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EFFECT of WEEDY RICE (Oryza Sativa L.)

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EFFECT of WEEDY RICE (Oryza Sativa L.) EFFECT OF WEEDY RICE (Oryza sativa L.) ON THE YIELD OF CULTIVATED RICE (Oryza sativa L.) IN GREENHOUSE AND FIELD ENVIRONMENT SALMAH BINTI TAJUDDIN UNIVERSITI SAINS MALAYSIA 2014 EFFECT OF WEEDY RICE (Oryza sativa L.) ON THE YIELD OF CULTIVATED RICE (Oryza sativa L.) IN GREENHOUSE AND FIELD ENVIRONMENT by SALMAH BINTI TAJUDDIN Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science AUGUST 2014 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My postgraduate (MSc) study at the Universiti Sains Malaysia (School of Biological Sciences) was a great challenge. It was made possible with the kind assistance of many individuals, either directly or indirectly, to whom I am indebted, not all of whom are mentioned in this page. First and foremost, my deepest appreciation goes to Prof. Mashhor Mansor for his strong support, unweary supervision and motivating guidance during the course of my study. In addition, I was also trained in writing scientific papers and had the opportunity to present scientific papers in seminars and conferences. Other academicians had also given support through inspirational motivations and guidance, particularly Dr. Azmi Man, Prof. Nashriyah Mat and Dr. Asyraf Mansor, my co-supervisors, to all of whom I am very grateful. I wish to thank the staff of the Malaysian Meteorological Department Pulau Pinang for providing me the necessary meteorological data needed for my thesis. The staff of MARDI (Seberang Perai) had been very helpful in my experimental work, especially En. Awang, En. Ebnil, En. Mustafa, Pn. Norhayati and Pn. Aqilah. The staff of USM for help me solve statistics analysis problems, particularly Dr. Zarul Hazrin Hashim, En. Safian Bin Uda (The Advisory Statistician USM), and Dr. Nik Fadzly Nik Rosely. The grant of this study was provided Universiti Sains Malaysia under the TNC Incentive and PRGS Grant. Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UNISZA) provided the fellowship to enable me to do my postgraduate study at Universiti Sains Malaysia. Last but not least, my heartfelt thanks go to members of my family who had given me continuous support an encouragement without which this study might not be completed. Cik Nur Diana Salihi, Cik Minah Muda, Dr. Fadzilah Hamzah, Cik ii Mastika Suhaila and all my family members that lended me a hand during my study. Muhammad Fadzli (husband) and En. Tajuddin (father) had given me the strength and courage during those difficult times and to whom I am most grateful. All names mentioned, I would like to add one more inspirational figure, my late beloved mother, Tom, who happened to have passed away during the course of my study. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ii TABLE OF CONTENTS iv LIST OF TABLES ix LIST OF FIGURES xiii LIST OF APPENDICES xix ABBREVIATIONS xxii ABSTRAK xxiv ABSTRACT xxv CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Brief History of Weedy Rice Infestation in Rice Cultivation 1 1.2 The Malaysian Scenario 3 1.3 Current Issues 5 1.4 Problem Statement 5 1.5 The Need to Conduct the Study 6 1.6 Aim and Objectives 6 1.7 Hypotheses 7 CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9 2.1 Basic Introduction to Rice Crop Science 9 2.2 General Background 10 2.2.1 Origins of Rice Culture 10 2.2.2 Classification, Species and Varieties 11 2.2.2.1 Classification of Oryza 11 2.2.2.2 Species and Varieties of Rice 12 2.2.2.3 Phylogentic Relationship 14 2.2.2.4 The International Rice Genebank 14 2.2.2.5 WR in General 14 2.2.2.6 WR in Peninsular Malaysia 17 2.2.2.7 Oryza rufipogon Griff. – A Wild Species of Rice 18 iv 2.2.2.8 CR Varieties 20 2.2.2.9 Yield of Malaysian (MARDI) Rice Cultivar 22 2.2.2.10 General Statistics on Rice Industry in Malaysia 22 2.3 WR Phenomenon in Peninsular Malaysia 23 2.3.1 Characteristics of WR 24 2.3.1.1 Morphological and Anatomical Characters 24 2.3.1.2 Life-Cycle, Growth, Dominance and Dormancy 25 2.3.1.3 WR Accessions 26 2.3.1.4 Reduced Yield of CR due to WR 27 2.4 Previous Studies in Other Countries 29 2.4.1 General 29 2.4.2 Growth Studies 30 2.4.3 Yield Studies 33 2.4.4 Competition Between WR and CR 35 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 37 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Study Site 37 3.3 Germination Test 38 3.4 Selection of CR and WR Varieties 39 3.4.1 WR 39 3.4.2 Greenhouse Experiment – Competition Study 39 3.4.3 Field Experiment 41 3.5 Preparation for Planting Materials 41 3.5.1 Greenhouse Experiment 41 3.5.2 Field Experiment 43 3.6 Experimental Design 44 3.6.1 Overall Experiment Design 45 3.6.2 Additive Series and Replacement Series 46 3.6.3 Detailed Experiment Designs 47 3.6.3.1 Greenhouse Experiment 47 3.6.3.2 Field Experiment 50 3.7 Detailed Methodology 54 3.7.1 Methodology for Objectives 1 (Greenhouse) 55 v 3.7.1.1 Planting Method 55 3.7.1.2 Agronomic Practice 58 3.7.1.3 Collection of Data 59 3.7.2 Methodology for Objectives 2 60 3.7.2.1 Planting Method 60 3.7.2.2 Agronomic Practice 60 3.7.2.3 Collection of Data 61 3.7.3 Methodology for Objectives 3 62 3.7.3.1 Planting Method 62 3.7.3.2 Agronomic Practice 62 3.7.3.3 Collection of Data 62 3.8 Analysis of Data 63 3.8.1 Analysis of Data for Objectives 1 63 3.8.2 Analysis of Data for Objectives 2 64 3.8.3 Analysis of Data for Objectives 3 66 CHAPTER 4 RESULTS 68 4.1 Introduction 68 4.2 Secondary Data (Meteorological Data) 68 4.3 Germination Test 69 4.4 Results for Objective 1 71 4.4.1 Relative Growth Rate for Greenhouse 71 4.4.2 Relative Growth Rate for Field 77 4.5 Results for Objective 2 82 4.5.1 Culm Height for Greenhouse 82 4.5.1.1 Additive Series 82 4.5.1.2 Replacement Series 83 4.5.2 Number of Tiller for Greenhouse 85 4.5.2.1 Additive Series 85 4.5.2.2 Replacement Series 87 4.5.3 Number of Filled Grain for Greenhouse 89 4.5.3.1 Additive Series 89 4.5.3.2 Replacement Series 91 4.5.4 Straw Weight (g) for Greenhouse 93 vi 4.5.4.1 Additive Series 93 4.5.4.2 Replacement Series 94 4.5.5 The Value of 1000 Grain Weight (g) for Greenhouse 96 4.5.5.1 Additive Series 96 4.5.5.2 Replacement Series 98 4.5.6 Yield per Hectare (tonnes/hectare) for Greenhouse 99 4.5.6.1 Additive Series 99 4.5.6.2 Replacement Series 103 4.5.6.3 Overall Results for Yield 106 4.5.7 Culm Height for Field 106 4.5.7.1 Additive Series: Season 1 106 4.5.7.2 Additive Series: Season 2 108 4.5.7.3 Replacement Series: Season 1 109 4.5.7.4 Replacement Series: Season 2 111 4.5.8 Number of Tiller for Field 112 4.5.8.1 Additive Series: Season 1 112 4.5.8.2 Additive Series: Season 2 114 4.5.8.3 Replacement Series: Season 1 115 4.5.8.4 Replacement Series: Season 2 116 4.5.9 Number of Filled Grain for Field 117 4.5.9.1 Additive Series: Season 1 117 4.5.9.2 Additive Series: Season 2 119 4.5.9.3 Replacement Series: Season 1 120 4.5.9.4 Replacement Series: Season 2 122 4.5.10 Straw Weight (g) for Field 123 4.5.10.1 Additive Series: Season 1 123 4.5.10.2 Additive Series: Season 2 124 4.5.10.3 Replacement Series: Season 1 126 4.5.10.4 Replacement Series: Season 2 127 4.5.11 The Value of 1000 Grain Weight (g) for Field 128 4.5.11.1 Additive Series: Season 1 128 4.5.11.2 Additive Series: Season 2 130 4.5.11.3 Replacement Series: Season 1 131 4.5.11.4 Replacement Series: Season 2 133 vii 4.5.12 Yield per Hectare (tonnes/hectare) for Field 134 4.5.12.1 Additive Series: Season 1 134 4.5.12.2 Additive Series: Season 2 137 4.5.12.3 Replacement Series: Season 1 139 4.5.12.4 Replacement Series: Season 2 142 4.6 Results for Objective 3 144 4.6.1 Prediction for CR Yield Model in Greenhouse 144 4.6.2 Prediction Model for CR Yields in Field 145 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSIONS 147 CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION 160 REFERENCES 163 APPENDICES 173 viii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1: Species of rice (Oryza) in the world. 13 Table 2.2: List of rice cultivars in Peninsular Malaysia. 21 Table 2.3: Malaysia rice cultivars. 22 Table 2.4: Yield loss, density of CR plants and levels of infestation. 28 Table 2.5: Reduction of yield according to variety. 28 Table 3.1: Agronomic traits and origin of the selected cultivars. 40 Table 3.2: Planting pots used in the study (Ratio CR: WR [% WR 48 infested]). Table 3.3: Additive series for CR-WR arrangement and seed rate 53 (density) used in Season 1. Table 3.4: Replacement series for CR-WR arrangement and seed rate 53 (density) used in Season 1.
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