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The State of Sudan's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture

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COUNTRY REPORTS THE STATE OF SUDAN’S BIODIVERSITY FOR FOOD AND AGRICULTURE This country report has been prepared by the national authorities as a contribution to the FAO publication, The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture. The report is being made available by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) as requested by the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. The information in this report has not been verified by FAO, and the content of this document is entirely the responsibility of the authors, and does not necessarily represent the views of FAO, or its Members. The designations employed and the presentation of material do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. FOREWORD Sudan is a part to the FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, the only intergovernmental forum which deals with whole range of genetic resources for food and agriculture. The importance of the genetic resources for food and agriculture stems from the fact that it is building block of biodiversity. It is realized that biodiversity provides the basis for livelihood and sustainable social and economic development; and safe ecological safety and food security. The commission requested FAO to prepare a first report on the state of world biodiversity for food and agriculture (SoWBFA). The process of preparing the SoWBFA report is based on information from country reports as baseline information to the global report. Accordingly Sudan as participating country has appointed a national focal point for the coordination of the preparation of the report and also a national committee, which represented different sector including gender specialist, to oversee the preparation of the country report. The report has been developed in a consultative process to achieve the essential role of the country reports in filling gaps of the existing information and establishing baseline information on biodiversity for food and agriculture. The present report includes the variety and variability of Plants, Animals, and microorganism at the genetic, species and ecosystem level that sustain the structures, functions and process in and around production systems in Sudan, and that provide food and non food agriculture products. I would like to take this opportunity to thank FAO and the Commission in giving us this chance, and for their unlimited support. Thanks are extend to all those who were involved in preparing this report. We are looking forward for further cooperation and collaboration among all stakeholders at national regional and international levels. Prof. Ibrahim El Dukheri Federal Minister, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry December 2015 I PREFACE Preparation of the country report is an essential step in the process of preparing the first report on" The state of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture". It is expected to fill in gaps to existing information on biodiversity for food and agriculture; similarly it provides a base line analysis of the state of knowledge and fulfills the commitments of Sudan towards its obligations in that respect. The report provides comprehensive information regarding the state of biodiversity for food and agriculture in Sudan. Incomplete or gaps in information were identified, a matter that certainly help future planning and setting priorities. Utmost efforts were exerted to share the responsibility of developing this report with all relevant stakeholders, source institution and national experts. Our appreciation should go to the Focal Point the Quality Control and Export development Unit of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry and the National Committee of biodiversity for food and agriculture I would like to thank all teams from different sectors, all experts and consultants who work hard to complete this task in time. I wish also to express my great appreciation to FAO and the Commission for their support. Eng. Ali Gadoom El Ghali Osman Undersecretary, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry December 2015 II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sudan’s Country Report is comprehensive information on the status of the biodiversity in the country contributing to The State of the World’s Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture (SoWBFA) that will be presented to the Commission. It is based on FAO request to the countries member in the commission on genetic resources for food and agriculture to prepare such report. Countries are advised to take into account the Guidelines prepared by FAO to assist countries in preparation of their reports that are eventually contribute to the SoWBFA. The report provides information pertinent to the interaction of the biodiversity with the state and trend of crops, forest, livestock, fisheries and aquaculture sectors. Also about associated biodiversity comprises species of importance to the ecosystem function including; microorganism, invertebrate, vertebrate and wild and aquatic plants. The report also described the use of biodiversity in food and agriculture for food security, nutrition, and rural livelihoods. Further the report suggested the future agendas for conservation and sustainable use of the biodiversity for food and agriculture. The scope of the report is built upon the contribution of the relevant sectors by providing integrative analysis of interaction, so it is the output of a valuable contribution of key stakeholders from different sectors. I appreciate the efforts and inputs from all government sectors and individual experts who contribute in different ways in the preparation of this report. Successful completion of this report would not have been possible without the assistance and cooperation of the staff of the Quality Control and Export Development Unit. Finally, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to the Ex- Undersecretary of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Mr. Bahaeldin Mohmmed Khamis for his encouragement and financial support to prepare the country report. Afaf Elgozouli (PhD) Quality Control and Export Development Unit Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry December 2015 III CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTES Agricultural Research Corporation, Agricultural Plant Genetic Resources Conservation and Research Center (ARC-APGRCRC) Fisheries Research and Aquatic Center (FRAC), Aquaculture Station Forests National Corporation (FNC) Freelance Experts Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Food Security Technical Secretariat (MOAF -FSTS) Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Quality Control and Export Development Unit (MOAF -QCEDU). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Plant Protection Directorate (MOAF -PPD) Ministry of Animal Recourses fisheries and Range Land (MARFRL) Ministry of Environment, Natural Resources And Physical Development Higher Council for Environment and Natural Resources (HCENR) University of Bahri, College of Natural Resources, Department of Forestry University of Khartoum (U of K), Faculty of Science IV TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD I PREFACE II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS III CONTRIBUTING INSTITUTES IV TABLE OF CONTENTS V ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS VII LIST OF TABLES IX LIST OF FIGURES X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY XI CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the country and the role of biodiversity for food and agriculture 1 1.1 Preparation of the country report 1 1.2 General overview of the country 2 1.3 Role of biodiversity for food and agriculture 3 1.4 Production systems in the country 6 CHAPTER 2 Driver of change 15 2.1 Effects of drivers of change on associated biodiversity 15 2.2 Effects of drivers of change on biodiversity for food and agriculture 15 2. 3 Effects of drivers of change on ecosystem services 23 2.4 Effects of drivers of change on wild food 25 2.5 Effects of drivers of change on traditional knowledge, gender and rural livelihoods 26 2.6 Counter measures addressing current and emerging drivers of change, best practices and 27 lessons learned CHAPTER 3 The state and trends of biodiversity for food and agriculture 29 3.1 Over all synthesized assessment of forest, aquatic, animal or plant genetic resources 29 3.2 State and trends of associated biodiversity and ecosystem services 42 3.3 Species of associated biodiversity at risk of loss 45 3.4 Conservation of associated biodiversity 46 3.5 State and trends of wild resources used for food 47 3.6 Wild food resources at risk 52 3.7 Conservation of wild resources used for food 52 3.8 Natural or human-made disasters and biodiversity for food and agriculture 53 3.9 Invasive alien species and biodiversity for food and agriculture 55 3.10 Gaps and priorities 59 CHAPTER 4 The state of use of biodiversity for food and agriculture 60 4.1 The use of management practices or actions that favor or involve the use of biodiversity 60 for food and agriculture 4.2 Sustainable use of biodiversity for food and agriculture 70 V 4.3 The contribution of biodiversity for food and agriculture to improving productivity, food 79 security and nutrition, livelihoods, ecosystem services, sustainability, resilience and sustainable intensification 4.4 The adoption of ecosystem approaches 80 4.5 Gaps and priorities 80 CHAPTER 5 The state of interventions on conservation
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