoralis gray goldenrod PIP lanceolatum white panicle aster PIP Symphyotrichum anisescented goldenrod, lateriflorum var. Solidago odora fragrant goldenrod PIP lateriflorum calico aster PIP Solidago patula roundleaf goldenrod PIP Symphyotrichum ontarionis Ontario aster PIP Solidago rigida prairie goldenrod PP Symphyotrichum patens Solidago roanensis Roan Mountain goldenrod PIP var. gracile late purple aster PIP Solidago rugosa var. Symphyotrichum patens celtidifolia wrinkleleaf goldenrod PP var. patens late purple aster PIP Solidago rugosa var. Symphyotrichum pilosum villosa wrinkleleaf goldenrod PIP var. pilosum hairy white oldfield aster PIP Solidago speciosa var. Symphyotrichum rigidiuscula showy goldenrod PIP prenanthoides crookedstem aster PIP Solidago sphacelata autumn goldenrod PIP Symphyotrichum undulatum waxyleaf aster PIP Solidago ulmifolia elmleaf goldenrod PIP Solidago ulmifolia var. Tanacetum parthenium feverfew PIP ulmifolia elmleaf goldenrod PIP common tansy, garden Tanacetum vulgare tansy, tansy PIP Soliva sessilis field burrweed, field soliva PIP blowball, common dandelion, dandelion, perennial sowthistle, Taraxacum officinale faceclock PIP prickly sowthistle, spiny sowthistle, spiny-leaf Verbesina alternifolia wingstem PIP Sonchus asper sow-thistle PIP gravelweed, gravelweed Verbesina helianthoides crownbeard PIP annual sowthistle, common sow-thistle, iceweed, Virginia common sowthistle, crownbeard, white pualele, sow thistle, sow- Verbesina virginica crownbeard PIP Sonchus oleraceus thistle PIP giant ironweed, tall Vernonia gigantea ironweed PIP Spilanthes americana creeping spotflower, PP Vernonia gigantea var. Symphyotrichum gigantea giant ironweed, PIP anomalum manyray aster PIP Symphyotrichum Vernonia missurica Missouri ironweed PIP cordifolium common blue wood aster PIP Xanthium americanum rough cocklebur PP Symphyotrichum southern annual cocklebur, cockleburr, divaricatum saltmarsh aster PIP common cocklebur, rough Symphyotrichum cocklebur, rough dumosum var. dumosum rice button aster PIP Xanthium strumarium cockleburr PIP Symphyotrichum Tillandsia usneoides Spanish moss PIP ericoides white heath aster PIP differentleaf Symphyotrichum laeve waterstarwort, greater var. laeve smooth blue aster PIP Callitriche heterophylla water starwort, larger PIP 58

waterstarwort, twoheaded Pennsylvania bittercress, water-starwort, variedleaf Cardamine pensylvanica Quaker bittercress PIP waterstarwort short-pod Whitlowgrass, terrestrial water-starwort, shortfruited draba, Callitriche terrestris terrestrial waterstarwort PIP Draba brachycarpa shortpod draba PIP Campanulastrum spring draba, spring americanum American bellflower PIP Draba verna Whitlowgrass PIP Cardinal flower, peppergrass, poorman Lobelia cardinalis cardinalflower PIP pepperweed, poorman's Indian tobacco, Indian- pepper, poorman's- Lobelia inflata tobacco PIP pepperwort, Virginia pepperweed, Virginian Lobelia puberula downy lobelia PIP Lepidium virginicum peppercress PIP Lobelia siphilitica great blue lobelia PIP Raphanus raphanistrum wild radish PIP pale-spike lobelia, pale- spiked lobelia, palespike Rorippa nasturtium- aquaticum watercress PIP Lobelia spicata lobelia PIP creeping yellow cress, Lobelia spicata var. creeping yellowcress, leptostachys palespike lobelia PP Rorippa sylvestris keek, yellow fieldcress PIP clasping Venus' looking- sibara, Virginia sibara, glass, clasping Venus' Virginia winged rockcress PIP Triodanis perfoliata var. lookingglass, small venus Sibara virginica biflora lookinglass PIP hairypod hedgemustard, hedge mustard, hedge clasping Venus' looking- tumblemustard, hedge- glass, clasping Venus' mustard, hedgemustard, Triodanis perfoliata var. lookingglass, clasping- Sisymbrium officinale hedgeweed, wild mustard PIP perfoliata leaf venus'-looking-glass PIP alligator weed, mouse-ear cress, Alternanthera philoxeroides alligatorweed, pig weed PIP Arabidopsis thaliana mouseear cress PIP green pigweed, slim Barbarea verna early yellowrocket PIP amaranth, smooth Chinese mustard, India amaranth, smooth Brassica juncea mustard, Indian mustard PIP Amaranthus hybridus pigweed PIP black mustard, shortpod pigweed species, spiny Brassica nigra mustard PIP amaranth, spiny shepardspurse, Amaranthus spinosus amaranthus PIP shepherd's purse, Opuntia compressa eastern prickly-pear PIP shepherd's-purse, Capsella bursa-pastoris shepherdspurse PIP Opuntia humifusa devil's-tongue, pricklypear PIP cockle, common Cardamine angustata slender toothwort PIP corncockle, corn cockle, bulb bittercress, bulbous Agrostemma githago corncockle, purple cockle PIP bitter-cress, bulbous Cardamine bulbosa bittercress PIP Arenaria lanuginosa spreading sandwort PIP Cardamine concatenata cutleaf toothwort PIP Arenaria serpyllifolia thymeleaf sandwort PIP Cardamine parviflora var. Cerastium glomeratum sticky chickweed PIP arenicola sand bittercress PP 59

Cerastium Virginia springbeauty semidecandrum fivestamen chickweed PP Deptford pink, Deptford's Ilex coriacea large gallberry PP Dianthus armeria pink PIP Ilex decidua possumhaw PIP Minuartia uniflora oneflower stitchwort PP Ilex opaca American holly PIP beach pearlwort, trailing Ilex verticillata common winterberry PIP Sagina decumbens pearlwort PIP birdeye pearlwort, Ilex vomitoria yaupon PP birdseye pearlwort, American strawberry Sagina procumbens procumbent pearlwort PP Euonymus americanus bush PIP bouncing bet, bouncing- Euonymus atropurpureus eastern burningbush PIP bett, bouncingbet, Asiatic dayflower, bouncingbet soapweed, Commelina communis common dayflower PIP Saponaria officinalis soapwort, sweet Betty PIP whorled catchfly, climbing dayflower, Commelina diffusa spreading dayflower PIP Silene stellata widowsfrill PIP Commelina erecta var. Silene virginica fire pink, firepink PIP erecta whitemouth dayflower PIP grass-leaf starwort, Virginia dayflower PIP grassleaved stichwort, Commelina virginica grasslike starwort, grassy Tradescantia hirsuticaulis hairystem spiderwort PIP starwort, lesser starwort, Tradescantia hirsutiflora hairyflower spiderwort PIP Stellaria graminea little starwort PIP chickweed, common bluejacket, Ohio chickweed, nodding Tradescantia ohiensis spiderwort PIP Stellaria media chickweed PIP Tradescantia virginiana Virginia spiderwort PIP Stellaria media ssp. Carolina yelloweyed media common chickweed PIP Xyris caroliniana grass PIP Stellaria pubera star chickweed PIP alternate-leaf dogwood, Chenopodium Cornus alternifolia alternateleaf dogwood PIP ambrosioides Mexican tea, Mexican-tea PIP pit-seed goosefoot, Cornus amomum silky dogwood PIP Chenopodium berlandieri Zschack goosefoot, Cornus asperifolia toughleaf dogwood PP var. zschackii Zschack's goosefoot PIP Cornus drummondii roughleaf dogwood PIP Jerusalem oak, Jerusalem oak goosefoot, Cornus florida flowering dogwood PIP Chenopodium botrys Jerusalem-oak PP Cornus foemina stiff dogwood PIP carpetweed, green Nyssa aquatica water tupelo PIP Mollugo verticillata carpetweed PIP black gum, black tupelo, American pokeweed, Nyssa sylvatica blackgum PIP common pokeweed, inkberry, pigeonberry, Nyssa sylvatica var. swamp tupelo PIP poke, pokeberry, biflora Phytolacca americana pokeweed PIP Carex albursina white bear sedge PIP narrow-leaved spring amphibious sedge, Claytonia virginica beauty, Spring beauty, PIP Carex amphibola eastern narrowleaf sedge PIP 60

Carex annectens yellowfruit sedge PIP Carex lurida shallow sedge PIP Carex atlantica ssp. Atlantic sedge, prickly Carex oxylepis sharpscale sedge PIP atlantica bog sedge PIP Carex atlantica ssp. howe sedge, prickly bog Carex rosea rosy sedge PIP capillacea sedge PIP Carex styloflexa bent sedge PIP Carex aureolensis goldenfruit sedge PIP Carex texensis Texas sedge PIP Carex basiantha Willdenow's sedge PIP Carex torta twisted sedge PIP Carex bromoides ssp. Carex tribuloides var. Bromoides Bromelike sedge PIP sangamonensis blunt broom sedge PIP oval-leaf sedge, oval- cat-tail sedge, cattail leaved sedge, ovalleaf Carex typhina sedge PIP Carex cephalophora sedge PIP Cyperus echinatus globe flatsedge PIP Carex cherokeensis Cherokee sedge PIP royal flatsedge, sticky Carex complanata blue sedge, hirsute sedge PIP Cyperus elegans flatsedge PIP Carex crebriflora coastalplain sedge PP Cyperus esculentus Chufa flatsedge PIP Carex crinita var. Cyperus iria ricefield flatsedge PIP brevicrinis fringed sedge PIP Cyperus plukenetii Plukenet's flatsedge PP Carex crus-corvi ravenfoot sedge PIP Cyperus pseudovegetus marsh flatsedge PIP Carex debilis white edge sedge PIP Cyperus retrofractus rough flatsedge PIP slender wood sedge, chaguan humatag, Carex digitalis slender woodland sedge PIP cocograss, kili'o'opu, Carex festucacea fescue sedge PIP nutgrass, pakopako, Carex fissa var. aristata hammock sedge PIP Cyperus rotundus purple nutsedge PIP stawcolored flatsedge, Carex flaccosperma thinfruit sedge PIP strawcolor flatsedge, Carex frankii Frank's sedge PIP strawcolor nutgrass, limestone meadow strawcolored flatsedge, sedge, limestone- Cyperus strigosus strawcolored nutgrass PIP Carex granularis meadow sedge PIP blunt spikerush, blunt fuzzy wuzzy sedge, Eleocharis obtusa spikesedge PIP Carex hirsutella hirsute sedge PIP Eleocharis tenuis slender spikerush PIP Carex hyalinolepis shoreline sedge PIP Fimbristylis autumnalis slender fimbry PIP Carex joorii cypress swamp sedge PIP Fimbristylis decipiens southern fimbry PIP Carex laxiflora broad looseflower sedge PIP Fimbristylis miliacea grasslike fimbry PIP bristlestalked sedge, hairy umbrella-sedge, bristly-stalk sedge, Fuirena squarrosa hairy umbrellasedge PIP Carex leptalea bristlystalked sedge PIP Isolepis carinata keeled bulrush PIP Carex longii Long's sedge PIP Kyllinga gracillima pasture spikesedge PIP Carex louisianica Louisiana sedge PIP Kyllinga odorata fragrant spikesedge PIP Carex lupulina hop sedge PIP 61

Kyllinga pumila low spikesedge PIP Andropogon gyrans Elliott's bluestem PIP Rhynchospora caduca anglestem beaksedge PIP Andropogon ternarius splitbeard bluestem PIP Rhynchospora broomsedge, compressa flatfruit beaksedge PIP broomsedge bluestem, Rhynchospora shortbristle horned Andropogon virginicus yellow bluestem PIP corniculata beaksedge PIP Anthoxanthum aristatum annual vernalgrass PIP Rhynchospora globularis var. globularis globe beaksedge PIP Anthoxanthum odoratum sweet vernalgrass PIP Rhynchospora globularis Aristida dichotoma var. var. recognita globe beakrush PP dichotoma churchmouse threeawn PIP Aristida longispica var. red threeawn, slimspike Rhynchospora glomerata clustered beaksedge PIP longispica threeawn PIP Rhynchospora rariflora fewflower beaksedge PIP Oldfield (Prairie) 3-awn, dark-green bulrush, green oldfield threeawn, prairie Scirpus atrovirens bulrush PIP Aristida oligantha threeawn PIP Scirpus cyperinus bulrush, woolgrass PIP Aristida purpurascens var. tenuispica arrowfeather threeawn PIP Scirpus georgianus Georgia bulrush PIP hairy jointgrass, small Scirpus lineatus drooping bulrush PIP Arthraxon hispidus carpgrass PIP Scirpus polyphyllus leafy bulrush PIP Arundinaria gigantea giant cane PIP Scleria ciliata fringed nutrush PIP Arundo donax giant reed, giantreed PIP Scleria oligantha littlehead nutrush PIP common oat, Common Scleria pauciflora var. oats, oat, oatgrass pauciflora fewflower nutrush PIP Avena sativa (common), oats, wild oats PIP Agrostis hyemalis winter bentgrass PIP Axonopus compressus broadleaf carpetgrass PIP autumm bentgrass, carpetgrass, common upland bent, upland carpetgrass, Louisiana Agrostis perennans bentgrass PIP grass, mat grass, carpet bentgrass, Axonopus fissifolius narrowleaved carpetgrass PIP creeping bent, creeping Bothriochloa pertusa pitted beardgrass PIP bentgrass, redtop, redtop bent, seaside bentgrass, Brachyelytrum erectum bearded shorthusk PIP Agrostis stolonifera spreading bent PIP Briza minor little quakinggrass PIP Aira caryophyllea silver hairgrass PIP rescue brome, rescue aira, annual silver grass, rescuegras, hairgrass, elegant Bromus catharticus rescuegrass PIP Aira elegans hairgrass PIP Bromus ciliatus fringed brome PIP Carolina foxtail, tufted hairy brome, hairy chess, Alopecurus carolinianus meadow-foxtail PIP Bromus commutatus meadow brome PIP big bluestem, bluejoint, Japanese brome, Andropogon gerardii turkeyfoot PIP Japanese bromegrass, Andropogon glomeratus bushy bluestem PIP Bromus japonicus Japanese chess PIP Bromus pubescens hairy wood brome grass, PIP 62

hairy woodland brome Dichanthelium commutatum ssp. Bromus racemosus bald brome PIP Equilaterale variable panicgrass PIP bromegrass, cheat, Dichanthelium chess, chess brome, rye dichotomum var. Bromus secalinus brome, ryebrome PIP ensifolium cypress panicgrass PIP barren bromegrass, poverty brome, sterile Dichanthelium latifolium broadleaf rosette grass PIP Bromus sterilis brome PIP Dichanthelium laxiflorum openflower rosette grass PIP Cenchrus spinifex coastal sandbur PIP Dichanthelium ravenelii Ravenel's rosette grass PIP broadleaf uniola, Indian Dichanthelium scoparium velvet panicum PIP wood-oats, Indian Dichanthelium Chasmanthium latifolium woodoats PIP sphaerocarpon var. roundseed panicgrass, slender woodoats, spike isophyllum roundseed panicum PIP Chasmanthium laxum uniola PIP Dichanthelium Chasmanthium longleaf spikegrass, sphaerocarpon var. roundseed panicgrass, sessiliflorum longleaf woodoats PIP sphaerocarpon roundseed panicum PIP stout wood reed-grass, stout woodreed, sweet Dichanthelium strigosum roughhair rosette grass PIP wood-reed, sweet small crabgrass, smooth Cinna arundinacea woodreed PIP crab grass, smooth Digitaria ischaemum crabgrass PIP Bermudagrass, chiendent Crabgrass, hairy crab pied-de-poule, common grass, hairy crabgrass, bermudagrass, large crabgrass, purple devilgrass, grama-seda, crabgrass, redhair Cynodon dactylon manienie, motie molulu PIP Digitaria sanguinalis crabgrass PIP cocksfoot, orchard grass, Digitaria violascens violet crabgrass PIP Dactylis glomerata orchardgrass PIP jungle rice, Jungle ricegrass, junglerice, crowfoot grass, Durban Echinochloa colona watergrass PIP Dactyloctenium crowsfoot grass, Egyptian Echinochloa crus-galli aegyptium grass PIP var. crus-galli large barnyardgrass PIP Danthonia sericea downy danthonia PIP Echinochloa crus-galli poverty danthonia, var. mitis rough barnyardgrass U poverty oatgrass, poverty Echinochloa muricata var. rough barnyard grass, Danthonia spicata wild oat grass PIP microstachya rough barnyardgrass PIP Dichanthelium aciculare needleleaf rosette grass PIP Echinochloa muricata var. hotsprings panicum, muricata rough barnyardgrass PIP Dichanthelium hotsprings rosette grass, coast cockspur, coast acuminatum tapered rosette grass PIP cockspur grass, walter's Echinochloa walteri barnyard grass PIP Dichanthelium boscii Bosc's panicgrass PIP crowsfoot grass, goose Dichanthelium grass, goosegrass, Indian clandestinum deertongue PIP Eleusine indica goose grass, Indian PIP

goosegrass, manienie fescue ali'I, silver crabgrass, annual ryegrass, Italian wiregrass Lolium multiflorum ryegrass PP Elymus canadensis var. italian ryegrass, perennial canadensis Canada wildrye PIP rye grass, perennial eastern bottle-brush Lolium perenne ryegrass PIP Elymus hystrix var. grass, eastern darnel, Darnel ryegrass, hystrix bottlebrush grass PIP Lolium temulentum poison darnel PIP Virginia wild rye, Virginia oniongrass, twoflower Elymus virginicus wildrye PP melic, twoflower Elymus virginicus var. Virginia wild rye, Virginia Melica mutica melicgrass PIP virginicus wildrye PIP nimblewill, nimblewill Eragrostis curvula weeping lovegrass PIP Muhlenbergia schreberi muhly PIP Eragrostis intermedia plains lovegrass PP Oplismenus hirtellus bristle basketgrass PIP purple love grass, Purple beaked panicgrass, lovegrass, spreading Panicum anceps beaked panicum PIP Eragrostis pectinacea lovegrass, tufted Panicum commutatum variable witchgrass PIP lovegrass PIP var. pectinacea fall panic, fall panicgrass, Eragrostis refracta coastal lovegrass PIP fall panicum, western petticoat-climber, purple Panicum dichotomiflorum witchgrass PIP Eragrostis spectabilis lovegrass PIP wiry panic grass, wiry Eremochloa ophiuroides centipede grass PIP panicgrass, wiry witch Panicum flexile grass PIP Erianthus alopecuroides silver plumegrass PP Panicum polyanthes small-fruited panicgrass PP Festuca octoflora slender 8-flowered fescue PP couch panicum, creeping cluster fescue, clustered panic, panic rampant, Festuca paradoxa fescue PIP torpedo grass, Festuca subverticillata nodding fescue PIP torpedograss, wainaku Glyceria septentrionalis Panicum repens grass PIP var. septentrionalis floating Manngrass PIP redtop panicgrass, redtop fowl manna grass, fowl Panicum rigidulum panicum PIP Glyceria striata mannagrass PIP Panicum stipitatum tall flat panicgrass PP common velvetgrass, old switch panic grass, Holcus lanatus velvetgrass, Yorkshire fog PIP Panicum virgatum switchgrass PIP little barley, little Comb's crowngrass PIP Hordeum pusillum wildbarley PIP Paspalum almum Latin American Leersia lenticularis catchfly grass PIP Paspalum convexum crowngrass PIP rice cut grass, rice dallas grass, dallis grass, Leersia oryzoides cutgrass PIP dallisgrass, herbe de Leersia virginica white grass, whitegrass PIP miel, herbe sirop, hiku Leptochloa fusca ssp. nua, palpalum dilate, fascicularis bearded sprangletop PIP Paspalum dilatatum water grass PIP Lolium arundinaceum Lolium arundinaceum, tall PIP Paspalum floridanum Florida paspalum PIP 64

Paspalum laeve field paspalum PIP green foxtail, pigeongrass, wild millet Paspalum notatum Bahia grass, bahiagrass PIP Sorghastrum elliottii slender Indiangrass PIP Paspalum pubiflorum hairyseed paspalum PIP Indiangrass, yellow fringeleaf paspalum, sand Sorghastrum nutans indian-grass PIP paspalum, slender crown aleppo milletgrass, herbe Paspalum setaceum grass, thin paspalum PIP de Cuba, Johnson grass, Vasey grass, Vasey's Johnsongrass, sorgho Paspalum urvillei grass, vaseygrass PIP d'Alep, sorgo de alepo, Paspalum virgatum talquezal PIP Sorghum halepense zacate Johnson PIP longleaf wedgescale, Phalaris caroliniana Carolina canarygrass PIP Sphenopholis filiformis wedgescale PIP Phleum pratense common timothy, timothy PIP slender wedgegrass, Piptochaetium blackseed needlegrass, Sphenopholis intermedia slender wedgescale PIP avenaceum blackseed speargrass PIP Sphenopholis nitidia shiny wedgescale PIP annual blue grass, annual prairie wedgegrass, Poa annua bluegrass, walkgrass PIP Sphenopholis obtusata prairie wedgescale PIP Poa autumnalis autumn bluegrass PIP Sphenopholis obtusata prairie wedgegrass, Poa pratensis Kentucky bluegrass PIP var. obtusata prairie wedgescale PIP Saccharum brevibarbe Rattail smutgrass, smut var. brevibarbe shortbeard plumegrass PIP Sporobolus indicus grass, smutgrass PIP Saccharum brevibarbe bentawn plumegrass, poverty dropseed, var. contortum sortbeard plumegrass PIP Sporobolus vaginiflorus poverty grass PIP gaping grass, gaping Saccharum giganteum sugarcane plumegrass PIP Steinchisma hians panicum PIP Sacciolepis indica glenwoodgrass PIP blackseed needlegrass, Schizachyrium scoparium little bluestem PIP Stipa avenacea blackseed speargrass PIP Schizachyrium scoparium Purpletop, purpletop var. scoparium little bluestem PIP Tridens flavus tridens PIP foxtail bristlegrass, foxtail Tridens strictus longspike tridens PIP millet, Italian bristle grass, Tripsacum dactyloides eastern gamagrass PIP Setaria italica Italian foxtail PIP Urochloa fasciculata browntop signalgrass PIP Setaria lutescens yellow foxtail PIP knotroot bristlegrass, Urochloa platyphylla broadleaf signalgrass PIP marsh bristle grass, Urochloa ramosa dixie signalgrass PIP marsh bristlegrass, yellow brome fescue, brome six- Setaria parviflora bristlegrass PIP weeks grass, desert cattail grass, yellow Vulpia bromoides fescue PIP bristle grass, yellow foxtail fescue, rat-tail Setaria pumila bristlegrass PIP fescue, rat-tailed fescue, Setaria pumila ssp. Vulpia myuros rattail fescue PIP pallidifusca yellow bristlegrass PIP Vulpia myuros var. bottle grass, green bristle myuros rattail six-weeks grass PIP Setaria viridis grass, green bristlegrass, PIP Vulpia octoflora var. eight-flower six-weeks PIP 65

octoflora grass, sixweeks fescue scouringrush horsetail, Equisetum hyemale var. stout scouringrush, tall Zea mays corn PIP affine scouring-rush PIP Zizaniopsis miliacea giant cutgrass PIP Equisetum praealtum scouringrush horsetail PP Chinese honeysuckle, cinnamon clethra, Lonicera japonica Japanese honeysuckle PIP mountain Amur honeysuckle, Amur Clethra acuminata sweetpepperbush PIP Lonicera maackii honeysuckle bush PIP Cyrilla racemiflora swamp cyrilla, swamp titi PIP Lonicera sempervirens trumpet honeysuckle PIP mountain laurel PIP blue elder, common Kalmia latifolia elderberry, elder, Lyonia ligustrina var. Sambucus nigra ssp. elderberry, Mexican foliosiflora maleberry PP canadensis elderberry PIP Oxydendrum arboreum sourwood PIP Sambucus racemosa var. bunchberry elder, red Rhododendron racemosa elderberry PIP alabamense Alabama azalea PIP coralberry, coralberry Rhododendron mountain azalea, Symphoricarpos (buck brush), canescens piedmont azalea PIP orbiculatus Indiancurrant coralberry PIP Rhododendron yellowfruit horse-gentian, nudiflorum var. Triosteum angustifolium yellowfruit horsegentian PIP glandiferum pink azalea PP arrow-wood viburnum, farkleberry, tree arrowwood, southern sparkleberry, tree- Viburnum dentatum arrowwood PP Vaccinium arboreum huckelberry PIP possumhaw, possumhaw Vaccinium corymbosum highbush blueberry PIP Viburnum nudum viburnum PIP Vaccinium elliottii Elliott's blueberry PIP Viburnum prunifolium blackhaw PIP Blue Ridge blueberry, rusty blackhaw, rusty Vaccinium pallidum blueridge blueberry PIP Viburnum rufidulum viburnum PIP Dipsacus fullonum ssp. common teasel, Fuller's Vaccinium stamineum deerberry PIP sylvestris teasel, teasel PIP Vaccinium stamineum deerberry, southern var. melanocarpum gooseberry deerberry PIP Valerianella radiata beaked cornsalad PIP many-flower Indian-pipe, common persimmon, Monotropa hypopithys pinesap PIP eastern persimmon, Indianpipe, one-flower Diospyros virginiana Persimmon PIP Monotropa uniflora Indian-pipe PIP Bumelia lanuginosa gum bumelia U striped prince's pine, Sideroxylon lycioides buckthorn bully PIP Chimaphila maculata striped prince's-pine PIP two-wing silverbell, Pachysandra Halesia diptera twowing silverbell PIP procumbens Allegheny-spurge PIP American snowbell, slender copperleaf, Styrax americanus snowbell PIP slender threeseed Acalypha gracilens mercury PIP Styrax grandifolius bigleaf snowbell PIP Virginia threeseed common sweetleaf, Acalypha rhomboidea mercury PIP Symplocos tinctoria sweetleaf PP Acalypha virginica mercuryweed, PIP 66

threeseeded mercury, Baptisia australis var. Virginia copperleaf, minor blue wild indigo PIP Virginia threeseed Baptisia lactea white false indigo U mercury, wax balls horseflyweed, yellow large spurge, spotted Baptisia tinctoria wildindigo PIP Chamaesyce maculata sandmat, spotted spurge PIP prostrate sandmat, Cassia marilandica Maryland senna PP Chamaesyce prostrata prostrate spurge PIP Cassia occidentalis coffee senna, septicweed PP doveweed, hogweed, Cassia tora sickle senna, wild senna PP hogwort, woolly croton, butterflypea, spurred Croton capitatus wooly croton PIP Centrosema virginianum butterfly pea PIP Croton glandulosus var. septentrionalis vente conmigo PIP Cercis canadensis eastern redbud, Redbud PIP oneseeded croton, prairie Chamaecrista fasciculata Croton monanthogynus tea, prairie-tea PIP var. fasciculata sleepingplant PIP tinted euphorbia, tinted partridge pea, partridge- Euphorbia commutata woodland spurge PIP Chamaecrista nictitans pea PIP flowering spurge, Chamaecrista floweringspurge procumbens sensitive partridge pea PP Euphorbia corollata euphorbia PIP Kentucky yellowwood, Cladrastis kentukea yellowood PIP Euphorbia hyssopifolia hyssopleaf sandmat PP Atlantic pigeonwings, Euphorbia nutans eyebane PP Clitoria mariana pidgeonwings PIP roughpod spurge, warty crownvetch, purple Euphorbia spathulata spurge PIP crown-vetch, purple Gulf Sebastian-bush, Gulf crownvetch, Varia Sebastiania fruticosa sebastiana PIP Coronilla varia crownvetch PIP Triadica sebifera tallowtree PIP arrow crotalaria, mimosa, mimosa tree, Crotalaria sagittalis arrowhead rattlebox PIP powderpuff tree, silk tree, showy crotalaria, showy Albizia julibrissin silktree PIP Crotalaria spectabilis rattlebox PIP desert false indigo, desert white prairie clover, white indigobush, dullleaf Dalea candida var. prairie-clover, white indigo, false indigo, false candida prairieclover PIP indigo-bush, indigobush, Purple prairieclover, violet Amorpha fruticosa leadplant PIP dalea, violet prairie clover, violet prairie- hog peanut PIP Amphicarpa bracteata Dalea purpurea clover PIP apios americana, illinois bundleflower, groundnut, potatobean PP Apios americana Desmanthus illinoensis prairie bundleflower PIP Price's potato-bean, hoary tickclover, hoary prince's potato-bean, Desmodium canescens ticktrefoil PIP Apios priceana traveler's delight PP hairy small-leaf ticktrefoil, Astragalus villosus bearded milkvetch PIP Desmodium ciliare littleleaf tickclover PIP Baptisia alba var. Desmodium cuspidatum largebract ticktrefoil PIP macrophylla largeleaf wild indigo PIP 67

Largeflower tickclover, Lespedeza frutescens shrubby bushclover PIP pointedleaf ticktrefoil, Desmodium glutinosum trefoil tickclover PIP Lespedeza hirta hairy bushclover PIP Desmodium grandiflorum largebract tickteefoil U Lespedeza intermedia intermediate bushclover PP bare-stemmed tick- Lespedeza procumbens trailing bushclover PIP treefoil, barestem Lespedeza repens creeping bushclover PIP tickclover, nakedflower Desmodium nudiflorum ticktrefoil PIP Lespedeza stimulata bushclover PP stiff tickclover, stiff Lespedeza stipulacea bushclover PP Desmodium obtusum ticktrefoil PIP Lespedeza virginica slender bushclover PIP Desmodium paniculatum var. paniculatum panicledleaf ticktrefoil PIP Lespedeza X manniana Mann's bushclover PIP fewflower ticktrefoil, spotted burclover, spotted Desmodium pauciflorum fewflowered tickclover PIP Medicago arabica medick PIP prostrate ticktrefoil, black medic, black medic Desmodium rotundifolium roundhead tickclover PIP clover, black medick, hop Sessile tickclover, clover, hop medic, sessileleaf tickclover, Medicago lupulina nonesuch, yellow trefoil PIP Desmodium sessilifolium sessileleaf ticktrefoil PIP burr medick, little velvetleaf tickclover, Medicago minima burclover PIP Desmodium viridiflorum velvetleaf ticktrefoil PIP bur clover, burclover, California burclover, Dioclea multiflora Boykin's clusterpea PP Medicago polymorpha toothed medick PIP eastern coralbean, Erythrina herbacea redcardinal PP Medicago sativa alfalfa PIP Galactia brevipes Florida milkpea PP Melilotus alba white sweetclover PIP Galactia volubilis var. yellow sweet-clover, mississippiensis Eastern milkpea PIP Melilotus officinalis yellow sweetclover PIP common honeylocust, littleleaf sensitive-briar, Honey locust, honey- Mimosa microphylla sensitive brier PIP locust, honeylocust, Orbexilum pedunculatum babyroot scurfpea, Gleditsia triacanthos honeylocusts PIP var. pedunculatum Sampson's snakeroot PIP Indigofera tinctoria true indigo PIP Phaseolus polystachyus wild kidney bean PIP common lespedeza, Psoralea psoralioides false scurfpea U Kummerowia striata Japanese clover PIP acha, aka, Japanese Lathyrus hirsutus Caley pea, Singletary pea PIP Pueraria montana var. arrowroot, kudzu, everlasting peavine, lobata nepalem, wa yaka PIP everlasting-pea, perennial Pueraria thunbergiana kudzu U pea, perennial peavine, Lathyrus latifolius Perennial sweetpea PIP Rhynchosia difformis doubleform snoutbean PIP broadleaf snoutbean, Lathyrus pusillus low peavine, tiny pea PIP Rhynchosia latifolia prairie snoutbean PIP Lespedeza capitata roundhead bushclover PIP Rhynchosia tomentosa Chinese bushclover, var. tomentosa twining snoutbean PIP Lespedeza cuneata sericea bushclover PIP Robinia pseudoacacia black locust, false acacia, PIP 68

yellow locust Vicia hirsuta tiny vetch PIP Senna obtusifolia Java-bean, sicklepod PIP Vicia micrantha pygmyflower vetch, PP Sesbania drummondii poisonbean PIP pygmyflower vetch, thin-leaf Sesbania, yellow Vicia minutiflora smallflower vetch PIP Sesbania macrocarpa bladderpod PIP common vetch, garden vetch, slimleaf vetch, Strophostyles helvola trailing wild bean PIP Vicia sativa ssp. nigra vetch PIP slick-seed fuzzy-bean, hairy vetch, winter vetch, slickseed fuzzybean, Vicia villosa woolly vetch, wooly vetch PIP Strophostyles leiosperma Smoothseed wildbean PP perennial wildbean, pink Vicia villosa var. varia winter vetch PIP Strophostyles umbellata fuzzybean PIP Wisteria frutescens American wisteria PIP endbeak pencilflower, Wisteria sinensis Chinese wisteria PIP Stylosanthes biflora sidebeak pencilflower PIP Stylosanthes biflora var. endbeak pencilflower, Alnus rugosa speckled alder FR hispidissima sidebeak pencilflower PP alder, brook-side alder, Alnus serrulata hazel alder PIP Tephrosia spicata spiked hoarypea PIP Betula nigra river birch PIP Tephrosia virginiana Virginia tephrosia PIP American hornbeam, Carpinus caroliniana american hornbean PIP Field (Big-hop) clover, American hazelnut, field clover, large hop american hazelnut, hazel, clover, lesser hop clover, Corylus americana hazelnut PIP Trifolium campestre low hop clover PIP eastern hophornbeam, hop clover, smallhop Ostrya virginiana hophornbeam PIP Trifolium dubium clover, suckling clover PIP Castanea dentata American chestnut PIP Trifolium hybridum alsike clover PIP Castanea pumila var. chinkapin, trailing Trifolium incarnatum crimson clover PIP pumila chinkapin PIP Trifolium pratense red clover PIP Fagus grandifolia American beech PIP Dutch clover, ladino Quercus alba white oak PIP Trifolium repens clover, white clover PIP Trifolium repens var. Quercus bicolor swamp white oak PIP repens white clover PIP Quercus coccinea scarlet oak PIP Persian clover, reversed Quercus falcata southern red oak PIP Trifolium resupinatum clover PIP creeping clover, running Quercus imbricaria shingle oak PIP Trifolium stoloniferum buffalo clover PIP Quercus laurifolia laurel oak PP American deervetch, american purple vetch, Quercus lyrata overcup oak PIP Vicia americana American vetch PIP Quercus macrocarpa bur oak PIP Vicia caroliniana Carolina vetch PIP Quercus marilandica blackjack oak PIP Vicia cracca bird vetch, cow vetch PIP Quercus michauxii swamp chestnut oak PIP Vicia grandiflora large yellow vetch PIP Quercus muehlenbergii chinkapin oak PIP

Quercus nigra water oak PIP eastern whorled milkweed, whorled Quercus pagoda cherrybark oak, texas oak PIP Asclepias verticillata milkweed PIP Quercus phellos willow oak PIP green antelopehorn milkweed, green comet Quercus prinus chestnut oak PIP milkweed, green Quercus rubra northern red oak PIP Asclepias viridiflora milkweed PIP Quercus rubra var. rubra northern red oak PIP Asclepias viridis green antelopehorn PIP shumard oak, Shumard's Matelea carolinensis maroon Carolina milkvine PIP Quercus shumardii oak PIP Matelea gonocarpos angularfruit milkvine PIP Quercus stellata post oak PIP Frasera caroliniensis American columbo PIP Quercus texana nuttall oak, Texas red oak PIP harvestbells, moss Quercus velutina black oak PIP Gentiana saponaria gentian PIP Quercus virginiana live oak PIP Gentiana villosa striped gentian PIP Amsonia Obolaria virginica Virginia pennywort PIP tabernaemontana var. salicifolia eastern bluestar PP rosepink, squarestem Amsonia Sabatia angularis rosegentian PIP tabernaemontana var. tabernaemontana eastern bluestar PIP narrowleaf rose gentian, Sabatia brachiata narrowleaf rosegentian PIP common dogbane, Swertia carolinensis American columbo U dogbane, hemp dogbane, Carolina jessamine, Indian hemp, Indian- Gelsemium sempervirens evening trumpetflower PIP hemp, Indianhemp, Indianpink, woodland Apocynum cannabinum prairie dogbane PIP Spigelia marilandica pinkroot PIP Trachelospermum jewelweed, spotted difforme climbing dogbane PIP Impatiens capensis touch-me-not PIP bluntleaf milkweed, Carolina crane's-bill, Asclepias amplexicaulis clasping milkweed PIP Geranium carolinianum Carolina geranium PIP rose milkweed, swamp Asclepias incarnata milkweed PIP Geranium dissectum cutleaf geranium PIP spotted crane's-bill, Asclepias perennis aquatic milkweed PP spotted geranium, wild Asclepias purpurascens purple milkweed PIP Geranium maculatum crane's-bill PIP Asclepias quadrifolia fourleaf milkweed PIP awnless geranium, Geranium molle dovefoot geranium PIP broadleaf milkweed, small geranium, small- Asclepias syriaca common milkweed PIP Geranium pusillum flower crane's-bill PIP Geranium butterfly milkweed, sphaerospermum crane'bill U Asclepias tuberosa butterflyweed PIP 'ihi, creeping oxalis, redring milkweed, white creeping woods, creeping Asclepias variegata milkweed PIP Oxalis corniculata woodsorrel, oxalis, yellow PIP

oxalis, yellow wood sorrel sharp-fruit rush, tapertip Oxalis rubra, windowbox Juncus acuminatus rush PIP Oxalis rubra woodsorrel PIP Juncus anthelatus greater poverty rush PIP common yellow oxalis, Juncus brachycarpus whiteroot rush PIP erect woodsorrel, sheep sorrel, sourgrass, toad Juncus coriaceus leathery rush PIP sorrel, upright yellow Juncus debilis weak rush PIP wood-sorrel, upright Juncus dichotomus forked rush PIP yellow woodsorrel, yellow Oxalis stricta woodsorrel PIP Juncus diffusissimus slimpod rush PIP purple woodsorrel, violet Juncus effusus var. wood-sorrel, violet solutus lamp rush PIP Oxalis violacea woodsorrel PIP Juncus marginatus grassleaf rush PIP common ginkgo, Ginkgo biloba maidenhair tree PP Juncus repens lesser creeping rush PIP Eurasian water-milfoil, Juncus scirpoides needlepod rush PIP Eurasian watermilfoil, field rush, path rush, myriophylle en epi, spike poverty rush, slender watermilfoil, spiked water rush, slender yard rush, Myriophyllum spicatum milfoil PIP Juncus tenuis wiregrass PIP marsh mermaid-weed, Juncus torreyi torrey rush, Torrey's rush PIP Proserpinaca palustris marsh mermaidweed PP Juncus validus var. American witchhazel, validus roundhead rush PIP Hamamelis virginiana witch-hazel, witchhazel PIP Luzula bulbosa bulbous woodrush PIP Liquidambar styraciflua sweetgum PIP American sycamore, Luzula echinata hedgehog woodrush PIP Platanus occidentalis sycamore PIP Luzula multiflora var. American eelgrass, eel- bulbosa southern woodrush PIP Vallisneria americana grass, watercelery PIP corn gromwell, corn- Buglossoides arvensis gromwell, field gromwell PIP Carya alba mockernut hickory PIP common houndstongue, Carya aquatica water hickory PIP gypsy-flower, Carya carolinae- southern shagbark gypsyflower, hound's septentrionalis hickory PIP Cynoglossum officinale tongue, houndstongue U Carya cordiformis bitternut hickory PIP blue houndstongue, wild Cynoglossum virginianum comfrey PIP Carya glabra var. megacarpa pignut hickory PIP blueweed, common echium, common Carya illinoinensis pecan PIP Echium vulgare vipersbugloss PIP shellback hickory, beggar's-lice, Carya laciniosa shellbark hickory PIP beggarslice, sticktight, Carya ovata var. australis Carolina hickory PIP Hackelia virginiana virginia stickseed PIP India heliotrope, Indian Juglans cinerea butternut PIP Heliotropium indicum heliotrope PIP Juglans nigra black walnut PIP Lithospermum canescens hoary gromwell, hoary PIP 71

puccoon field balm tuberous gromwell, beefsteak, beefsteak Lithospermum tuberosum tuberous stoneseed PIP mint, beefsteakplant, Mertensia virginica Virginia bluebells PIP Perilla frutescens Purple mint PIP spring forget me not, obedient plant, obedient- Myosotis verna spring forget-me-not PIP Physostegia virginiana plant PIP downy blephilia, downy common selfheal, heal Blephilia ciliata pagoda-plant PIP Prunella vulgaris all, healall, selfheal PIP Prunella vulgaris ssp. Collinsonia canadensis richweed PIP lanceolata lance selfheal PIP Cunila origanoides common dittany PIP Pycnanthemum whiteleaf mountainmint, creeping charlie, gill-over- albescens whiteleaf mountianmint PIP the-ground, ground ivy, Pycnanthemum Appalachian Glechoma hederacea groundivy, haymaids PIP flexuosum mountainmint PIP false pennyroyal, Pycnanthemum loomisii Loomis' mountainmint PIP falsepennyroyal, rough Pycnanthemum false pennyroyal, rough pycnanthemoides southern mountainmint PIP falsepennyroyal, rough Pycnanthemum narrowleaf mountainmint, Hedeoma hispida pennyroyal PIP tenuifolium narrowleaf mountianmint PIP American false Hedeoma pulegioides pennyroyal PIP Salvia lyrata lyreleaf sage PIP common henbit, Salvia urticifolia nettleleaf sage PIP giraffehead, henbit, Scutellaria angustifolia Lamium amplexicaule henbit deadnettle PIP var. canescens greayleaf skullcap U purple deadnettle, red Scutellaria bushii Bush's skullcap PIP Lamium purpureum deadnettle PIP common motherwort, Scutellaria elliptica hairy skullcap PIP Leonurus cardiaca motherwort PIP Scutellaria incana hoary skullcap PIP Virginia bugleweed, Scutellaria incana var. virginia bugleweed, australis hoary skullcap PIP Lycopus virginicus Virginia water horehound PIP Scutellaria integrifolia helmet flower PIP bush mint (spearmint), Scutellaria integrifolia var. Mentha spicata spearmint PIP hispida Hyssop skullcap PIP eastern beebalm, blue skullcap, mad dog Monarda bradburiana wildbergamot beebalm PIP Scutellaria lateriflora skullcap PIP lemon beebalm, Lemon Monarda citriodora mint PIP Scutellaria nervosa veiny skullcap PIP mintleaf beebalm, Scutellaria ovata var. Oswego-tea, wild versicolor heartleaf skullcap U bergamot, wildbergamot Scutellaria parvula small skullcap PIP beebalm, wildbergamot Monarda fistulosa horsemint PIP Stachys agraria mouseear PIP redpurple beebalm, slender betony, smooth Monarda russeliana russells henbit U hedge-nettle, smooth Stachys tenuifolia hedgenettle PIP Nepeta cataria catmint, catnip, catwort, PIP 72

American germander, Dioscorea glabrifolia wild yam, colic root PP Canada germander, Candad germander, Dioscorea glauca wild yam, colic root PP germander, hairy Dioscorea oppositifolia Chinese yam PIP Teucrium canadense germander, wood sage PIP Dioscorea villosa wild yam PIP blue curls, forked Trichostema dichotomum bluecurls PIP Belamcanda chinensis blackberry lily PIP common goldstar, Callicarpa americana American beautyberry PIP Hypoxis hirsuta eastern yellow star-grass PIP rose mock vervain, rose crested iris, dwarf crested Glandularia canadensis verbena PIP Iris cristata iris PIP American lopseed, Phryma leptostachya lopseed PIP Iris versicolor harlequin blueflag PP frog fruit, lanceleaf white blue-eyed grass, fogfruit, lanceleaf frog Sisyrinchium albidum white blueeyed grass PIP Phyla lanceolata fruit, northern fogfruit PIP blue eyegrass, blue-eyed frog fruit, sawtooth grass, common blue fogfruit, turkey tangle, eyedgrass, common blue- Phyla nodiflora turkey tangle fogfruit PIP Sisyrinchium eyedgrass, narrowleaf pretty verbena, purpletop angustifolium blue-eyed grass PIP Verbena bonariensis vervain PIP eastern blue-eyed grass, Sisyrinchium atlanticum eastern blueeyed grass PIP Verbena brasiliensis Brazilian vervain PIP prairie blue-eyed grass, Verbena canadensis rose vervain PIP Sisyrinchium campestre prairie blueeyed grass PIP slender verbena, Texas needle-tip blue-eyed- Verbena halei verbena, Texas vervain PIP grass, needletip blue- Verbena rigida tuberous vervain PIP Sisyrinchium mucronatum eyed grass PP narrow-leaved vervain, Aletris farinosa white colicroot PIP narrowleaf vervain, Allium ampeloprasum broadleaf wild leek PIP Verbena simplex simple verbena PIP Canada garlic, meadow white verbena, white garlic, meadow onion, Verbena urticifolia vervain PIP Allium canadense wild onion PIP Verbena urticifolia var. urticifolia white vervain PIP Allium sativum cultivated garlic PIP Verbena xutha Gulf vervain PIP Camassia scilloides Atlantic camas PIP Calycanthus floridus var. Chamaelirium luteum fairywand PIP floridus eastern sweetshrub PIP Erythronium americanum dogtooth violet PIP northern spicebush, Lindera benzoin spicebush PIP Erythronium umbilicatum dimpled troutlily PIP Sassafras albidum sassafras PIP Hymenocallis occidentalis spider lily PP Manfreda virginica false aloe PIP Leucojum vernum spring snowflake PIP Yucca aloifolia aloe yucca PIP Lilium michiganense Michigan lily PIP Yucca filamentosa Adam's needle PIP Lilium superbum turk's-cap lily PIP Yucca gloriosa moundlily yucca PIP Maianthemum false Solomon's-seal, PIP 73

racemosum ssp. feather Solomons seal, smooth carrionflower racemosum feathery false lily of the vally, feathery false Smilax laurifolia laurel greenbrier PIP Solomon's-seal Smilax pumila sarsparilla vine PIP Melanthium virginicum Virginia bunchflower PP bullbriar, common starch grapehyacinth, catbriar, common Muscari racemosum blue-bottles PP greenbrier, greenbrier, Narcissus horsebriar, roundleaf pseudonarcissus common daffodil, daffodil PIP greenbriar, roundleaf Smilax rotundifolia greenbrier PIP Nothoscordum bivalve crowpoison PIP Smilax rotundifolia var. king Solomon's seal, King quadrangularis roundleaf greenbriar PP Solomon's-seal, smooth lanceleaf greenbrier, Solomon's seal, Smilax smallii small greenbrier PIP Polygonatum biflorum Solomon's seal PIP Smilax walteri coral greenbrier PIP Stenanthium gramineum eastern featherbells PIP Linum medium stiff yellow flax PIP Trillium erectum red trillium PIP Linum medium var. stiff yellow flax, sucker texanum flas PIP Trillium flexipes nodding wakerobin PIP ridged yellow flax, rigid Trillium ludovicianum Louisiana wakerobin PIP Linum striatum flax PIP Trillium maculatum spotted wakerobin PIP Linum virginianum woodland flax PIP Trillium sessile toadshade PIP Asimina triloba pawpaw PIP Trillium stamineum Blue Ridge wakerobin PIP tulip poplar, tuliptree, yellow poplar, yellow- Trillium viride wood wakerobin PIP Liriodendron tulipifera poplar PIP large-flower bellwort, cucumber-tree, Uvularia grandiflora largeflower bellwort PIP Magnolia acuminata cucumbertree PIP Uvularia perfoliata perfoliate bellwort PIP Magnolia grandiflora southern magnolia PIP sessile-leaf bellwort, Magnolia macrophylla bigleaf magnolia PIP Uvularia sessilifolia sessileleaf bellwort PIP Magnolia virginiana var. common water hyacinth, australis sweetbay magnolia PP common water-hyacinth, butterprint, buttonweed, floating water hyacinth, Indian mallow, velvetleaf, floating waterhyacinth, velvetleaf (or butterprint), jacinthe d'eau, jacinto de Abutilon theophrasti velvetleaf Indian mallow PIP agua, lirio acuatico, Gossypium herbaceum Levant cotton PP mbekambekairanga, Hibiscus moscheutos crimsoneyed rosemallow, Eichhornia crassipes water hyacinth PIP ssp. lasiocarpos marshmallow PIP Smilax auriculata earleaf greenbrier PIP Hibiscus moscheutos ssp. moscheutos crimsoneyed rosemallow PIP Smilax bona-nox saw greenbrier PIP althea, rose of Sharon, Smilax glauca cat greenbrier PIP rose-of-sharon, shrub Smilax herbacea herbaceous greenbriar, PIP Hibiscus syriacus althea, shrub-althea PIP 74

Carolina bristlemallow, globefruit primrose- Modiola caroliniana Carolina modiola PIP willow, globefruit arrowleaf sida, cuban Ludwigia sphaerocarpa primrosewillow PIP Sida rhombifolia jute, Cuban-jute PIP Ludwigia virgata savannah primrose-willow PIP prickly fanpetals, prickly common evening Sida spinosa sida PIP primrose, common Tilia americana American basswood PIP evening-primrose, common Morella cerifera wax myrtle, waxmyrtle PIP eveningprimrose, evening purple ammannia, valley primrose (common), Ammannia coccinea redstem PIP hoary eveningprimrose, Cuphea viscosissima blue waxweed PIP Oenothera biennis king's-cureall PIP Lagerstroemia indica crapemyrtle PIP narrowleaf evening- wing-angle loosestrife, Oenothera fruticosa primrose PIP Lythrum alatum winged lythrum PIP cut-leaf eveningprimrose, cut-leaved Lythrum lanceolatum Lanceleaf Loosestrife PP evening primrose, cutleaf Lythrum lineare wand lythrum PIP evening-primrose, cutleaf Rhexia mariana Maryland meadowbeauty PIP Oenothera laciniata eveningprimrose PIP Rhexia mariana var. Oenothera laciniata var. interior Maryland meadowbeauty PIP laciniata cutleaf evening primrose PIP Circaea latifolia enchanter's nightshade PP threadleaf evening- broad-leaf enchanter's- primrose, threadleaf Circaea lutetiana ssp. nightshade, broadleaf Oenothera linifolia sundrop PIP canadensis enchanter's nightshade PIP Oenothera oakesiana Oakes' evening-primrose PP Gaura angustifolia southern beeblossom PIP meadow eveningprimrose, meadow Gaura filipes var. major slender-stalked Gaura PP Oenothera pilosella eveningprimrose PP Gaura longiflora longflower beeblossom PIP pinkladies, Showy Ludwigia alternifolia bushy seedbox, seedbox PIP evening primrose, showy wingleaf primrose-willow, Oenothera speciosa eveningprimrose PIP Ludwigia decurrens wingleaf waterprimrose PIP Oenothera tetragona sundrops PP Ludwigia hirtella spindleroot PIP anglestem primrose- narrowleaf evening willow, anglestem Oenothera tetragona var. primrose, glandular Ludwigia leptocarpa waterprimrose PIP brevistipata sundrops PP marsh primrose-willow, waterthread, waterthread Ludwigia palustris marsh seedbox PIP Potamogeton diversifolius pondweed PIP Ludwigia peploides ssp. floating primrose-willow, Drosera brevifolia dwarf sundew PIP glabrescens floating primrosewillow PIP schreber watershield, creeping primrose-willow, Brasenia schreberi watershield PIP creeping primrosewillow, common hornwort, coon's Ludwigia repens creeping waterpurslane PIP tail, coon's-tail, coontail, Ceratophyllum demersum hornwort PIP 75

Nelumbo lutea American lotus, lotus PIP Corydalis micrantha var. yellow cowlily, yellow australis southern corydalis U Nuphar lutea pond-lily, yellow pondlily PIP Sanguinaria canadensis bloodroot PIP American waterlily, eastern red-cedar, American white waterlily, eastern redcedar, red Nymphaea odorata white waterlily PIP Juniperus virginiana cedar juniper PIP Botrychium biternatum arkansas pine, shortleaf var. asplenoides sparse-lobe grapefern PIP pine, shortleaf yellow Botrychium dissectum pine, shortstraw pine, var. tenuifolium cutleaf grapefern PP southern yellow pine, yellow pine PIP Botrychium virginianum rattlesnake fern PIP Pinus echinata Southern adder's-tongue, Pinus elliottii slash pine PP Ophioglossum vulgatum southern adderstongue PIP bottom white pine, cedar showy orchid, showy pine, spruce pine, walter Galearis spectabilis orchis PIP Pinus glabra pine PIP downy rattlesnake Pinus palustris longleaf pine PP plantain, downy Goodyera pubescens rattlesnake-plantain PIP Pinus taeda loblolly pine PIP jersey pine, scrub pine, Listera australis southern twayblade PP Pinus virginiana Virginia pine PIP green adder's-mouth orchid, green Taxodium distichum bald cypress, baldcypress PIP Malaxis unifolia addersmouth orchid PIP Saururus cernuus lizard's tail, lizards tail PIP Platanthera ciliaris yellow fringed orchid PIP bottlebrush Indianwheat, Plantago aristata largebracted plantain PIP Platanthera lacera green fringed orchid PIP Plantago cordata heartleaf plantain PP Platanthera peramoena purple fringeless orchid PIP buckhorn plantain, nodding ladies'-tresses, English plantain, nodding ladiestresses, lanceleaf Indianwheat, white nodding ladies'- lanceleaf plantain, Spiranthes cernua tresses PIP narrowleaf plantain, southern slender ladies- Plantago lanceolata ribgrass, ribwort PIP Spiranthes gracilis tresses PP broadleaf plantain, Spiranthes lucida shining ladies'-tresses PIP buckhorn plantain, October ladies'-tresses, common plantain, great Spiranthes ovalis october ladiestresses PIP plantain, rippleseed little ladies'-tresses, little Plantago major plantain PIP Spiranthes tuberosa ladiestresses PIP redseed Indianwheat, spring ladies'-tresses, Plantago rhodosperma redseed plantain PIP Spiranthes vernalis upland ladiestresses PIP paleseed Indianwheat, Plantago virginica Virginia plantain PIP Tipularia discolor crippled cranefly PIP three birds orchid, Polygala boykinii Boykin's milkwort PIP Triphora trianthophora threebirds PIP Polygala cruciata drumheads PIP pale corydalis, yellow Polygala curtissii Curtiss' milkwort PIP Corydalis flavula fumewort PIP 76

Polygala incarnata procession flower PIP climbing false buckwheat, Polygonum scandens climbing knotweed PIP Polygala mariana Maryland milkwort PIP Polygonum scandens var. Polygala nana candyroot PIP dumetorum climbing false buckwheat PP bitter milkwort, racemed jumpseed, Virginia Polygala polygama milkwort PP Polygonum virginianum smartweed PIP blood milkwort, purple common sheep sorrel, Polygala sanguinea milkwort PIP field sorrel, red (or sheep) Seneca snakeroot, sorrel, red sorrel, sheep seneca snakeroot, Rumex acetosella sorrel PIP Polygala senega Seneca-snakeroot PIP Rumex altissimus pale dock, smooth dock PIP Polygala verticillata var. ambigua whorled milkwort PP Rumex berlandierimeisn amamastla PIP American buckwheat Rumex chrysocarpus amamastla PP vine, buckwheat vine, Curley dock, curly dock, Brunnichia ovata redvine PIP narrowleaf dock, sour prostrate knotweed, yard Rumex crispus dock, yellow dock PIP Polygonum aviculare knotweed PIP heartwing dock, bristled knotweed, Rumex hastatulus heartwing sorrel PIP bunchy knotweed, Rumex patientia patience dock PIP Polygonum caespitosum oriental ladysthumb PIP Rumex pulcher fiddle dock PIP Polygonum cilinode fringed black bindweed PIP Asplenium platyneuron ebony spleenwort PIP Polygonum cristatum climbing false buckwheat PIP black-stem spleenwort, Polygonum densiflorum denseflower knotweed PIP Asplenium resiliens blackstem spleenwort PIP Polygonum hirsutum hairy smartweed PIP Asplenium rhizophyllum walking fern PIP annual smartweed, chainfern, netted marshpepper knotweed, Woodwardia areolata chainfern PIP Polygonum hydropiper mild water-pepper PIP Virginia chainfern, virginia Polygonum Woodwardia virginica chainfern PIP hydropiperoides swamp smartweed PIP bracken, bracken fern, curltop ladysthumb, brackenfern, northern curlytop knotweed, bracken fern, western curlytop smartweed, Pteridium aquilinum brackenfern PIP dock-leaf smartweed, Pteridium aquilinum var. bracken, bracken fern, nodding smartweed, pale pseudocaudatum western brackenfern PIP Polygonum lapathifolium smartweed, smartweed PIP Athyrium filix-femina ssp. Pennsylvania knotweed, asplenioides asplenium ladyfern PIP Pennsylvania smartweed, Polygonum Cyrtomium fortunei Asian netvein hollyfern PIP pensylvanicum pinkweed, pinweed PIP brittle bladder fern, brittle Polygonum punctatum dotted smartweed PIP Cystopteris fragilis bladderfern, fragile fern U arrow-leaf tearthumb, Cystopteris protrusa lowland bladderfern PIP arrowleaf knotweed, arrowleaf tearthumb, Deparia acrostichoides silver false spleenwort PIP Polygonum sagittatum arrowvine PIP Diplazium pycnocarpon glade fern PIP 77

Onoclea sensibilis sensitive fern PIP Lysimachia radicans trailing yellow loosestrife PIP Polystichum heavenly bamboo, acrostichoides Christmas fern PIP Nandina domestica nanten, sacred bamboo U hollyfern, northern holly Podophyllum peltatum may apple, mayapple PIP fern, northern holly-fern, Polystichum lonchitis northern hollyfern FR Calycocarpum lyonii cupseed, sasparilla PIP blunt-lobe woodsia, Carolina coralbead, Woodsia obtusa bluntlobe cliff fern PIP Carolina snailseed, Cocculus carolinus redberry moonseed PIP Trichomanes boschianum Appalachian bristle fern PIP baneberry, white Lygodium japonicum Japanese climbing fern PIP Actaea pachypoda baneberry PIP Osmunda cinnamomea cinnamon fern PIP Anemone quinquefolia nightcaps PIP Osmunda regalis royal fern PIP tall thimbleweed, Virginia Pleopeltis polypodioides resurection fern, Anemone virginiana anemone PIP ssp. michauxiana resurrection fern PIP Cimicifuga racemosa black bugbane U curly virginsbower, maidenfern, maidenhair, Clematis crispa swamp leather flower PIP maidenhair fern, northern Adiantum pedatum maidenhair PIP Clematis viorna vasevine PIP devil's darning needles, Cheilanthes lanosa hairy lipfern PIP devil's-darning-needles, purple cliffbrake, purple- virgin's bower, Virginia stem cliff-brake, purple- Clematis virginiana bower PIP Pellaea atropurpurea stem cliffbrake PIP Delphinium carolinianum Carolina larkspur PIP Pteris multifida spider brake PIP dwarf larkspur, rock Phegopteris broad beech fern, broad Delphinium tricorne larkspur PIP hexagonoptera beechfern PIP eastern false rue Thelypteris hispidula var. Enemion biternatum anemone PIP versicolor roughhairy maiden fern PIP Hepatica acutiloba sharplobe hepatica U Thelypteris kunthii Kunth's maiden fern PIP Hepatica nobilis var. Thelypteris acuta sharplobe hepatica PIP noveboracensis New York fern PIP Hepatica nobilis var. Thelypteris torresiana ostrich fern PIP obtusa roundlobe hepatica PIP pimpernel, scarlet Hydrastis canadensis goldenseal PIP Anagallis arvensis pimpernel PIP early woodbuttercup, fringed loosestrife, fringed kidney-leaf buttercup, Lysimachia ciliata yellow-loosestrife PIP littleleaf buttercup, lance-leaf loosestrife, smallflower buttercup, lowland yellow Ranunculus abortivus smallflower crowfoot PIP loosestrife, lowland meadow buttercup, tall Lysimachia hybrida yellow-loosestrife PIP Ranunculus acris buttercup PIP Lysimachia lanceolata lanceleaf loosestrife PIP blister flower, bulbous whorled loosestrife, buttercup, bulbous Lysimachia quadrifolia whorled yellow loosestrife PIP Ranunculus bulbosus crowfoot, gowan, St. PIP

Anthony's turnip, yellow Ampelopsis arborea peppervine PIP weed early buttercup, prairie Ampelopsis cordata heartleaf peppervine PP buttercup, tufted American ivy, fiveleaved Ranunculus fascicularis buttercup PIP Parthenocissus ivy, Virginia creeper, early buttercup, prairie quinquefolia woodbine PIP Ranunculus fascicularis buttercup, tufted Vitis aestivalis summer grape PIP var. apricus buttercup PP Vitis aestivalis var. Ranunculus hispidus bristly buttercup PIP aestivalis summer grape PIP large buttercup, showy Vitis cinerea var. cinerea graybark grape PIP buttercup, smallflower Ranunculus macranthus buttercap PIP Vitis labrusca fox grape PIP Ranunculus micranthus rock buttercup PIP Vitis mustangensis mustang grape PIP Ranunculus muricatus spinyfruit buttercup PIP river-bank grape, Ranunculus palmatus bristly buttercup PP Vitis riparia riverbank grape PIP smallflower buttercup, muscadine, muscadine Ranunculus parviflorus sticktight buttercup PIP Vitis rotundifolia grape PIP low spearwort, weak fox grape, frost grape, Ranunculus pusillus buttercup PIP Vitis vulpina wild grape PIP blisterwort, littleleaf Ranunculus recurvatus buttercup PIP ditch stonecrop, ditch- stonecrop, Virginia Ranunculus sardous hairy buttercup PIP Penthorum sedoides penthorum PIP celeryleaf buttercup, Sedum pulchellum widowscross PIP Ranunculus sceleratus cursed buttercup PIP purple meadow-rue, Sedum ternatum woodland stonecrop PIP Thalictrum dasycarpum purple meadowrue PIP Itea virginica Virginia sweetspire PIP Thalictrum dasycarpum purple meadow-rue, var. hypoglaucum purple meadowrue PIP Decumaria barbara woodvamp PIP Thalictrum dioicum early meadow-rue PIP smooth hydrangea, wild Hydrangea arborescens hydrangea PIP waxyleaf meadow-rue, Thalictrum revolutum waxyleaf meadowrue PIP Hydrangea cinerea ashy hydrangea PIP Thalictrum thalictroides rue anemone PIP Hydrangea quercifolia oakleaf hydrangea PIP Xanthorhiza simplicissima yellowroot PIP Hydrangea radiata silverleaf hydrangea PIP Elaeagnus umbellata autumn olive, oleaster PIP Philadelphus inodorus scentless mock orange PIP Berchemia scandens Alabama supplejack PIP Jersey tea, jerseytea, harvestlice, New Jersey tea, new Agrimonia parviflora manyflowered groovebur PIP Ceanothus americanus jersey tea PIP groovebur, roadside Frangula caroliniana Carolina buckthorn PIP agrimony, soft agrimony, alder-leaf buckthorn, Agrimonia pubescens soft groovebur PIP Rhamnus alnifolia alderleaf buckthorn PIP

beaked agrimony, common cinquefoil, Agrimonia rostellata woodland groovebur PIP oldfield cinquefoil, oldfield roadside agrimony, fivefingers, spreading Agrimonia striata woodland grooveburr PIP Potentilla simplex cinquefoil PIP allegheny serviceberry, Prunus americana American plum PIP apple shadbush, common Prunus angustifolia Chickasaw plum PIP serviceberry, downy serviceberry, Prunus caroliniana Carolina laurelcherry PIP Amelanchier arborea serviceberry, shadblow PIP Prunus mexicana Mexican plum PIP Aronia arbutifolia red chokeberry PP wild goose plum, Prunus munsoniana wildgrove plum PIP Aruncus aruncus goat's beard PP black cherry, black Aruncus dioicus var. Prunus serotina chokecherry PIP pubescens bride's feathers U Prunus umbellata flatwood plum, hog plum PIP Crataegus coccinea scarlet hawthorn U bush hawthorne, Pyrus calleryana Callery pear PIP Crataegus crus-galli cockspur hawthorn PIP Rosa bracteata Macartney rose PIP Crataegus marshallii parsley hawthorn PIP Rosa carolina Carolina rose PIP frosted hawthorn, Rosa laevigata Cherokee rose PIP Crataegus pruinosa waxyfruit hawthorn PIP Rosa multiflora multiflora rose PIP Crataegus punctata dotted hawthorn PIP Rosa palustris swamp rose PP Crataegus spathulata littlehip hawthorn PIP climbing rose, Prairie Crataegus viridis green hawthorn PIP Rosa setigera rose PIP India mockstrawberry, Rosa virginiana Virginia rose PIP Duchesnea indica Indian strawberry PIP Rubus allegheniensis Allegheny blackberry PIP Geum aleppicum yellow avens PP Rubus cuneifolius sand blackberry PIP Geum canadense white avens PIP northern dewberry, Geum laciniatum rough avens PIP Rubus flagellaris whiplash dewberry PIP heartleaf avens, spring Rubus louisianus sawtooth blackberry PP Geum vernum avens PIP Rubus trivialis southern dewberry PIP Malus angustifolia southern crabapple PIP alumroot, American Malus pumila paradise apple PIP Heuchera americana alumroot PIP Porteranthus stipulatus Indian physic U Heuchera macrorhiza coral bells, Autumn bride PP Potentilla canadensis dwarf cinquefoil PIP Heuchera villosa var. Potentilla norvegica ssp. villosa hairy alumroot PIP monspeliensis Norwegian cinquefoil PP early saxifrage, Virginia roughfruit cinquefoil, Micranthes virginiensis saxifrage PP sulfur (or erect) Carolina grass of cinquefoil, sulfur Parnassia caroliniana Parnassus PIP cinquefoil, sulphur largeleaf grass of Potentilla recta cinquefoil PIP Parnassia grandifolia Parnassus PIP

Saxifraga virginiensis early saxifrage PIP Salix nigra black willow PIP Tiarella cordifolia heartleaf foamflower PIP Salix tristis dwarf prairie willow PP Cephalanthus buttonbush, common Phoradendron leucarpum oak mistletoe PIP occidentalis buttonbush PIP florida maple, hammock poor joe, poor-joe, maple, southern sugar Diodia teres var. teres poorjoe PIP Acer barbatum maple PIP Diodia virginiana Virginia buttonweed PIP ashleaf maple, box elder, bedstraw, catchweed boxelder, boxelder maple, bedstraw, cleavers, california boxelder, cleaverwort, goose grass, manitoba maple, western scarthgrass, sticky-willy, Acer negundo boxelder PIP Galium aparine stickywilly, white hedge PIP black maple, black sugar licorice bedstraw, wild maple, hard maple, rock Galium circaezans licorice, woods bedstraw PIP Acer nigrum maple, sugar maple PIP blunt-leaf bedstraw, Acer platanoides Norway maple PIP bluntleaf bedstraw, bristly Galium obtusum bedstraw PIP Acer rubrum red maple PIP Galium pilosum hairy bedstraw PIP Acer saccharinum silver maple PIP dye bedstraw, stiff marsh Acer saccharum ssp. black maple, black sugar Galium tinctorium bedstraw PP Nigrum maple, PIP fragrant bedstraw, sweet Acer saccharum var. bedstraw, sweetscented saccharum sugar maple PIP Galium triflorum bedstraw PIP Cotinus obovatus American smoketree U Houstonia caerulea azure bluet PIP Rhus copallinum flameleaf sumac PIP Houstonia lanceolata lance-leaved bluets PP Rhus glabra smooth sumac PIP Houstonia purpurea var. Rhus radicans poison ivy U calycosa Venus' pride PIP Rhus typhina staghorn sumac PIP Houstonia pusilla tiny bluet PIP Toxicodendron Atlantic poison oak, Mitchella repens partridgeberry PIP pubescens poison oak PIP clustered mille graines, Toxicodendron Oldenlandia uniflora oneflower oldenlandia PP quercifolium eastern poison oak PIP blue field-madder, blue eastern poison ivy, Sherardia arvensis fieldmadder, field madder PIP Toxicodendron radicans poison ivy, poisonivy PIP buttonplant, smooth false Toxicodendron vernix poison sumac PIP Spermacoce glabra buttonweed PIP common cottonwood, Aesculus flava yellow buckeye PIP cottonwood, eastern Aesculus hippocastanum horse chestnut FR cottonwood, plains Aesculus pavia red buckeye PIP Populus deltoides cottonwood PIP chinaberry, Chinaberry Populus heterophylla swamp cottonwood PP tree, Chinaberrytree, Salix caroliniana coastal plain willow PIP Melia azedarach Indian lilac, lelah, paraiso, PIP 81

pride of India, white cedar chinese privet Poncirus trifoliata hardy orange PIP European privet, wild Ligustrum vulgare privet PIP Ptelea trifoliata common hoptree, hoptree PIP American squawroot, common pricklyash, Conopholis americana squaw-root PIP Common pricky-ash, Zanthoxylum americanum toothachetree PIP Epifagus virginiana beechdrops PIP Hercules' club, hercules- Agalinis fasciculata beach false foxglove PIP Zanthoxylum clava- club, hercules-club Agalinis gattingeri roundstem false foxglove PIP pricklyash PP herculis prairie false foxglove, Sapindus marginatus wild China tree U Agalinis heterophylla prairie false-foxglove U ailanthus, copal tree, tree Agalinis obtusifolia tenlobe false foxglove PIP Ailanthus altissima of heaven, tree-of-heaven PIP American bladdernut, Agalinis purpurea purple false foxglove PIP Staphylea trifolia american bladdernut PIP slender-leaf false American water-willow, foxglove, slenderleaf common water-willow, Agalinis tenuifolia false foxglove PIP Justicia americana spike justica PIP smooth yellow false Justicia lanceolata looseflower water-willow PP Aureolaria flava var. flava foxglove PIP Justicia ovata var. loose justica, looseflower Aureolaria flava var. smooth yellow false lanceolata water-willow PP macrantha foxglove PP Ruellia caroliniensis Carolina wild petunia PIP combleaf yellow false Ruellia caroliniensis var. Aureolaria pectinata foxglove PIP caroliniensis Carolina wild petunia PIP smooth yellow false Ruellia caroliniensis var. Aureolaria reticulata foxglove U cinerascens Carolina wild petunia PIP American bluehearts, limestone wild petunia, Buchnera americana bupleurum PIP Ruellia strepens limestone wildpetunia PIP Indian paintbrush, scarlet Bignonia capreolata cross vine, crossvine PIP Castilleja coccinea Indian paintbrush PIP common trumpetcreeper, Campsis radicans cow-itch, trumpet creeper PIP Castilleja obliqua Indian paintbrush FR Catalpa speciosa northern catalpa PIP Chelone glabra white turtlehead PIP Polypremum procumbens juniper leaf PIP Chelone obliqua red turtlehead PIP conespur bladderpod, mullein foxglove, mullien Utricularia gibba humped bladderwort PIP Dasistoma macrophylla seyemeria PIP fringetree, white fever-weed, American Chionanthus virginicus fringetree PIP Gerardia pedicularia foxglove PP Fraxinus americana white ash PIP Gerardia virginica downy false foxglove PP Fraxinus pennsylvanica var. lanceolata green ash PIP Fraxinus profunda pumpkin ash PIP Ligustrum sinense Chinese privet, common PIP

mullein, mullein, velvet clammy hedge-hyssop, dock, velvet plant, woolly clammy hedgehyssop, mullein drug hedgehyssop, common speedwell, corn hedge hyssop, neglected speedwell, rock Gratiola neglecta hedgehyssop PIP Veronica arvensis speedwell, wall speedwell PIP roundfruit hedgehyssop, neckweed, purslane Gratiola virginiana Virginia hedgehyssop PIP Veronica peregrina speedwell PIP Linaria texana Texas toadflax PIP Veronica polita gray field speedwell PIP butter and eggs, Culver's root, butterandeggs, flaxweed, Veronica virginica culverpsyic, black root PIP greater butter-and-eggs, Veronicastrum virginicum Culver's root, culverpsyic PIP Jacob's ladder, ramsted, meadow spike-moss, wild snapdragon, yellow Selaginella apoda meadow spikemoss PIP Linaria vulgaris toadflax PIP Calystegia sepium ssp. false pimpernel, americana hedge false bindweed U falsepimpernel, yellow- creeping jenny, European seed false pimpernel, bindweed, field bindweed, Lindernia dubia var. yellowseed false morningglory, perennial anagallidea pimpernel PIP morningglory, Mazus pumilus Japanese mazus PIP smallflowered morning Mecardonia acuminata axilflower PIP Convolvulus arvensis glory PIP trailing bindweed, hedge Mimulus alatus sharpwing monkeyflower PIP Convolvulus repens bindweed PP Canada toadflax, oldfield Nuttallanthus canadensis toadflax, oldfield-toadflax PIP Convolvulus sepium hedge false bindweed U princess tree, Convolvulus spithamaeus princesstree, royal var. pubescens low false bindweed PP Paulownia tomentosa paulownia PIP Carolina ponysfoot, grass Canadian lousewort, Dichondra carolinensis ponyfoot PIP Pedicularis canadensis early lousewort PIP Mexican morningglory, red morningglory, redstar, Penstemon alluviorum lowland beardtongue PP scarlet morningglory, Penstemon calycosus longsepal beardtongue PIP scarlet morninglory, Penstemon digitalis talus slope penstemon PIP starglory, wooly Ipomoea coccinea tidestromia PIP Penstemon hirsutus hairy beardtongue PIP Ipomoea hederacea ivyleaf morning-glory PIP eastern smooth pitted morningglory, white Penstemon laevigatus beardtongue PIP Ipomoea lacunosa morninglory, whitestar PIP eastern whiteflower Penstemon tenuiflorus beardtongue PIP bigroot morningglory, bigroot morninglory, man moth mullein, white moth of the earth, man-of-the- Verbascum blattaria mullein PIP Ipomoea pandurata earth PIP big taper, common common morning-glory, mullein, flannel mullein, Ipomoea purpurea common morningglory, PIP Verbascum thapsus flannel plant, great PIP 83

common morninglory, tall cut-leaf ground-cherry, morning-glory, tall cutleaf groundcherry, morningglory Physalis angulata lanceleaf groundcherry PIP palmleaf morningglory, groundcherry, husk Wright's morning-glory, Physalis pubescens tomato, husk-tomato PIP Ipomoea wrightii Wright's morningglory PIP apple of Sodom, bull clustervine, hairy nettle, Carolina Jacquemontia tamnifolia clustervine PIP horsenettle, devil's Stylisma humistrata southern dawnflower PP tomato, horsenettle, sand Solanum carolinense briar PIP Cuscuta campestris field dodder PP silverleaf nightshade, Cuscuta compacta compact dodder PIP tomato weed, trompillo, white horsenettle, white Cuscuta gronovii scaldweed PIP Solanum elaeagnifolium nightshade PIP hairy hydrolea, ovate Hydrolea ovata false fiddleleaf PIP black nightshade, deadly Hydrolea quadrivalvis waterpod PIP nightshade, garden oneflower false fiddleleaf, Solanum nigrum nightshade PIP Hydrolea uniflora oneflower hydrolea PIP Ascyrum hypericoides St. Andrew's-cross PIP Hydrophyllum creeping St. Johnswort PP appendiculatum great waterleaf PIP Hypericum adpressum Hydrophyllum Hypericum apocynifolium early St. Johnswort PP macrophyllum largeleaf waterleaf PIP atlantic st. peter's-wort, Shawnee salad, Hypericum crux-andreae St. Peterswort PIP Hydrophyllum virginianum Shawnee-salad PIP bushy St. Johnswort, smallflower baby blue Hypericum densiflorum dense st. johnswort PIP Nemophila aphylla eyes PIP Hypericum denticulatum coppery St. Johnswort PP Phacelia bipinnatifida fernleaf phacelia PIP Drummond St. Phacelia purshii Miami mist PIP Hypericum drummondii Johnswort, nits and lice PIP Hypericum hypericoides Phlox amoena hairy phlox PIP ssp. multicaule St. Andrew's cross PIP Phlox carolina thickleaf phlox PIP Hypericum mutilum dwarf St. Johnswort PIP Phlox divaricata wild blue phlox PIP shrubby st johnswort, Hypericum prolificum shrubby St. Johnswort PIP Phlox glaberrima smooth phlox PIP false spotted St. Phlox pilosa downy phlox PIP Hypericum Johnswort, false spotted Phlox pilosa var. virens downy phlox PP pseudomaculatum st.johnswort PIP creeping polemonium, Hypericum punctatum spotted St. Johnswort PIP Polemonium reptans Greek valerian PIP mountain camellia, Jamestown weed, Stewartia ovata mountain stewartia PIP jimsonweed, mad apple, American bur-reed, moonflower, stinkwort, Sparganium americanum American burreed PIP Datura stramonium thorn apple PIP broadleaf cattail, cattail, Nicandra physalodes apple of Peru PIP cattail (common), Typha latifolia common cattail PIP 84

Broussonetia papyrifera paper mulberry, wauke PIP Viola bicolor field pansy PIP bois d'arc, osage orange, Canada violet, Canadian osage-orange, Viola canadensis white violet FR Maclura pomifera osageorange PIP Viola conspersa American dog violet PIP Morus alba mulberry, white mulberry PIP Viola cucullata marsh blue violet PIP Morus rubra red mulberry PIP Viola hastata halberdleaf yellow violet PIP sugar berry, sugar Celtis laevigata hackberry, sugarberry PIP Viola hirsutula southern woodland violet PIP Celtis occidentalis var. Viola incognita largeleaf white violet PP pumila common hackberry PIP early blue violet, trilobed Celtis pumila dwarf hackberry PP Viola palmata violet PP dwarf hackberry, georgia Viola pedata birdfoot violet PIP Celtis tenuifolia hackberry PIP Viola primulifolia primrose-leaf violet PP Ulmus alata winged elm PIP Viola primulifolia var. Ulmus americana American elm PIP villosa primrose-leaf violet PIP Ulmus rubra slippery elm PIP Viola pubescens downy yellow violet PIP Viola pubescens var. Ulmus serotina September elm PIP eriocarpon dark yellow violet U Ulmus thomasii rock elm PIP roundleaf violet, roundleaf small-spike false nettle, Viola rotundifolia yellow violet PIP smallspike false nettle, arrow-leaved violet, Boehmeria cylindrica smallspike falsenettle PIP Viola sagittata arrowleaf violet PIP Boehmeria nivea Chinese grass PIP common blue violet, Canada lettuce, Canada Viola sororia hooded blue violet PIP woodnettle, Canadian Viola striata striped cream violet PIP wood-nettle, Canadian johnny jumpup, pansy Laportea canadensis woodnettle PIP Viola tricolor violet PIP Canada clearweed, Pilea pumila Canadian clearweed PIP heartleaf nettle, slim Urtica chamaedryoides stingingnettle PIP 1 Cucumis melo cantalope, cantaloupe PIP Park Status refers to the current status of the organism in the drooping melonnettle, park, where PIP=Present in Park, PP=Probably Present, Melothria pendula Guadeloupe cucumber PIP E=Encroaching, U=Unconfirmed, N/A=Not Available, passionflower, purple H=Historic Passiflora edulis granadilla U Passiflora incarnata purple passionflower PIP passionflower, yellow Passiflora lutea passionflower PIP Arizona bog violet, lecontes violet, sand Viola affinis violet PIP

The U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) is the nation's principal conservation agency, charged with the mission "to protect and provide access to our Nation's natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to Indian tribes and our commitments to island communities." More specifically, Interior protects America’s treasures for future generations, provides access to our nation’s natural and cultural heritage, offers recreation opportunities, honors its trust responsibilities to American Indians and Alaska Natives and its responsibilities to island communities, conducts scientific research, provides wise stewardship of energy and mineral resources, fosters sound use of land and water resources, and conserves and protects fish and wildlife. The work that we do affects the lives of millions of people; from the family taking a vacation in one of our national parks to the children studying in one of our Indian schools.

NPS 604/106084, November 2010

National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior

Natural Resource Program Center 1201 Oakridge Drive, Suite 150 Fort Collins, CO 80525 www.nature.nps.gov

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