添付資料 3

Post-harvest losses and Contents pre-seeding treatments of 1. Morphology of rice 2. Rice in Myanmar  3. Post-harvest loss 4. Pre-seeding treatments 27 Nov. 2014 5. Weedy rice () at Tatkon T/S Office

Ryoichi Ikeda (JAICAF)

Seed and germination

1. Morphology of rice

Growth of seedling 1 Growth of seedling 2

93 Leaves Panicle

Spikelets

Cross section of central part of paddy Structure of rice seed

94 Top 10 countries of 2. Rice in Myanmar Rice area harvested (1,000 ha) Rice production (1,000,000 t) 1 India 43,038 1 China 182.4 2 China 28,880 2 India 134.3 3 Indonesia 11,932 3 Indonesia 55.4 Bangladesh   4 Bangladesh 10,746 4 40.7  5 Thailand 10,334 5 Viet Nam 35.8 6 Viet Nam 7,401 6 Thailand 29.3 7 Myanmar 7,267 7 Myanmar 27.5 8 Philippines 4,193 8 Philippines 14.8 9 Brazil 3,189 9 Brazil 11.6 10 Pakistan 2,542 10 Japan 10.8 13 Japan 1,675 FAOSTAT (Aver. 2001-2009)

Distribution of rice crop area (000 ha), by environment, 2004-2006 Distribution of rice area (%) Food supply quantity (kg/capita/yr) Rice area Rainfed Deep Country 2004 2005 2006 2007 Country (000 ha) Irrigated lowland Upland water Asia 135,026 58.6 32.1 6.7 2.6 1 Brunei Darussalam 253.2 262.7 246.7 244.9 Bangladesh 10,657 40 42 7 11 2 Viet Nam 167.8 167.1 164.7 165.6 Cambodia 2,347 16 75 1 8 3 Lao People's D R 160.9 160.6 161.5 162.6 China 29,037 93 5 2 0 India 43,089 53 32 12 3 4 Bangladesh 161.1 156.0 156.3 159.7 Indonesia 11,708 60 25 0 15 5 Myanmar 157.2 156.6 158.5 156.9 Japan 1,698 100 0 0 0 Korea, DPR 583 67 20 13 0 6 Cambodia 145.6 151.4 152.1 152.2 Korea, Rep. 979 100 0 0 0 7 Philippines 116.7 121.0 121.1 129.3 Lao PDR 691 8 78 14 0 Malaysia 667 66 21 12 1 8 Indonesia 128.7 128.2 128.0 125.3 Myanmar 7,022 30 59 4 7 9 Thailand 108.3 107.7 104.3 103.1 Nepal 1,550 21 66 5 8 Pakistan 2,571 100 0 0 0 10 Madagascar 103.7 102.2 102.0 102.1 Philippines 4,119682930 32 Japan 56.7 56.7 56.3 56.6 Sri Lanka 845 75 25 0 0 Thailand 10,097 25 73 2 1 from FAOSTAT Vietnam 7,366 53 39 5 3

1400 1200 Export of Rice in Myanmar 3. Post-harvest losses 1000 1,000 ｔ 800 600 400 200 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 600

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95 mm Rainfall at 5 T/S in 2013 & 2014 Rainfall Rainfall at TatKon T/S in 2013, 2014 1800 (Inch) 1600 10 1400 1200 8 1000 800 6 600 400 4 200 0 2

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A story heard at DOA Causes of harvest loss

Rice yield by combine-harvester per acre Factors of yield loss was 13 baskets higher than ones by hand • Quantitative factors harvesting under the same cultivated conditions. • Qualitative factors

Both factors will affect your total income.

What’s wrong? Quantitative losses • Harvesting: time, methods, etc. • Socio-structural problem? • Transportation: human, animals, mechanical

• Harvesting or after harvesting? • Threshing: ability of thresher, method

• Varietal characteristics like Shattering? • Cleaning: winnowing • Drying: location & space, method • What should you do? • Storage: not necessarily need to equip it?

96 Qualitative losses Recycle use of side products of rice

• Moisture contents of rice grains • Rice straw

• Colored grains (including red rice) • Rice bran

• Rice husk High quality rice is desired by both domestic and abroad rice consumers.

Hybrid rice cultivation

•F1 variety, “Palethwe”, does not always show higher yield than that of usual varieties.

30％ premature 13％ correct stage 3％ over mature

• The yield of F1 variety seems to depend on the cultivated conditions as irrigation and drainage system. premature Correct stage Over mature

4. Pre-seeding treatments

97 Specific gravity of rice seeds and its germination Specific Germination (%) gravity 39 h 46 h 62 h 72 h < 1.00 0 0 1 1 1.00 - 1.06 2 10 40 57 1.06 - 1.1227589193 > 1.12 58 90 100 100 “Koganebare”, Temperature: 30℃, 1982

5. Weedy rice (red rice) • They are variable in appearance and occur in all Different specific gravity of rice seed and its seedling growth major rice-growing areas; America, Europe, the Specific Germination Seedling Dry matter weight Leaf age Caribbean, Africa and Asia. gravity (％） height (cm) (g/100 seedlings) 1.00 floating 59 4.9 1.8 0.55 1.07 floating 91 6.8 2.1 0.70 • The origin of weedy rice in Asia is as yet unclear, 1.10 floating 91 6.5 2.1 0.80 though it is thought that they are natural hybrids 1.13 floating 94 6.7 2.1 0.78 of cultivated (O. sativa) and wild rice species (O. 1.16 floating 98 6.5 2.0 0.78 rufipogon and O. nivara). 1.16 sunk 99 7.3 2.1 0.98 “”, 1984 • The characteristics are seed shattering, seed dormancy and competitiveness with cultivated rice.

(1) complex

weedy rice shatters easily

1. Oryza longistaminata 2. O. barthii 3. O. glaberrima 4. O. rufipogon,perennial type 5. O. rufipogon,annual type 6. O. meridionalis weedy rice seeds 7. O. glamaepatula

98 How to prevent weedy rice?

• Use “clean seed” from a “known source” • Take care to thoroughly clean machinery • Canals should be cleared to infestations

Manual weeding is effects for reducing initial infestations of weedy rice.

Removal of weedy rice plants when the weed first infests a field can help prevent more serious infestations in future crops.

Summary Recommendations Post-harvest • Rice cultivation in unfavorable conditions • Timing of harvest & Methods of harvest Summer rice cultivation, Irrigation & drainage system, • Threshing Roads in the fields, • Transportation Rezoning of paddy fields • Drying & Storage • Seeding volume

F1 variety ; 7kg/acre Pre-seeding HYV ; 2 baskets/acre (42kg/acre) • Selection of good seed • Unification of measurement units Be careful the occurrence of red rice!!! Capacity of rice, or weight of rice

All starts from a seed!



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