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Rice Culture in Agriculture: an Indian Perspective

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The International Rice Research Institute (IRRI) was established in 1960 by the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations with the help and approval of the Government of the Philippines. Today, IRRI is one of the 15 nonprofit international research centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR - www.cgiar.org). IRRI receives support from several CGIAR members, including the World Bank, European Union, Asian Development Bank, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Rockefeller Foundation, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and agencies of the following countries: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, India, Iran, Japan, Malaysia, Norway, People's Republic of China, Republic of Korea, Republic of the Philippines, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States, and Vietnam. The responsibility for this publication rests with the International Rice Research Institute. © National Academy of Agricultural Sciences, New Delhi, 2007 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims of damages. Mailing address: DAPO Box 7777, Metro Manila, Philippines Phone: +63 (2) 580-5600 Fax: +63 (2) 580-5699 Email: [email protected] Web: www.irri.org. Rice Knowledge Bank: www.knowledgebank.irri.org Courier address: Suite 1009, Security Bank Center 6776 Ayala Avenue, Makati City, Philippines Tel. +63 (2) 891-1236, 891-1174, 891-1258, 891-1303 Suggested Citation: Aggarwal PK, Ladha JK, Singh RK, Devakumar C, Hardy B, editors. 2007. Science, technology, and trade for peace and prosperity. Proceedings of the 26th International Rice Research Conference, 9-12 October 2006, New Delhi, India. Los Baños (Philippines) and New Delhi (India): International Rice Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, and National Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Printed by Macmillan India Ltd. 782 p. Cover design: Juan Lazaro IV Page makeup and composition: Ariel Paelmo Figures and illustrations: Ariel Paelmo Foreword Foreword The demand for rice worldwide has increased dramatically over the last 50 years because of increases in population. In many regions, the supply of rice has generally kept pace with the increase in demand, largely due to the introduction of modern high-yielding varieties, expansion of irrigation, and the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizers. Rice is now grown globally on about 150 million hectares, with an annual production of about 600 million tons. It is the staple food for more than half of the world population, and its production is a source of income and livelihood for millions of people across the world. In Asia alone, where nearly 90% of the world’s rice is produced and consumed, more than 2 billion people obtain 60% to 70% of their energy intake from rice and its products. As the population of rice-growing regions of the world increases, demand for rice becomes higher. It is estimated that the rice grain requirement by 2020 in the region will be almost 30–50% more than now. The additional quantities will have to be produced from the same land resources, or less, because of the increase in competition for land and other resources by nonagricultural sectors. There is growing evidence of a gradual deterioration in natural resources, a decline in soil fertility, changes in water-table depth, deterioration in the quality of irrigation water, and rising salinity. This situation is further complicated by global climate change, which is likely to lead to reduced yields and increased production instability. As these proceedings were going to press, the climatic calamities of drought and cyclones were taking their toll on global rice supplies. The world faces sharply rising rice prices and global stocks are plummeting to levels not seen for nearly 30 years. Many nations today thus face the second-generation challenge of producing more rice at less cost in a deteriorating environment. Rice research and development therefore need to address the Millennium Development Goals on poverty alleviation, food and nutritional security, and environmental conservation. Opportunities are emerging from recent technological developments in space, information, communication, and biotechnology for tackling these goals. The 2nd International Rice Congress, IRC2006, was organized to discuss these developments and to provide a common platform for sharing knowledge and expertise on research, extension, production, processing, trade, consumption, and related activities with all stakeholders of rice. The Congress was organized by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research and the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (India) and sponsored by the International Rice Research Institute, Philippines, and Government of India. A comprehensive event for the world’s most important crop, this Rice Congress had simultaneous conferences, symposia, workshops, and exhibitions based on the theme “Science, technology, and trade for peace and prosperity.” The main events of the Congress were the 26th International Rice Research Conference, 2nd International Rice Commerce Conference, 2nd International Rice Technology and Cultural Exhibition, and 2nd International Ministerial Round-Table Meeting. The deliberations of the Asian Ministers led to a Delhi Declaration that highlighted the need to establish a comprehensive partnership among the participants through strengthened dialogue on a regular basis for the development of rice research and trade with greater emphasis on the social, cultural, and human dimension. The International Rice Research Conference (IRRC), organized every two years by the International Rice Research Institute, is the world’s premier rice research event. This 26th Conference in 2006 focused on “Innovations for efficiency enhancement” in view of the increasing need to conserve resource use in rice. All important aspects of rice research and related environmental and economic impacts were covered in several sessions by plenary lectures, invited lead papers, poster papers, and workshops by the experts. These proceedings provide a summary of the key plenary and invited papers presented during the IRRC on various themes. We hope the knowledge base in these proceedings will help address the challenge of producing more rice with greater ecological efficiency and profitability in a changing global environment. M.S. Swaminathan Mangala Rai Robert S. Zeigler Chair Co-Chair Co-Chair vi Foreword Contents FOREWORD ..................................................................................................... v PLENARY SESSIONS Science and Shaping the Future of Rice ................................................. 3 M.S. Swaminathan Bringing Hope, Improving Lives ............................................................ 15 Robert S. Zeigler Public Policy and International Collaboration for Sustaining .................. 23 and Expanding the Rice Revolution Joachim von Braun Competing Claims for Natural Resources and the Need for System ......... 43 Transitions in Rice Cultivation M.J. Kropff, P.S. Bindraban, and M.A. Slingerland Rice Breeding for the 21st Century ........................................................ 63 Gurdev S. Khush Rice Production and Hybrid Rice Research in China .............................. 77 Cheng Shihua, Cao Liyong, and Zhai Huqu Rice Culture in Agriculture: An Indian Perspective ................................. 89 Mangala Rai SESSION 1.1 Genetic Resources, Gene Discovery, and Allele Mining ......................... 101 The Complete Rice Genome Sequence: A Gold Mine ............................. 103 for Innovation in Rice Research Takuji Sasaki Identifying Favorable Alleles in Host Defense Genes for Broad- .............. 111 Spectrum Resistance in Rice H. Leung, B. Liu, R. Mauleon, F. Qiu, G. Carrillo, C. Vera Cruz, K. McNally, S.S. Han, J. Roh, P. Manosalva, R. Davidson, J. Leach, K. Satoh, and S. Kikuchi Comparative Analysis of Rice and Wheat Genomes as a Tool ................. 121 for Gene Discovery Nagendra K. Singh, Vivek Dalal, Kamlesh Batra, Archana Singh, Mahavir Yadav, Rekha Dixit, Irfan A. Ghazi, Awadhesh Pandit, Harvinder Singh, Pradeep K. Singh, Kishor Gaikwad, Trilochan Mohapatra, and Tilak Raj Sharma SESSION 1.2 Novel Plant Types and Harnessing Heterosis ......................................... 137 Hybrid Rice in the Tropics: Where Do We Go from Here? ...................... 139 Sant S. Virmani Physiological and Morphological Traits Associated with High ................. 149 Yield Potential in Rice Takeshi Horie, Koki Homma, and Hiroe Yoshida New Plant Type of Japonica Rice for Yield Improvement in Korea ........... 161 Huhn-Pal Moon, Kyung-Ho Kang, and Jeom-Ho Lee SESSION 1:3 Breeding for Aerobic and Unfavorable Conditions ................................ 175 Breeding for Enhanced Tolerance of Salinity and Mineral ....................... 177 Stresses in Rice B. Mishra Breeding Rice with Tolerance of Highly Variable Abiotic Stresses: .......... 197 Submergence and Drought G.N. Atlin, R. Venuprasad, J. Bernier, A. Kumar, S. Verulkar, R.K. Sahu, H.R. Lafitte, R. Serraj, J. Cairns, P.K. Sinha, N.P. Mandal, H.E. Shashidhar, R. Chandrababu, S. Robin, J.L. Dwivedi, and S. Rathi Salinity, Submergence, and Nutrient Deficiency in Rice: Bases ............... 209 of Tolerance and Progress Through Breeding Abdelbagi M.
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