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National Rice Research Institute: Activities Achievements And National Rice Research Institute: Activities, Achievements and Aspirations Editors H Pathak, AK Nayak, D Maiti, GAK Kumar, JN Reddy, PC Rath, P Swain and R Bhagawati ICAR-National Rice Research Institute Cuttack 753 006, Odisha, India Citation National Rice Research Institute: Activities, Achievements and Aspirations. (Ed.) Pathak H, Nayak AK, Maiti D, Kumar GAK, Reddy JN, Rath PC, Swain P and Bhagawati R (2019). ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India, p viii+264 Editors H Pathak AK Nayak D Maiti GAK Kumar JN Reddy PC Rath P Swain R Bhagawati Published by Director, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack 753 006, Odisha, India Design and layout SK Sinha May, 2019 Disclaimer ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha is not liable for any loss arising due to improper interpretation of the scientific information provided in this book. ©All Rights Reserved ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India Printed by Print-Tech Offset Pvt. Ltd., Bhubaneswar 751 024, Odisha, India. ii iii iv Preface Rice is the staple food for more than two thirds of Indian population contributing more than 40% to the total food grain production, thereby occupies a pivotal role in the food and livelihood security of people. The crop is grown under varying climatic and soil conditions under diverse ecologies spread over about 43 million hectares. Over the last six decades the productivity has increased by about five times and this growth in agricultural production has come mainly from yield increase and to a lesser extent from area expansion, which is projected to decline further. Rice productivity has to be further increased by using all the ingenuities of agricultural science. Increasing productivity, however, has become quite challenging in recent years due to degradation in natural resources such as soil, water and air along with shortage of labour and emerging problem of climate change. Future production of rice have to be done using less land, water and labour through more efficient, environment- friendly production systems that are more resilient to climate change and environment-friendly. ICAR-National Rice Research Institute in Cuttack played a significant role in the agricultural development not only in Eastern region but at the national front. It was established in the year 1946 in the backdrop of the Great Bengal Famine of 1943. Since its inception, the Institute has been charged with the responsibility of conducting research on all aspects of rice and transfer of technology. The Institute has steered ground breaking research in development of high-yielding rice varieties that have contributed immensely to the achievement of self-sufficiency in rice production. The objective of the publication‘National Rice Research Institute: Activities, Achievements and Aspirations’, published by ICAR-National Rice Research Institute (NRRI), Cuttack, Odisha is to review the scientific and technological achievements of the Institute, assess its impacts on productivity, profitability and climate resilience of rice systems; and outline future plan and aspirations of the Institute. Eleven chapters of the book cover the journey of NRRI since 1946 and salient achievements and impacts in national and international arenas. In general, the authors have captured the activities, achievements and aspirations of NRRI on rice research and development over the years. Specifically, the chapters highlight the genesis and evolution of NRRI; a few nostalgic anecdotes in the memory lane; and activities, achievements and aspirations in the fields of crop improvement; crop production; crop protection; physiology and biochemistry of rice crop; upland rice; lowland rice; human resources development and socio-economic analysis and impact assessment. The chapters comprehensively present the background of each new science and technology developed for effective management of rice crop in favorable and unfavorable ecologies. v In the course of preparing the book, the authors and editors have received help and support from different individuals. We are extremely grateful to each one of them. The editors take this opportunity to express their gratitude to all the authors for developing the chapters in a comprehensive and time-bound manner. Sincere thanks are due to the retired scientists of the Institute, who brought to light the rich history and path of evolution of NRRI and shared nostalgic memories to pass it onto the new generation. We thank Dr. T Mohapatra, Director General, Indian Council of Agricultural Research and Secretary, Department of Agricultural Research and Education for taking keen interest in bringing out this publication. We hope that the publication would be useful to the researchers, particularly the younger ones, teachers, policy makers, planners, administrators, progressive farmers and students of rice sciences. Editors vi Content Sl. No. Topic Page Foreword .............................................................................................. iii Preface .................................................................................................... v 1. ICAR-National Rice Research Institute: Genesis and Evolution .... 1 D Panda and H Pathak 2. ICAR-National Rice Research Institute: Activities, ........................ 21 Achievements and Aspirations H Pathak, Jaiprakash Bisen and SK Pradhan 3. Genetic Improvement of Rice: Activities, Achievements ................ 42 and Aspirations BC Patra, JN Reddy, S Samantaray, MK Kar, SK Pradhan, L Behera, LK Bose, K Chattopadhyay, SK Dash, A Anandan, RK Sahu, SSC Patnaik, BC Marndi, J Meher, JL Katara, RL Verma, P Sanghamitra, M Chakraborty, RP Sah, Sutapa Sarkar, C Parameswaran and BN Devanna 4. Production Technologies of Rice: Activities, Achievements ......... 72 and Aspirations AK Nayak, M Shahid, S Saha, R Tripathi, S Mohanty, U Kumar, P Bhattacharyya, S Munda, PK Guru, M Debnath and S Priyadarshini 5. Protection Technologies of Rice: Activities, Achievements ......... 121 and Aspirations T Adak, PC Rath, Basana Gowda G, GP Pandi, Prabhukarthikeyan SR, M Jena, SD Mohapatra, AK Mukherjee, SS Pokhare and MK Yadav 6. Physiological and Biochemical Perspectives of Rice:................... 139 Activities, Achievements and Aspirations K Chakraborty, P Swain, MJ Baig, A Kumar, N Basak, PS Hanjagi, G. Kumar and S Awaji 7. Socio-economic Evaluation and Transfer of Technologies: ......... 174 Activities, Achievements and Aspirations Jaiprakash Bisen, Biswajit Mondal, GAK Kumar, SK Mishra, NN Jambhulkar and NC Rath 8. Rainfed Upland Rice: Activities, Achievements and ................... 191 Aspirations Nimai P Mandal, Dipankar Maiti, Somnath Roy, Amrita Banerjee, CV Singh and Mukund Variar Contd.. vii Sl. No. Topic Page 9. Rainfed Lowland Rice: Activities, Achievements and ................ 213 Aspirations R Bhagawati, K Saikia, SK Ghritlahre, Md Azharudheen TP and B Raghavendra Goud 10. Human Resource Development: Activities, Achievements ........ 226 and Aspirations Samantaray, C Parameswaran, R Tripathi, GPG Pandi, B Nayak, JL Katara, AK Nayak and D Maiti 11. ICAR-National Rice Research Institute: Nostalgic Anecdotes... 237 Sangram Keshari Nayak Acronyms ......................................................................................... 249 Editors and Authors........................................................................ 259 viii National Rice Research Institute: Activities, Achievements and Aspirations ICAR-National Rice Research Institute: Genesis and Evolution D Panda and H Pathak SUMMARY People of India have been cultivating rice for about last 7000 years. It is the staple food for more than two thirds of the Indian population. Prior to 1950, rice cultivation was mostly monsoon dependent. Major abiotic stresses like drought and flood were often occurring due to deficit or excess rainfall. These abiotic stresses caused widespread crop failures, starvation deaths and even famines including the Great Orissa Famine (Na’ Anka Durbhiksha) of 1866 with death toll of about 10 lakhs of people. Loss of rice crop in large areas due to pest and disease epidemics also caused famines, most disastrous of which was the Great Bengal Famine of 1943 with a death toll of about 20 lakhs of people. This famine broke out due to epiphytotic of brown spot disease of rice, adverse impact of the Second World War on the economy of the British Empire and failure of civil administration to mobilize food to the affected areas. At the backdrop of this famine, the Government of India decided to establish a Central Institute for Rice Research and appointed Dr. K. Ramiah as the Officer-on- Special Duty to select a suitable site for locating the Institute. He visited several rice growing states and shortlisted two sites-one at Coimbatore and the other at Cuttack. Having got aware about the list, Maharaja Krushna Chandra Gajapati, the then Prime Minister of Orissa promptly decided to hand over the State Agricultural Farm, Cuttack to the Central Government for establishment of the rice institute. Dr. Pranakrushna Parija, the then Director of Agriculture, Orissa placed full justification before Dr. Ramiah regarding suitability of Cuttack for locating the Institute. Finally, on the recommendation of Dr. K. Ramiah, the Government of India established the Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) at Cuttack in 1946. Initially, the main objective of the Institute was to carry out basic and applied research on all aspects of rice leading to the development of better rice varieties
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