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Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences Annual Report 2004 (April 2004-March 2005)

Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686 JAPAN 扉.qxd 05.10.27 11:12 ページ ii

EDITORIAL BOARD

Chairman Shinobu Inanaga President

Vice-Chairman Masami Yasunaka Director, Research Planning and Coordination Division

Editors-in-Chief Fumio Yoshida Head, Publication and Documentation Section Marcy N. Wilder Senior Researcher, Fisheries Division and Research Planning and Coordination Division

Editorial Committee Yoshinobu Egawa Head, Research Planning Section Kunimasa Matsumoto Public Information Officer, Research Planning and Coordination Division Ryuichi Yamada Senior Researcher, Research Planning and Coordination Division Junji Hashimoto Head, JIRCAS Editorial Office Staff Noriko Moriyama JIRCAS Editorial Office Staff

Advisory Panel Akinori Noguchi Vice-President Tokuzo Ono Director, Administration Division Osamu Koyama Director, Development Research Division Takashi Kumashiro Director, Biological Resources Division Osamu Ito Director, Crop Production and Environment Division Shuichi Oshio Director, Animal Production and Grassland Division Yutaka Mori Director, Food Science and Technology Division Shozo Nakamura Director, Forestry Division Koji Nakamura Director, Fisheries Division telephone 81-29-838-6313/6330 Toshihiro Senboku Director, Okinawa Subtropical Station facsimile 81-29-838-6316 e-mail [email protected] www http://www.jircas.affrc.go.jp

* Editorial Board members are staff members present as of August 1, 2005 (FY 2005) p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 ページ 1

CONTENTS

Message from the President ------2 Highlights from 2004 ------4 Research structure and evaluation at JIRCAS ------14

Research Overview International research at JIRCAS ------26 JIRCAS Research Divisions ------36 Development Research Division ------36 Biological Resources Division ------42 Crop Production and Environment Division ------47 Animal Production and Grassland Division ------54 Food Science and Technology Division ------56 Forestry Division ------61 Fisheries Division ------63 Okinawa Subtropical Station ------65 Miscellaneous projects outline ------72 CONTENTS 1 Training and Invitation Programs and Information Events Invitation programs at JIRCAS ------76 Administrative Invitation Program ------76 Counterpart Researcher Invitation Program ------84 Fellowship Programs ------87 Symposia and workshops ------92

Appendix Publishing at JIRCAS ------104 Official publications and library acquisitions ------104 Research staff activity ------105 Financial overview ------113 Tenets of the JIRCAS Mid-Term Plan (April 2001-March 2006) ------114 Advisors and principal staff ------118 The Japanese fiscal year and miscellaneous data ------124 p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 11:04 05.10.27 p001-024.qxd 2 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT Inanaga Dr. Shinobu President ページ 2 of importantkeyactivities that defineus,our These achievementsrepresentto ustheculmination hosting oftheWorldRiceResearch Conference. (RDA)), theinaugurationof J-FARD,andthe and Korea’sRuralDevelopment Administration Agronomique pourleDeveloppement(CIRAD) Centre deCoopérationInternationaleenRecherche organizations inadvancedcountries(France’s of Understandingwithagricultural-relatedresearch 2004, andourfirst-everconclusionsofMemoranda as aCGIARFocalPointInstitutiononJuly26, describes, weareveryproudofJIRCAS’sselection year 2004.AsthesubsequentHighlightssection JIRCAS achievementsandactivitiesduringfiscal responsibilities thatarenowplaceduponme. of JIRCASinApril2005,Ifeeltheweight Having newlyassumedmypositionasthePresident drawing upofthenextmid-termhasbecomeurgent. remaining, thisisacriticaltimeforJIRCASasthe latter halfofthemid-termplanwithonlyoneyear having alreadypassed,andenteredintothe secretariat. Withthefirsthalfofmid-termplan consortium andtherunningofForum among thediversegroupsconstituting JIRCAS isresponsibleforprovidingleadership workers. AsapartofDr.Iwamoto’slegacy, academicians, andinternationaldevelopment cooperation aswellindividualresearchers, and organizationsinvolvedininternational consortium ofresearchorganizations,universities, Sustainable Development(J-FARD),abroad Forum onInternationalAgriculturalResearchfor centers, andfinally,theinaugurationofJapan program todispatchyoungresearchersCG Highlights section),theestablishmentofanew advanced countries(seeunder“NewMOUs”inthe international researchinstitutesrepresenting implementation ofnewresearchactivitieswith Research (CGIAR)anditsaffiliatedCGcenters,the Consultative GrouponInternationalAgricultural with andstrengtheningofrelationshipsbetweenthe achievements includetheexpansionofactivities distinguish JIRCASinitsnewroleasanIAA.His new activitiesfortheinstitutedesignedtoclearly through thisperiodofchange,andinstitutingmany made extensivecontributionsinusheringJIRCAS years asagovernmentinstitution.Dr.Iwamotoalso knowledge thathadbeenbuiltupoveritsmany while preservingthebestofcultureand national researchinstitutetowardthatofanIAA during JIRCAS’stransitionfromitsexistenceasa 2005. Dr.Inouestrivedtoachievea“softlanding” March 2003,andfromApril2003through succession asPresidentfromApril2001through Takahiro InoueandDr.MutsuoIwamotoservedin With JIRCAS’sinaugurationasanIAA,Dr. an IncorporatedAdministrativeAgency(IAA). Government ofJapan’sdesignationJIRCASas an endonMarch31,2006inaccordancewiththe which commencedonApril1,2001,willcometo Message from thePresident JIRCAS 2004ANNUAL REPORT This AnnualReportisarecapitulationof JIRCAS’s firstmid-termplan,afive-yearperiod project designedtodevelophuman resourcesand Agriculture, ForestryandFisheries (MAFF)undera term missions,fundedbyJapan’s Ministryof selected graduatestudentstoCG centersonshort- implemented anewprogram which dispatches11 headquarters inWashingtonD.C.Wealsohave the dispatchofJIRCASresearchstafftoCGIAR been furtheringourgoalsofcollaborationthrough through thevariousprogramsofCGcenters. achieved havebeendisseminatedworldwide respective CGcentersandtheresearchresultsthus research projectshavebeendispatchedtothe the CGIAR,JIRCASpersonnelrelevanttospecific in 2004.Duringthishistoryofcollaborationwith International FoodPolicyResearchInstitute(IFPRI) Research inDryAreas(ICARDA)2003,andthe 2003, theInternationalCenterforAgricultural Institute fortheSemi-AridTropics(ICRISAT)in (CIAT) in2002,theInternationalCropsResearch the InternationalCenterforTropicalAgriculture Wheat ImprovementCenter(CIMMYT)in1998, (WARDA) in1998,theInternationalMaizeand (ICRAF) in1997,theAfricaRiceCenter International CentreforResearchinAgroforestry Water ManagementInstitute(IWMI)in1997,the Research Institute(ILRI)in1995,theInternational (IRRI) in1995,theInternationalLivestock in 1990,theInternationalRiceResearchInstitute International InstituteofTropicalAgriculture(IITA) Potato Center(CIP)in1988,followedbythe with 12CGcenters:firsttheInternational Center (TARC).Intotal,MOUshavebeensigned predecessor, theTropicalAgricultureResearch centers startingsincethetimeofJIRCAS’s have concludedMOUswithmanyoftheCG development ofglobalpublicgoods.Tothisend,we organizations inordertocontributethe instituted collaborationwithinternationalresearch various developingcountries,wehavealso national researchinstitutionsanduniversitiesin promoting bilateralrelationshipswiththerelevant great dealofoureffortshavebeenconcentratedon international stage.Whileupuntilthepresent,a areas. Thisisindeedourobligationonthe address theneedsandproblemsofrespective agriculture, forestryandfisheriesactivitiesthat development ofenvironmentallyharmonious way, wearethusabletofosterthesustainable research withdevelopingnationsandareas.Inthis environmental problemsthroughcooperative contribution tothesolutionofworld’sfoodand upgraded. was setup,andfinally,JIRCAS’sThaioffice growing underadverseenvironmentalconditions working onthedevelopmentofcropscapable been putinplace,anewinformalresearchgroup utilization ofin-housefundingwithinJIRCAShas been solidified,aworkinggrouptoensureefficient developments, JIRCAS’snewresearchstrategyhas mandate, andourgoals.Asforkeyinternal As well,startinginfiscalyear2004,wehave The primaryroleofJIRCASliesinour p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 ページ 3

new capacity to conduct international collaborative research. In this way, we are striving to nurture Japan’s next generation of researchers who will carry out international collaborative research and contribute the Africa Rice Center (WARDA) to our country’s efforts to further the goals of international development. The year 2004 was the International Year of Rice. JIRCAS hosted the World Rice Research Conference held in both Tokyo and Tsukuba in cooperation with IRRI and several other IAAs affiliated to MAFF. This conference was a focal point for both overseas and Japan-based persons in which registered participants numbered nearly JIRCAS Main Building 1,200. Through special symposia, oral and poster providing routine clerical support and facilitating presentations, and exhibitions, the conference shed communication with JIRCAS’s main premises. In light on the significance of rice culture, the our first attempt to meet such needs, our Bangkok importance of rice as a staple food, and the inter- office, which has the longest track record of our relationships among rice cultivation, agriculture, and three liaison offices, has been reorganized into a social infrastructure. Its wide-ranging approach was research and communications hub in Bangkok to well received by the various participating research cover the whole of Southeast Asia. A similar organizations and individual attendees. strategy will be applied to the other two offices in In recent years, it has become evermore order to widen the scope of their activities in the necessary for JIRCAS to utilize its limited human near future. and financial resources in a more effective manner Agricultural and environmental problems are to achieve its goals with maximum efficiency. To becoming more diversified and complicated as the this end, a clear strategy and well-defined tactics are world becomes increasingly globalized. It would be essential. JIRCAS has formulated its own difficult to solve these problems based only on international research strategy based on the ODA narrow approaches categorized by technology, Charter and Guidelines for the Promotion of territory, and region. To address the complicated International Agricultural Research, compiled by problems and difficulties that are now arising, there the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research is a need to develop the multifaceted alliances as

Council of MAFF. Its main aims are (1) to enhance discussed above. At the same time, it is essential to MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT production technology under adverse environmental maintain personnel who have a global outlook and conditions, (2) to develop the sustainable usage and an ability to integrate a range of information and 3 control of resources, (3) to enhance added value work within several fields. JIRCAS is unique as a goods and improve agricultural profitability by comprehensive research center that covers a range diversification, and (4) to address global of fields in both the natural and social sciences as environmental and food problems. This agenda will relevant to promoting sustainable agriculture, serve as a blueprint for restructuring our research forestry and fisheries-related activities. We are capability as we move into the next mid-term plan pleased that we have several staff scientists who are (2006-2011). In this fiscal year, a new group foreign nationals, as well as many visiting overseas working on the development of crops adaptable to researchers from abroad who have been raised adverse environmental conditions was created as an under different cultures. In this way, it may be said initial step toward redefining and restructuring our that JIRCAS has fostered the ideal climate in which research capabilities. The group is comprised of a comprehensive views and research strategies may functional development team, materials develop and evolve. It is our constant hope that all development team, and evaluation team. These of those residing at JIRCAS will take full advantage teams are expected to produce a great deal of output of the uniqueness of our institute, and strive to fulfill through integrated research and development the goals of our mandate. relating to crop production under less than favorable Finally, I wish to thank the members of the environments. Editorial Board of this Annual Report for making In order to implement research projects which this year’s publication possible. will realistically achieve the goals that are delineated for them, it is of utmost importance to understand the conditions that surround agriculture and the environment in the regions that are targeted. Our three existing liaison offices (in Bangkok, Thailand; Beijing, China; Londrina, Brazil) are mandated to collect and analyze agricultural and environmental information in their respective countries, and develop new strategies and projects, in addition to p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 11:04 05.10.27 p001-024.qxd 4

Yasunaka, T.Ono. T. Kumashiro,O.Ito,M. Nakamura. Backrow:Y.Mori, Inanaga, A.Noguchi,K. Front row:O.Koyama,S. at theJIRCASfrontentrance. pose foragroupphotograph JIRCAS senioradministrators JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT T. Senboku .OhoS.Nakamura S. Oshio .IoA.Fujimoto K. Ito ページ 4 f International AgriculturalResearch Establishment oftheJapan Forum on DEVELOPMENTS IMPORTANT NEW Fo wo knowledge andexperience throughsymposia, cooperation andpromotingtheexchange of individuals involved ininternational partnerships amongorganizations and platform forcoordinatingandfosteringnew members. ThisForum willserve asacommon established onJuly28,2004by28founding for SustainableDevelopment (J-FARD) was Fo international agriculturalresearch,theJapan other relatedstakeholders involved in activities andefforts ofJapanesescientistsand planning andimplementationofresearch were concluded. Conference. Inaddition,several new MOUs hosting the2004World RiceResearch Sustainable Development (J-FARD), and International AgriculturalResearchfor involved inestablishingtheJapanForum on Japan security. Inparticular, JIRCASwas in itsoverall efforts toimprove world food Sciences (JIRCAS)madeanumberofstrides International ResearchCenterforAgricultural or SustainableDevelopment (J-FARD) rum onInternationalAgriculturalResearch rum willalsostrive toimprove domestic rkshops, andcollaborative research.The In ordertointensifyandstrategize During FiscalYear 2004,theJapan HIGHLIGHTS FROM 2004 Symposium) 11th JIRCASInternational International Year ofRice2004(the largest scientific event inthe Wo go.jp/J-FARD/index.html. the official websiteathttp://ss.jircas.affrc. F stakeholders whoshareitsviews tojointhem. e with JIRCASin2005. holding ofaninternationalsymposiumjointly Board, atitssecondmeeting,discussedthe Secretariat was installedatJIRCAS.The for Policy Studies(GRIPS).The J-FARD Professor attheNationalGraduateInstitute Advisor atJICA,andDr. MasaruOsanai, JIRCAS, Mr. RyuzoNishimaki,Senior Dr. MutsuoIwamoto, President(former)of V Ky Association; Dr. Koji Tanaka, Professorat and AgricultureOrganization (FAO) Hisao Azuma,PresidentoftheJapanFood comprised offive members,includingMr. framework andobjectives. F organizations. AttheinauguralcongressofJ- including thatwithinternationalresearch and internationalinformationexchange, ARD, Prof.Koji Tanaka expounded onits xtending itsinvitation torelevant or moreinformationonJ-FARD, pleasevisit ice-President, andSecretary, respectively, oto University, andchosenasPresident, The UnitedNationshasdeclared2004to Currently, J-FARD has72members,andis The Forum’s BoardofDirectorsis rld RiceResearch ConferenceÐthe p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 ページ 5

be the International Year of Rice under the slogan “Rice is Life.” To help provide solutions to the many challenges facing the rice cultivation industry, Japan’s Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF), International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Mr. Hisao Azuma, President of J-FARD, giving an address Asian Productivity Organization (APO), and at J-FARD’s inaugural six research institutions in Japan, including congress. Dr. Francisco Reifschneider, Chairman of JIRCAS, organized the World Rice Research the CGIAR, gave a lecture Conference (WRRC) 2004, held from entitled “The Role of Agriculture in Sustainable November 4-7, 2004 in Tokyo and Tsukuba. Development: The Japan- JIRCAS acted as the secretariat of this CGIAR Partnership in Action” at the congress (inset). important conference by arranging for relevant institutions to present high-quality Tsukuba was attended by 1,278 participants content, including 20 sessions under the four from 42 countries including 312 from main themes shown below, as well as by overseas. Oral presentations were given by logistical work to ensure a smoothly run 186 speakers across 20 scientific sessions and conference. six workshops, and poster presentations were The main themes for this conference were also given by 312 presenters. Many as follows: 1) Innovative technologies for participants visited the extensive exhibition on boosting rice production, 2) Perspectives on rice set up by 35 institutions including the place of rice in a healthy lifestyle, 3) research institutes in Japan and abroad, food Adaptable rice-based systems that improve processing companies, and farmers’ groups. farmers’ livelihoods, and 4) The role of rice in Three keynote lectures were given by three environmentally sustainable food security. speakers: Prof. Vaclav Smil (University of Session themes are listed in the latter part of Manitoba) on “Feeding the world: how much this report. more rice do we need?” which estimated the The commemorative opening ceremony demand for rice in the 21st century; Prof. for WRRC 2004 was held in Tokyo, with 500 Riota Nakamura (Nihon University) on participants, who enjoyed welcome addresses “Development of sustainable agriculture given by the Crown Prince and the Minister of based on rice, water and living environment,” Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, followed which discussed the multifunctionality of by keynote speeches by four distinguished rice-based cropping systems; and Dr. Ronald

guests: Prof. Gudev Kush (University of Cantrell (Director General, International Rice HIGHLIGHTS FROM 2004 California, Davis), Prof. Yoshiko Kagawa Research Institute) on “Research strategies for 5 (Kagawa Nutrition University), Prof. Kenichi rice in the 21st century.” The Proceedings of Matsumoto (Reitaku University), and Dr. this conference were published by IRRI on Participants attending Joachim von Braun (President, International CD, entitled “Rice is Life: Scientific the opening address of the World Rice Food Policy Research Institute). A special Perspectives for the 21st century” in July Research Conference speech from the Director General of the Food 2005. The Proceedings include keynote in the main hall of the Tsukuba International and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was also lectures, orally-presented papers, posters, and Congress Center on given. The four keynote speakers, plus wrap-up papers by session conveners. November 5, 2004. Director Generals of IRRI and the Africa Rice Center (WARDA), co-chaired by Mr. Hisao Azuma, Vice Chairperson of the Japanese Committee for the International Year of Rice, and Dr. Mutsuo Iwamoto, President (former) of JIRCAS, took part in a panel discussion on the importance of rice research covering the aspects of food security, sustainable rice production in developing countries and related training programs, water productivity in water-scarce environments, NERICA (New Rice for Africa) adaptable to lowland paddy fields, Integrated Management of Rice, improvement of rain-fed ecosystems, and post-genome research. The subsequent research conference in p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 11:04 05.10.27 p001-024.qxd 6 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 6 2004 New MOUsinitiatedinFiscalYear COLLABORATION NEW RESEARCH the InternationalFood Policy Research social sciences Research Institute:Anewcollaboration in MOU withtheInternational Food Policy chromosomes withmolecularmarkers. resistance genesatthe4thand6th whitebacked taggingthe planthopperby marker-aided selectionfor resistanceto develop arapidbreedingprocedurewith inhibition andovicidal reaction,and3)to gene lociresponsibleforresistancetosucking Changjiang River; 2)toclarifythefunctionof being suitableforcultivation alongthe planthopper astheChunjiang06variety and degree ofresistancetowhitebacked recommended varieties, having thesame potential 5%higherthanexisting are 1)todevelop anew ricevariety withyield inputs frombothparties. The new projectissupported byresource cultivation intheChangjiangRiver Valley. resistant japonicaricevarieties suitable for aim ofbreedingwhitebacked planthopper- new collaborative researchprojectwiththe have reachedamutualagreementtolaunch headquarters inHangzhou,ZhejiangProvince, Ministry ofAgricultureandhasits and theCNRRI,whichisaffiliated toChina’s follow upontheseresearchoutputs,JIRCAS planthopper-resistant ricevarieties. Inorderto insecticide applicationandthedevelopment of cause throughacombinationofreduced effective meanstoreducethedamagethey (CNRRI), leadingtotheproposalofan the ChinaNationalRiceResearchInstitute planthoppers inChinacollaboration with on integrated managementofmigratoryrice project, JIRCAScarriedoutintensive studies China. Asoneoftheresearchthemes and utilizationofmajorfoodresourcesin technologies toenablesustainableproduction was1997. Theaimoftheproject todevelop of thePeople’s RepublicofChinainMay research projectwiththenationalgovernment planthopper a follow-up studyonthewhitebacked Rice Research Institute(CNRRI)toconduct JIRCAS signsMOUwiththeChinaNational A generalagreementwas signedbetween The threemainobjectives ofthe project JIRCAS launcheditsfirst comprehensive ke coordination suchascontractfarming play which foreigndirectinvestment andvertical and consof“HighValue Agriculture,” in against ruralpoverty byinvestigating thepros measures will attempttoidentifypossible widespread ruralpoverty persists.Thisproject economics inmany Asiancountries, outstanding achievements inagricultureand agricultural productioninAsia.Despitemany studied withtheaimoffosteringhighvalue investment andvertical coordinationwillbe collaborative researchonacontinuousbasis. institutions willbeabletoimplement visits. With thisagreement,thetwo econometric modelsviashort-termexchange topics, suchasthedevelopment of and JIRCAShave worked togetheronlimited obligations ofbothparties. Thusfar, IFPRI outlining theresearchactivities and MOU inadditiondraws upguidelines specified bytheJapanesegovernment. The carrying outofcollaborative researchprojects implementation ofjointworkshops and ex between thetwo institutionsthrough the cooperation MOU isintendedtostrengthen security andnutritionalimprovement. The public policiesrelating tosustainable food D.C., USA,andspecializesinresearchon headquarters beinglocatedinWashington Agricultural Research(CGIAR)withits the Consultative Group onInternational IFPRI isoneofresearchcentersaffiliated to Institute (IFPRI)andJIRCASinMay2004. (34%), irrigation(13%),and themangrove lowlandsrainfed uplands(41%), e areas usedforitscultivation have been increasing rapidlyinrecent yearsandthe varieties to explorethepotentialofAfricanrice Recherche AgronomiquedeGuinée(IRAG) JIRCAS signsMOUwiththeInstitutde poverty reductionandsocialsustainability. urgent development issuesoftodaysuchas ofaddressingthe arena, withthepurpose collaborative efforts in thesocialsciences that thisagreementwillenhanceinternational local counterparts.We have muchexpectation JIRCAS-dispatched researcherworking with conducted byIFPRIresearchersanda manufacturers andthepublicsector. f ield surveys targeting farms, distributors, xpanding intovarious ecosystems suchas y roles.Thestudywillbemadebasedon change ofinformationandpersonnel, Under thisMOU,theroleofforeigndirect Rice productioninWest Africahasbeen The three-yearprojectwillbejointly p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 ページ 7

and deep water areas (11%). The productivity of rice in rainfed conditions is extremely low (0.9-1.8 t/ha) compared to that in the irrigated lowlands (3.0-4.5 t/ha). There is in an urgent need to increase rice productivity in the rainfed regions to stabilize food security and to improve agricultural income in West Africa. Rice is widely cultivated in Guinea thanks to its suitable climate and soil conditions. The improvement of rice production is a strategic goal for the government of Guinea, where currently 84 percent of the active population is dependent on agriculture, the majority being small-scale farmers. To build up research capabilities for agricultural development, in 1989 the government established the Agricultural Research Institute of Guinea (Institut de Recherche Agronomique de Guinée: IRAG) under the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock. The institute is headquartered in Conakry and has rice varieties suitable for cultivation in rainfed The research building at the Foulaya Experimental Station, four regional centers. In addition to these conditions. The studies cover the following one of the regional centers of regional centers, IRAG also has a center in areas: 1) an ecological study of rice IRAG, in which the JIRCAS Koba specializing in aquatic production cultivation, 2) a physiological study of project is accommodated. systems in coastal basins and mangroves. improvement of drought resistance of rainfed IRAG accounted for nearly two-thirds of the lowland rice, 3) development of rice cultivars country’s agricultural researchers and adapted to rainfed lowland ecosystems, and 4) expenditures in 2001. analysis of physio-genetic mechanisms of JIRCAS and IRAG reached an agreement resistance to submergence in rainfed and signed an MOU on May 2004 to conduct lowlands. eco-physiological studies on rice to identify HIGHLIGHTS FROM 2004 7 MOU concluded between JIRCAS and the Forest Department of Thailand’s Ministry of Africa Rice Center (WARDA) Natural Resources and Environment, which An MOU between the Africa Rice Center was initiated in Fiscal Year 2003. In this (WARDA) and JIRCAS was renewed and project, we aim to determine the chemical signed by Dr. Kanayo F. Nwanze, Director structure of the sex pheromones in these General of WARDA, and Dr. Mutsuo insects, leading to the development of Iwamoto, President (former) of JIRCAS, on methodology for the monitoring and control May 31, 2004. A previous MOU that was of both of these species. initiated in 1998 expired in 2003. In order to formalize this joint project, Dr. Mutsuo Iwamoto, President (former) of Comprehensive MOU to strengthen JIRCAS, and Mr. Chatchai Ratanophat, partnership with the Royal Forest Director General of RFD, signed an MOU Department (RFD) of Thailand between their two organizations in August In tropical regions, mahogany and teak are 2004. regarded as among the most valuable and important commercial tree species. However, MOU with the Southern Fruit Research insects such as the mahogany shoot borer, Institute (SOFRI) of Vietnum to control Hypsipyla robusta, and the teak beehole borer, citrus huanglongbing Xyleutes ceramica, have widely infested MOU with the Southern Fruit Research plantations producing these tree species. In Institute (SOFRI), which is affiliated to order to establish new, effective means of pest Vietnam’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural control, JIRCAS’s Forestry Division proposed Development, has its principal office in Tien a new project in collaboration with the Royal Giang Province. SOFRI’s R&D efforts focus p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 11:04 05.10.27 p001-024.qxd 8 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 8 JIRCAS. Subsequently, inthefollowing anMOU with possibility ofconcluding where discussionstook placeonthe Administrator oftheRDA, visited JIRCAS, offices withintheirheadquarters. educational agency, andfour bureaus and Extension System,tenresearchinstitutes,one the NationalAgricultureResearchand Ko e government organization responsiblefor the RepublicofKorea isthecentral Rural Development Administration(RDA) of institutions ofotheradvanced nations.The countries byworking togetherwithresearch solving theproblemsfaced bydeveloping cooperation withtheRepublicofKorea Comprehensive MOUtostrengthenfuture been includedintheMOU. research subjectsincluded intheproject has producers inVietnam. Awork planoutlining related tofruitproductionforthebenefit of research projectsandimproving technologies predetermined andmutuallyagreed-upon the planningandimplementation of collaboration putforthintheMOUcomprises MOU withSOFRIonAugust2,2004.The Southeast Asia,” commencedinApril2004. control ofcitrushuanglongbing(HLB)in “Development ofnew technologiesforthe greening disease.Anew project, huanglongbing, alsoreferredtoascitrus further collaborative researchoncitrus SOFRI andJIRCASpursuedavenues for concluded infiscal year2003.Following this, fa technologies andtheirpracticeforsustainable comprehensive project,“Development ofnew development forfruitproductionundera collaborative researchontechnology production technology. and trainingservicesrelatingtofruit additionally mandatedtoprovide consultation techniques forfruitproducts.SOFRIis oriented handling,processing,andmarketing fruit products;andthedevelopment offarmer- technology forhigh-yieldingandhigh-quality fa technology forfruittreepropagationand processing, andexport; theimprovement of products destinedforlocalconsumption, provide higheryieldsandbetterquality on theimprovement offruitcultivars that xtensive agriculturalresearchandservicesin rming systemsintheMekong Delta,” which rming; thedevelopment ofprotection rea. TheAdministrationiscomprised of On May28,2004,Mr. Young Wook Kim, JIRCAS hasundertaken anew approachto To SOFRI andJIRCASconducted

this end,JIRCASconcludedanew e through areview processundertaken by 2002, andtheideawas furtherdeveloped Science andTechnology ExchangeGroupin meeting oftheChina-JapanAgricultural phenomena. brought aboutbynaturalandeconomic fluctuations infoodproductionandmarkets stable foodsupplysystemstomitigate rapid asincoastalregions, bydeveloping Province, whereeconomicgrowth isnotas and northeasternregions, e.g.,Heilongjiang rural economyinChina,particularlyinland aims tovitalizeandstabilizethefarm and markets inChina,” was initiated.Thisproject for mitigating fluctuationsinproduction and project, entitled“Stablefoodsupplysystems P collaborative research projectwiththe of Understandingsignedfor anew Comprehensive AgreementandMemoranda developing countries. JIRCAS iscurrentlycarryingoutin corresponding toresearchprojectsthat that theITCCparticipateinseveral areas Section. OntheJIRCASside,itwas proposed MOU withJIRCAS’s InternationalRelations RDA-JIRCAS collaboration basedonthe research strategies, anddiscussedfuture procedures fornew JIRCASprojectsand research activities, as wellasplanning JIRCAS’s organization, budget, andpresent two-day visit,Dr. Mooninquiredabout international affairs oftheRDA. Duringhis 2004. TheITCCfacilitates andmanagesthe Center (ITCC),visitedJIRCASinDecember the InternationalTechnical Cooperation research withdeveloping countries. planning andimplementationofcollaborative subjects ofcommoninterest; andjoint conferences, andotherscientific meetingson organization ofseminars,symposia, research indeveloping countries;joint utilization ofadatabaseonagricultural and technicalinformation;development and e follows: Mutualexchange ofscientists, of collaborationdescribedintheMOUareas with theRDA onSeptember13,2004.Forms JIRCAS concludedacomprehensive MOU discussed theMOU’s final plan.Asaresult, President ofJIRCAS, visitedtheRDA and September, Dr. AkinoriNoguchi,Vice- pre-evaluation meetingwas heldatTsukuba, xperts frombothcountries. InJune2004,a xperts, andtrainees;exchange ofscientific eople’s Republicofchina This projecthadbeenproposedatthe21st A new China-Japancollaborative research Dr. Directorof Hong-KilMoon,Deputy p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 ページ 9

Renewal of existing Memorandum of Understanding with the International Institute for Toropical Agriculture (IITA) in order to reinforce research activities in Africa Aiming at further strengthening our agricultural research programs in Africa, JIRCAS renewed an existing Memorandum of Understanding with the International Institute for Tropical Agriculture (IITA), which had been executed in March 1990 between IITA and JIRCAS’s predecessor, the Tropical Signing of MOUs between JIRCAS and Chinese Agriculture Research Center (TARC). A counterpart research organizations at a ceremony held in Beijing. ceremony to execute the new MOU between IITA and JIRCAS was held at JIRCAS’s Tsukuba premises on October 14, 2004, and where the relevance of the project to current was attended by signatories Dr. Peter agricultural problems in China was Hartmann, Director General of IITA, and Dr. emphasized, and the importance of mutual Mutsuo Iwamoto, President (former) of concurrence on the final outputs of the project JIRCAS. JIRCAS Vice-President Dr. Akinori and the need for integrating socio-economic Noguchi witnessed the event. subjects with other disciplines was stressed. IITA was founded in 1967 with a mandate In July 2004, the four parties involved, i.e., to improve food production in the humid China’s Ministry of Agriculture, the Chinese tropics based on the development of Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Japan’s sustainable production systems. The mission Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and of IITA is to enhance food security, increase Fisheries (Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries income levels, and contribute to the well- Research Council Secretariat), and JIRCAS, being of resource-poor people in sub-Saharan agreed on the initiation of the project and Africa by conducting research and related signed a Comprehensive Agreement on activities leading to increased agricultural collaborative research at the 23rd meeting of production, improved food production the same group held in Xian, the People’s systems, and the sustainable management of Republic of China. Based on this agreement, natural resources. Its research agenda

five Memoranda of Understanding (MOUs) addresses crop improvement, plant health, and HIGHLIGHTS FROM 2004 between JIRCAS and five Chinese resource and crop management within a food 9 counterpart research organizations (three systems framework in the context of the needs institutes affiliated to the Chinese Academy of of designated major agro-ecological zones. Agricultural Sciences, i.e., the Institute of Research focuses chiefly on cassava, cowpeas, Agricultural Resources and Regional maize, plantains and bananas, soybeans, and Planning, the Institute of Environment and yams. Sustainable Development in Agriculture, and In 2003, JIRCAS initiated and has since the Institute of Agricultural Economics, as been conducting a new project aimed to well as the Heilongjiang Academy of improve the fertility of sandy soils in the Agricultural Sciences and the Development Sahelian zone through organic management in Research Center of the State Council) were collaboration with the International Crops signed at a ceremony attended by Dr. Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Iwamoto, President (former) of JIRCAS, in (ICRISAT). Given that this project deals with Beijing on September 14, 2004. organic materials, plant germplasm such as These official procedures marked the that for cowpea is considered to be of much launch of this new five-year project as an significance in improving soil fertility. In inter-governmental collaborative research order to identify which types of plant project. Several new approaches were adopted germplasm have the greatest potential to in the management of the project. For increase soil fertility in various target regions, example, cooperation among the counterpart we believe that our partnership with IITA is research institutes will be strengthened to essential in carrying out the necessary achieve a better overall project outcome, and research. In this regard, as JIRCAS furthers its evaluation and planning meetings are to be research programs in Africa, cooperation with held periodically. IITA and its wealth of experience and p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 11:04 05.10.27 p001-024.qxd 10

Tokyo. at theFrenchEmbassyin between JIRCASandCIRAD MOU-signing ceremony JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 10 developing countries.CIRAD’s mandateisto and fisheries researchanddevelopment in address issuesrelatedtoagriculture,forestry research centerafterWorld War IIinorderto JICA andJapan’s MinistryofForeign Affairs. Pa de MontferrandandCIRADCoordinator Dr. presence ofFrenchAmbassadorMr. Bernard Stéphane Roy, witnessedtheevent inthe Attache forScienceandTechnology, Dr. JIRCAS Vice-President, andtheFrench (former) ofJIRCAS.Dr. Akinori Noguchi, CIRAD, andDr. MutsuoIwamoto, President signatories Dr. Patrice Debré,Presidentof French EmbassyinTokyo, was attendedby the RDA. Thesigningceremony, heldatthe cooperation shortlyfollowing theMOUwith Development) tostrengthenfuture Research CentreforInternational Developpement: theFrenchAgricultural en RechercheAgronomiquepourle CIRAD (CentredeCooperationInternationale concluded acomprehensive MOUwith nations. OnDecember17,2004,JIRCAS with researchinstitutionsinotheradvanced research inwhichpartnershipsarecreated a new approachtointernationalcollaborative Administration (RDA), JIRCAShasinitiated the RepublicofKorea’s RuralDevelopment conclusion ofanMOUbetweenJIRCASand (CIRAD) Centre for InternationalDevelopment with theFrench AgriculturalResearch Understanding tostrengthenpartnership Comprehensive Memorandum of new opportunitiesinsub-SaharanAfrica. accumulated researchassetswillleadtoyet trick Durandaswellrepresentatives from CIRAD was establishedasaFrench As describedintheprevious articleonthe these functionalities.Theultimate goalofthe Elucidation ofhorticultural factors enhancing ve identification ofbioactive compounds from indigenous vegetables, 2)Isolationand on 1)Evaluation ofthefunctionalities ve “Physiological functionalitiesofindigenous collaborative researchprojectentitled of Understanding(MOU)inordertolauncha Kasetsart University signed aMemorandum Research andDevelopment Instituteof Rungsit Suwanketnikom, Directorofthe Suzuki, DirectoroftheAVRDC-ARC, andDr. President (former)ofJIRCAS,Dr. Masaaki (AVRDC-ARC) andKasetsartUniversity Center oftheWorld Vegetable Center JIRCAS signsMOUwiththeAsianRegional starvation andpoverty worldwide. contribute toourcommongoalsofalleviating further collaborationwithCIRADinorderto boost. Alongtheselines,JIRCASisplanning achievement inthatarea,willbeanadded organization’s substantialtrackrecordof cooperation withCIRAD,given the programs inAfrica,weexpect thatfuture Likewise, with regard toourresearch effective implementationofthisproject. partnership withCIRADwillbecentraltothe Research Institute(SOFRI)andCIRAD.Our collaboration withVietnam’s SouthernFruit huanglongbing (HLB)diseaseinVietnam, in Y modeled afterCIRAD. (TARC), whichwas establishedin1970,is the Tropical AgricultureResearchCenter being implemented.JIRCAS’s predecessor, countries inwhichresearchactivities are however, BrazilandVietnam aretheprincipal Africa, especiallyinCôted’Ivoire. Currently, research fields werelocatedinIndochinaand assignments. Inthepast,CIRAD’s main of whomabout650arecarryingoutoverseas staff numbersapproximately1,800personnel, up ofpublicdevelopment aidpolicy. CIRAD’s management, andalsoinvolves thedrawing environmental issuesandnaturalresource mandate hasbeenbroadened toinclude agriculture, forestry, andagri-foods.This information, primarilyinthefields of and overseas, andscientific andtechnical e subtropical countriesthroughresearch, contribute toruraldevelopment intropicaland xperimentation, trainingoperationsinFrance ear 2004aimingtocontrol citrus getables inSoutheastAsia.” getables withhighfunctionalities, and3) The projectisbeingimplementedfocusing On March2,2005,Dr. MutsuoIwamoto, JIRCAS launchedanew projectinFiscal p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 ページ 11

project is to improve the economic status of farmers in Southeast Asia by adding new Usable materials value to local indigenous vegetables, and to Cassava residue Conversion Paper pulp provide safer and healthier food for Oil palm empty fruit bunches Cellulose derivatives consumers. Sugarcane residue Biodegradable plastic Crops residues Agricultural materials New projects Energy Utilization of biomass resources in Southeast Methanol, ethanol, methane Asia for sustainable development Carbonization, gasification, Southeast Asian countries are expected to Electric power generation make rapid economic progress, which due to their large population will have a great impact CO Carbon Neutral 2 ConsumptionáCombustion on the world’s energy situation and the environment. To contribute to attaining sustainable development in Southeast Asia with minimum pressure on the environment, selected areas through utilizing locally Fig. 1. Potential of biomass resources in Southeast Asia JIRCAS has launched a six-year (2005-2010) available biomass resources such as for energy and materials. project entitled “Utilization of biomass agricultural and forestry residues. resources in Southeast Asia for sustainable In 2005, one subject under Primary Theme development.” This project deals with the 1, “Development of an ethanol fuel production following two primary themes: 1) Developing system from tropical soft biomass,” regionally optimized biomass conversion commenced in Thailand. The aim of this topic technologies for energy and production of is the production of an alternative fuel to usable materials; and 2) Drawing up of petroleum using agricultural waste, such as blueprints for sustainable social systems for rice husks/straw, sugarcane bagasse/leaves,

Cassava root Oil palm empty fruit bunches HIGHLIGHTS FROM 2004 11

Sugarcane Wild relatives of sugarcane

Fig. 2. Typical biomass resources in Southeast Asia. (Photos: Y. Mori et al.) p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 11:04 05.10.27 p001-024.qxd 12 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT organizations intheproject. The rolesofparticipating ページ 12 of indigenousvegetables inSoutheastAsia” project entitled“Physiologicalfunctionalities consumers. v functionalities willprovide new economic thorough andreliablescientific dataon functional components.Itisexpected that potential toserve asmajorsourcesof been utilizedasvegetables which have the plantshaveAsia, thousandsofindigenous effects againstvarious diseases.InSoutheast components whichexhibit chemopreventive wide variety ofcompoundscalledfunctional research hasindicatedthatthey alsosupplya nutrients necessaryforhumanhealth.Recent ve Physiological functionalitiesofindigenous Ky emission reductiontarget imposedbythe (CDM) creditsandachieve thecarbondioxide obtain CleanDevelopment Mechanism provide basicmeansbywhichJapancan from tropicalforestryresiduesinMalaysia.” includes the“Productionofusablematerials project isscheduledtostart in2006and and cassava stalks/peel.Theremainderofthe alue toindigenousvegetables andattract Screening/extractlibrary antimutagenic assay Extraction/antioxidant, getables inSoutheastAsia Extraction/DPPH assay Horticultural properties Cultivation oto Protocol. Ve In 2004,JIRCASlaunchedathree-year The outcomesoftheproject willalso getables areimportantsourcesof AVRDC-ARC KU-IFRPD KU-TVRC Extract library Sample preparation Cultivation Management inThailand of activecompounds Purification/identification Screening Total management JIRCAS viewpoint offoodfunctionality. ev and healthierfoodforconsumersthroughthe indigenous vegetables andtoprovide safer Southeast Asiabyaddingnew value tolocal improve theeconomicstatusoffarmers in ve inventory andextract libraryofindigenous model animals;and5)Drawing upofan 4) Confirmation ofbioavailability using antimutagenicity insomeselectedvegetables; f ve and antimutagenicprinciplesfromselected identification ofhighlyactive antioxidative indigenous vegetables; 2)Isolationand several otherimportantfunctionalitiesof of antioxidantcapacity, antimutagenicity, and being implementedfocusingon1)Evaluation Research Institute(NFRI).The projectis Science (NIVTS)andtheNationalFood as theNationalInstituteofVegetable andTea Thailand, aswellJapaneseinstitutionssuch (TVRC) ofKasetsartUniversity (KU), and theTropical Vegetable ResearchCenter Research andProductDevelopment (IFRPD), Center (AVRDC-ARC), theInstituteofFood (ARC) ofAVRDC -theWorld Vegetable in cooperationwiththeAsianRegional Center actors controllingantioxidantcapacityand aluation ofindigenousvegetables fromthe getables. getables; 3)Elucidationofhorticultural The overall goalofthisproject isto active compounds Identification of Model animals NIVTS NFRI p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 ページ 13

OTHER HIGHLIGHTS JIRCAS CHOSEN AS CGIAR FOCAL POINT INSTITUTION CGIAR Director Dr. Francisco Reifschneider presented a scroll to former JIRCAS President Dr. Mutsuo Iwamoto, on July 26, 2004, acknowledging JIRCAS’s long-standing support to international agricultural research and the CGIAR system, and identifying JIRCAS as a “key partner of the CGIAR and thereby as a CGIAR focal point institution in Japan.” We are indeed pleased and honored by this recognition on behalf of the CGIAR.

ACADEMIC PRIZES AND AWARDS

JIRCAS is pleased to note that many of its staff members have been recipients of academic prizes and awards from scientific societies and other organizations. The following is a brief summary of achievements which we are proud to include in the Highlights of Annual Report 2004.

Dr. Tomoyuki Suzuki, researcher in the Animal Production and HIGHLIGHTS FROM 2004 Grassland Division, received the Young Scientist Award at the 11th 13 International Congress of the Asian-Australasian Association of Animal Production Societies held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia on September 5-9, 2004 for his work, “Utilization of mixed silage prepared with sugarcane, brewer’s grain and rice straw.” In this research, Dr. Suzuki developed a new way of using sugarcane as a ruminant feed. Despite there being many varieties of sugarcane, only those used for sugar production have up to now been actively cultivated. However, many other types of sugarcane have useful characteristics, including high biomass yield, drought tolerance, and sustainability. Dr. Suzuki evaluated the nutritional value of many types of sugarcane and hybrids of Saccharum spontaneum or Erianthus spp. and selected cultivars suitable for use in ruminant feed. He also developed storage methods for sugarcane silage and identified optimal harvesting intervals to obtain better quality feed. p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 11:04 05.10.27 p001-024.qxd 14 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 14 f research institutionsandexperimental other national,private, andindependent Tsukuba, which itselfishometonumerous Fisheries (MAFF)arealsolocatedin the MinistryofAgriculture,Forestry and Administrative Agencies(IAAs)affiliated to Research structure atJIRCAS Division Research PlanningandCoordination research programsbothoverseas andin Japan, Division. Public InformationOfficer areassigned tothe International ResearchCoordinators anda Documentation Section.Inaddition, several Relations Section,andPublication and Research CoordinationSection,International sections: theResearchPlanningSection, Station. TheDivision consistsoffour Divisions andtheOkinawa Subtropical support theactivities oftheseven Research division, but ratherserves tooversee and Division itselfdoesnotactasaresearch delineated inFig.1. JIRCAS’s organizational structureis responsible forgeneraladministrative affairs. Station. TheAdministrationDivision is laboratories oftheOkinawa Subtropical Fisheries Division, as wellasthefive Te and GrasslandDivision, Food Scienceand Environment Division, AnimalProduction Resources Division, Crop Productionand Development Research Division, Biological research divisions whicharecomprisedofthe Coordination Division oversees seven and finance. TheResearchPlanningand relatedtobudgetingfunding andallmatters who oversee theutilizationofinstitutional addition toanExecutive AdvisorandAuditor headed byaPresidentandVice-President, in southernmost region ofJapan.JIRCASis Subtropical StationonIshigaki Islandinthe members arelocatedattheJIRCASOkinawa administrators. Thirty-five ofthesestaff including researchscientistsand To City, approximately60kmnortheastof acilities. chnology Division, Forestry Division, and ky In ordertopromotetheimplementation of The ResearchPlanningandCoordination JIRCAS currentlyhas163staff members, JIRCAS islocatedintheTsukubaScience RESEARCH STRUCTURE ANDEVALU ATIO o. Many oftheIncorporated Research PlanningandCoordination Division. management, andtheother isattachedtothe under theOkinawa Subtropical Station e Management Sectionsthatoversee JIRCAS’s 1). Additionally, JIRCAShastwo Field aforementioned AdministrationDivision (Fig. administrative office thatisoverseen bythe shipments ofequipmentandmaterials. ov including generalinternationalaffairs, pertaining toJIRCAS’s overseas operations, Support Sectionisincharge ofallmatters and wage distribution. TheOverseas Staff accounting, auditing,budgeting, settlements, Accounting Sectionhandlesoverall social affairs pertainingtoJIRCASstaff. The documents, personnel-relatedmatters,and is responsibleforthemanagementofofficial Support Section.TheGeneralAffairs Section Accounting Section,andOverseas Staff three sections:theGeneralAffairs Section, Other Administration Division JIRCAS’s InternationalSymposia. of various meetingsandworkshops including responsible forcoordinatingtheorganization research activities. Inaddition,theDivision is public understandingoftheinstitution’s publications andisresponsibleforpromoting planning, revision, andreleaseofallJIRCAS Public InformationOfficer oversees the to China,SouthAmerica,andAfrica.The comprehensive projects,suchasthoserelating responsible foroverseeing JIRCAS’s The InternationalResearchCoordinatorsare as thereleaseofpublicrelationsmaterials. both overseas anddomesticsources, aswell and provision ofbibliographicmaterialsfrom responsible forthecollection,classification Publication andDocumentationSectionis domestic institutionsandagencies. The and coordinationwithinternational of researchersandadministrators,liaison implementation ofprogramsfortheinvitation researchers onlong-orshort-termbases, JIRCAS researchprojects,dispatchingof responsible fortheoverall planningof the first threesectionslistedabove are xperimental fields; onesectionisdirectly erseas expenditures, andoverseas The Okinawa SubtropicalStationhasan The AdministrationDivision consistsof p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 ページ 15

U ATION AT JIRCAS

Fig. 1. JIRCAS organizational structure.

President Vice-President

Executive Advisor & Auditor

Research Planning and Coordination Division Research Planning Section, Research Coordination Section, International Relations Section, International Research Coordinators, Public Information Officer, Publication and Documentation Section, Field Management Section

Administration Division General Affairs Section, Accounting Section, Overseas Staff Support Section

Development Research Division Development Research Coordinators Regional Trends, Food Supply and Demand Forecasting, Farming Systems, Information Systems

Biological Resources Division Genetic Resources Utilization, Biological Function Development, Breeding Methodologies

Crop Production and Environment Division

Crop Management, Plant Protection, Plant Physiology and Nutrition, Material RESEARCH STRUCTURE AND EVALUATION AT JIRCAS Cycling, Water Resources Management 15 Animal Production and Grassland Division Animal Production, Feed Resources, Tropical Animal Diseases

Food Science and Technology Division Quality Assessment, Distribution and Processing

Forestry Division Degraded Forestlands Rehabilitation, Forest Resources Utilization

Fisheries Division Aquaculture, Fisheries Resources Development, Coastal Environmental Conservation, Fisheries Resources Utilization

Okinawa Subtropical Station Associate Director for Research, International Collaboration Research Section, Administration Office, Islands Environment Management Laboratory, Environmental Stress Laboratory, Tropical Crop Breeding Laboratory, Tropical Fruit Crops Laboratory, Plant Protection Laboratory, Field Management Section p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 11:04 05.10.27 p001-024.qxd 16 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 16 other affiliated IncorporatedAdministrative Agriculture, Forestry andFisheries’seven substantial supportfrom theMinistryof collaborative research projectsreceive In addition,JIRCAS’s international are onlong-termresearchassignmentsabroad. 100 researchers,approximately40ofwhom necessary adjustmentsastheprojectevolves. and JIRCASdirectors,whomake the scientists, internationalresearchcoordinators, generally composedoftheparticipating and administeredbyaworking group America, andAfrica.Eachprojectisguided such asSoutheastAsia,China,South around theworld incountriesandregions is conductingeightcomprehensive projects environmental problems.Currently, JIRCAS agricultural development, foodsecurity, and such pressingmattersassustainable of researchprogramstoeffectively confront research toexpand itsroleintotheinitiation utilizes existing technologies,policies,and functions asathinktank.Next, JIRCAS and policy proposals,JIRCASessentially capacity, bydevising comprehensive research specific needs ofthetarget country. Inthis research strategies andpoliciestailoredtothe and thenproposesinternational collaborative agricultural researchindeveloping regions a variety ofsourcesincludingfoodsupplyand systematically collectsandanalyzesdatafrom r JIRCAS international collaborative Domestic institutionalsupportof research efforts. contribute towards andsupporttheseoverseas with internationalresearchinstitutionsall visiting fellowship program,andcooperation research atJIRCASinJapan,the important agriculturalissues.Domestic address theregion’s mosturgent and out “comprehensive research”inaneffort to JIRCAS anditscounterpart specialistscarry conditions inthetarget countries.Inthisway, including theevaluation ofsocio-economic countries adoptamultidisciplinaryapproach Its collaborative projectsindeveloping role intheinternationalresearchcommunity. objective, JIRCASendeavors toplayanactive collaborative researchprograms.Towards this regions oftheworld throughintegrated, preservation oftheenvironment indeveloping forestry andfisheries compatiblewith sustainable development ofagriculture, esearch JIRCAS maintainsaformalstaff ofover To JIRCAS’s primarymissionistopromote

orchestrate aproject,JIRCASfirst goals areestablishedforthecomingyear. activities areevaluated andnew strategies and thepreviousproject. Atthismeeting, year’s ensure theefficient implementationofeach (NGOs), andtheprivate sector, inorderto universities, non-governmental organizations MAFF, otherMAFF-affiliated IAAs, with theparticipationofrepresentatives from Research forInternationalCollaboration” Meeting fortheReview andPromotionof countries. that cannotbeaccomplishedinthetarget conducting project-relateddomesticresearch international collaborative projectsby Subtropical Station;thesestaff support located inTsukubaandat theOkinawa are notonlong-termassignmentsabroad who lasting 1-2months.JIRCASresearchers other IAAsonshort-term basestypically can requestthedispatchofresearchersfrom requires additionalhumanresources,JIRCAS research staff. For example, whenaproject Agencies (IAAs)andtheir2,700-strong ev o ev from external authoritiesand its semi-autonomy, control withlimitedprior Fo supervision oftheMinistryAgriculture, Administrative Agency (IAA)underthe (JIRCAS) becameanIncorporated Research CenterforAgriculturalSciences research organizations, theJapanInternational the reorganization ofgovernment-affiliated of Japan’s administrative reformfacilitating ev by JIRCASwillperiodically undergo management ofresearchactivities conducted system below andAppendix). Mid-Term Plan and in-houseevaluation implemented adetailedfive-year plan(see on theseobjectives, JIRCAS draftedand programs andfinancial performance. Based improvement ofthequalityresearch enhancement ofresearchefficiency andthe objectives inApril2001,includingthe defined JIRCAS’s five-year mid-term activities. Underthisnew system,MAFF Administrative Agency JIRCAS asanIncorporated wn performance.Theresultsofthe aluation bytheIAAEvaluation Committee aluation systembywhichitevaluates its aluation arethenappliedtosubsequent restry andFisheries(MAFF). Finally, JIRCASconductsan“Annual The mostdistinctive featureofanIAAis On April1,2001,undertheGovernment The performanceand budgeting an ex postfacto p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 ページ 17

established within MAFF, which is composed funds in an efficient, cost-effective manner. of experts from the private sector, universities, IAAs are also responsible for explaining and and other research organizations. During each communicating their performance in both fiscal year, the Committee will investigate and research and administrative operations to the analyze progress towards achieving the mid- Japanese people through various information term objectives, and the results of this channels that are accessible to the public. To evaluation will be applied, as necessary, to achieve these goals, it is necessary to establish structural modifications of operational and an evaluation system that clearly defines the financing systems for subsequent fiscal years. methodology and orientation of research The comprehensive assessment of activities in a manner that will meet public JIRCAS’s performance will contribute expectations. towards the enhancement of the quality of Along these lines and in order for JIRCAS research programs as well as towards more to accomplish its objectives, appropriate efficient utilization of financial resources for evaluation of the institution’s research and promoting collaborative research in administrative operations are to be conducted developing regions. To meet the requirements from quantitative and qualitative viewpoints of this rigorous evaluation, JIRCAS has based on an objective evaluation system. established an in-house evaluation system, which is described in the following sections. JIRCAS Mid-Term Plan and in-house evaluation system The Japanese government’s basic JIRCAS conducts its research activities concepts of science and technology based on mid-term and annual plans (Table 1), evaluation with the results and efficiency of outcomes Under the 2001 “Science and Technology evaluated by the aforementioned IAA Basic Plan” which is reflected in the Japanese Evaluation Committee. This evaluation government’s relevant policies, the Japanese system is best characterized as a bilateral community’s acceptance of science and process by which feedback is exchanged technology is extremely important. Research between JIRCAS and the Committee. organizations that have become IAAs must As shown in Fig. 2, under JIRCAS’s in- clearly identify their research objectives and house evaluation system, individual research the implementation of research and themes outlined in the Mid-Term Plan and development must be enhanced while utilizing Annual Plan are firstly evaluated at the

(con’t on p. 24) RESEARCH STRUCTURE AND EVALUATION AT JIRCAS 17

JIRCAS In-House Evaluation System Fig. 2. JIRCAS in-house evaluation system.

Mid-Term Plan Annual Plan In-division and/or in-station review Internal review External evaluation of Research Planning and Management and institutional Coordination Division, administration operations Administration In-house review External review Division Internal review Conducted by the Modification of Research and Research Divisions, Conducted during External research plans, Okinawa Subtropical outcomes the In-House Evaluation management and Station Review Meeting; Committee; administrative comprehensive recommendations operations as International External review evaluation of all are made to further necessary collaborative JIRCAS activities the effective Conducted by external implementation of research reviewers assigned to research activities projects each project p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 11:04 05.10.27 p001-024.qxd 18 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT Table 1. with environmentalpreservation 1) B. Researchintosustainabledevelopment 2) Characteristicsanddirectionofdevelopmentrelatedtofoodsupplytheenvironment 1) Worldfoodsupplyanddemandcollaborativeresearchstrategy A. Improvementoffoodsupplyanddemandinthedevelopingregions developing regions 2) Qualityevaluation,distribution,andprocessingof agriculture,forestryandfisheriescommoditiesin (2) (1) Evaluationofnutrientcyclingindiversifiedcultivatedecosystemsandsoilamelioration (2) (1) (2) Worldfoodsupplyanddemandmodel,particularlyforChina (1) AnalysisforJIRCASresearchstrategybuilding (2) Processingtechnology and preventionofqualitydeteriorationaromaticrice andothercrops (1) Qualityparametersincluding appearanceandaromaoffoodresourcesinSoutheast Asia (7) Environment-friendlymethodsofaquaculturefor aquaticorganisms (6) Supplementarynaturalregenerationofvaluabletree speciesintropicalforests (5) (4) Localforageresourcessuitableforagro-pastoralsystems (3) Majordiseasesandinsectpestsofrice,soybean,othercropsinSoutheastAsia,South South regions and otherdevelopingregions America, andChina Indonesia, SouthAmerica,WestAfrica,andotherdevelopingregions Sustainable productiontechnologyforagriculture,forestryandfisheriescommoditiesinharmony Low-input productiontechnologyforriceanduplandcropsinThailand,Vietnam,China, Trends inthedevelopmentofsustainablefarmingsystemsIndonesia,Vietnam,Thailand, Major constraintsondevelopmentinIndonesia,WestAfrica,Vietnam,andotherdeveloping Physiological characteristicsoflivestockandprevalent animaldiseasesinThailand,Vietnam, America, andotherregions ページ 18 JIRCAS Mid-TermPlan(April2001ÐMarch2006) Experiments, research,and investigations

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INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH PROJECTS MISCELLANEOUS PROJECTS

Efficient use of water resources in rainfed agriculture Improvement of soil fertility in West Africa Stable food supply systems in China Control of citrus HLB in Southeast Asia DOMESTIC PROJECTS DOMESTIC PROJECTS BY MAFF SUPPORTED Reducing postharvest losses of staples in Southeast Asia Agroforestry technology for tropical forests Production systems in brackish mangrove areas WITH PROJECTS OTHER AGENCIES GOVERMENT COMMISSIONED RESEARCH AND MAFF SPECIAL RESEARCH ALLOTMENTS

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MISCELLANEOUS INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH PROJECTS PROJECTS

Efficient use of water resources in rainfed agriculture Improvement of soil fertility in West Africa Stable food supply systems in China Control of citrus HLB in Southeast Asia DOMESTIC PROJECTS DOMESTIC PROJECTS BY MAFF SUPPORTED Reducing postharvest losses of staples in Southeast Asia Agroforestry technology for tropical forests Production systems in brackish mangrove areas WITH PROJECTS OTHER AGENCIES GOVERMENT COMMISSIONED RESEARCH AND MAFF SPECIAL RESEARCH ALLOTMENTS

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● ● p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 11:04 05.10.27 p001-024.qxd 22 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT Agriculture, Forestry andFisheries. Fig. 3.Incorporated Administrative Agenciesaffiliated totheMinistryof Research CouncilSecretariat Agriculture, ForestryandFisheries National InstituteofVegetable andTea Science Science National InstituteofLivestockandGrassland National InstituteofAgrobiological Sciences We National AgriculturalResearch Centerfor National Institutefor RuralEngineering National InstituteofAnimalHealth Advancement Institution Bio-oriented Technology Research Kyushu OkinawaRegion National Agriculture Research Centerfor Sciences National Institutefor Agro-Environmental Research Council Agriculture,and Fisheries Forestry National InstituteofFloriculturalScience National AgriculturalResearch Center National InstituteofCrop Science To National AgriculturalResearch Centerfor for for Japan InternationalRe National InstituteofFruitTree Science National FoodResearch Institute Hokkaido Region National AgriculturalResearch Centerfor hoku Region stern Region stern Organization Bio-oriented Research National Agricultureand Ag ri cul ページ 22 tur al Sciences search Center Fisheries of Agriculture, Forestry and Po licy Research Institute Minister’s Secretariat Japan. comprehensive researchefforts in MAFF andtheIAAs,promotes an organizational bodylinking and FisheriesResearchCouncil, MAFF. The Forestry Agriculture, Research Instituteisattachedto research institute,thePolicy nine. Inaddition,asanational of consists Research Agency institutes andtheFisheries of twelve satellite research Research Organization consists Agriculture andBio-oriented 3 and 4).Ofnote,theNational (Figs. institution fi sheries forestry institution,andone six agricultureinstitutions,one Fisheries (MAFF)consistof and Forestry of Agriculture, development fortheMinistry (IAAs) involved inresearchand Administrative Agencies The eightIncorporated Forestry andFisheriesofJapan Ministry ofAgriculture, , Ministry Satellite research institutes Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry andFisheries affi Incorporated AdministrativeAgencies Agriculture, Forestry andFisheries National research instituteattachedtotheMinistry of Research Institute Forestry andForestProducts Forestry Agency Hokkaido NationalFisheriesResearch Institute Science National Research InstituteofFisheries Fisheries National Research InstituteofFarSeas Environment ofInlandSea National Research InstituteofFisheriesand Institute Japan SeaNationalFisheriesResearch Engineering National Research InstituteofFisheries Seikai NationalFisheriesResearch Institute To National Research InstituteofAquaculture hoku NationalFisheriesResearch Institute Agency Fisheries Research Fisheries Agency liated tothe p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 ページ 23

Fig 4. Location Map.

Hokkaido National Fisheries Research Institute (Kushiro)

National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region (Sapporo)

Tohoku National Fisheries Research Institute National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region (Morioka) (Shiogama)

Japan Sea National Fisheries Research Institute (Niigata) National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science (Nasushiobara)

Hokuriku Research Center, National Agricultural Research National Agriculture and Bio-oriented Research Center (Jouetsu) Organization (Tsukuba) National Agricultural Research Center National Institute of Crop Science National Institute of Fruit Tree Science National Agricultural Research Center for Western Region (Fukuyama) National Institute of Floricultural Science National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science National Research Institute of Fisheries and National Institute of Animal Health Environment of Inland Sea (Ono-cho, Saeki-gun) National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences National Institute for Rural Engineering National Food Research Institute

Japan International Research Center for RESEARCH STRUCTURE AND EVALUATION AT JIRCAS Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 23 National Research Institute of Fisheries Engineering (Hazaki-machi, Kashima-gun))

Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution (Saitama)

Policy Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (Tokyo) National Research Institute of Fisheries Science (Yokohama) National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries (Shimizu) National Research Institute of Aquaculture (Nansei-cho, Watarai-gun) National Research Institute of Vegetable and Tea Science (Ano-cho, Age-gun) Shikoku Research Center, National Agricultural Research Center for Western Region (Zentsuji)

National Agricultural Research Center for Kyushu Okinawa Region (Nishigoshi-cho, Kikuchi-gun)

Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute (Nagasaki)

JIRCAS Okinawa Subtropical Station (Ishigaki) p001-024.qxd 05.10.27 11:04 11:04 05.10.27 p001-024.qxd 24 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 24 sector whoareappointedbythePresidentof administrators andofficers fromthepublic by Japaneseandforeignscientists, international collaborative researchprojects reviews areconductedannuallyforindividual areas. Priortoin-housereview, external specifically targeted geographicalortopical collaborative researchprojectsthatfocuson components areorganized intointernational Te individual researchcomponentsoftheMid- the disseminationofresearchresults. outcomes, andexamine theeffectiveness of Station evaluate JIRCAS’s researchand Divisions andtheOkinawa Subtropical Administration Division. TheResearch and CoordinationDivision andthe jointly conductedbytheResearchPlanning administration ofJIRCAS’s operationsis ev through earlyJanuary. Concurrently, meetings areconductedfrommid-December JIRCAS administratorsanddirectors.These during internalreview meetingsattendedby division orstationlevel byeachdirector (con’t fromp.17) JIRCAS ANNUAL REPORT EDITORIAL BOARD Hashimoto, Noriko Moriyama) Y Marcy N.Wilder; backrow: Ryuichi Fumio Yoshida, MasamiYasunaka, (front row: Kunimasa Matsumoto, Committee, andAdvisoryPanel. Editors-in-Chief, Editorial by aChairman,Vice-Chairman, administrators andresearchersserved editorial boardformedbystaff and CoordinationDivision andan managed bytheResearchPlanning amada, Yoshinobu Egawa, Junji aluation ofthemanagementand rm PlanandAnnualPlans,mostofthe F JIRCAS’s AnnualReportis or efficient implementationofthe Te conducted accordingtotheJIRCASMid- research activities asnecessary. effective implementationofJIRCAS’s and make recommendationsforthefurther JIRCAS’s Mid-Term PlanandAnnualPlans achievement ofobjectives defined in e aspects ofinstitutionaloperations.These JIRCAS’s Presidentfortheevaluation ofall Evaluation Committeeappointedby Review MeetingarepresentedtotheExternal outcomes andconclusionsoftheIn-House Research Coordinators.InMarch,the all administrators,directors,andInternational held inearlyFebruary, whichisattendedby place duringtheIn-HouseReview Meeting ev ev each project. JIRCAS. Several reviewers areassignedto Appendix. the Mid-Term Plan are detailedinthe xternal reviewers evaluate theoverall aluation ofallJIRCAS’s activities takes rm Planareshown inTable 1.Thetenetsof aluation, acomprehensive in-house Experiments, research,andinvestigations Based ontheabove threetypesof p025-035.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 ページ 25

RESEARCH OVERVIEW p025-035.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 11:06 05.10.27 p025-035.qxd 26 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 26 va were originallycarriedoutunderTARC anda specific, focused, unidisciplinaryprojectsthat projects, JIRCAScontinuestopromote country. Inadditiontothesecomprehensive conferences andworkshops withthepartner and oftensponsorsresearch-related short-term researcherstodeveloping countries given long-and project,JIRCASdispatches and socialsciences.Within thescopeofa Projects combineresearchinboththenatural confront today’s developing countries. supply andenvironmental issues,allofwhich agricultural systemsandaddressingfood problems suchasdeveloping sustainable focused onrespondingtovarious agricultural comprehensive projectswerelaunchedthat restructured tocreateJIRCAS,aseriesof Agricultural ResearchCenter(TARC) was and universities. WhentheTropical Incorporated Administrative Agencies(IAAs), including internationalresearchcenters,other association withvarious otherinstitutions, forestry andfisheries andarecarriedoutin JIRCAS encompassallfields ofagriculture, and themesinwhichJIRCAS canbest select several representative researchfields problems ofthepartnercountry andthen most significant foodsupplyandagricultural based comprehensive projects identifythe e Thailand, Malaysia,andthePhilippinesare needs oftheregion. ProjectsinVietnam, upon multidisciplinaryresearchtoaddressthe and administration.Theseprojectsthendraw natural resources,environment, technology, variousrelationships between factors suchas region throughfocusedresearchonthe forestry andfisheries issuesofaspecific systematically analyzetheagricultural, “multinational comprehensive projects.” “country-based comprehensive projects,” and “site-specific comprehensive projects,” have beendivided intothreeclassifications: W Thailand, Vietnam, andthePhilippines; Pa America includingBrazil,Argentina, and in thePeople’s RepublicofChina;South w comprehensive projects.In2004,JIRCAS developments inJIRCAS’s ongoing xamples ofsite-specific projects.Country- as involved ineightcomprehensive projects est AfricaincludingNiger. Theseprojects riety ofothermiscellaneousprojects. raguay; SoutheastAsiaincludingMalaysia, International collaborative projectsat Site-specific comprehensive projectsfirst The following sectionpresentsrecent AT INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH JIRCAS primary themes:1)Development ofbreeding addressing theseconcerns. South Americaareanimportant way of efficient systems ofsoybean productionin efforts todevelop sustainableandmore Comprehensive andmultinationalresearch affect futuresoybean production. and diseases,soilerosionmayadversely cropping maycauseseriousoutbreaksofpests characterized bylow fertility. Continuous conditions suchasaridandacidsoils areas withenvironmentally vulnerable to rapidlyexpand soybean cultivation into engage incontinuoussoybean productionand for soybeans have motivated farmers to e placing themamongtheleadingsoybean account forhalfofglobalsoybean production, and Paraguay (MERCOSUR countries) major grains.Atpresent,Brazil,Argentina, the pastthreedecadesincomparisonwith v protein-rich livestock feed.Productionofthis it provides amajorsourceoffood,oil,and utilization inSouthAmerica improvement, production and Comprehensive studiesonsoybean AMERICA: SOUTH of thissection. JIRCAS researcherscanbefoundattheend comprehensive projectsundertaken by counterpart countries.Acompletelistingof conducted toidentifyresearch prioritiesin projects, socio-economicstudiesare planning stagesofthesecomprehensive participating researchdivisions. Duringthe collaboration amongresearchersin leader whoorganizes andoversees are multinationalprojects. projects inSouthAmericaandWest Africa resolve strategically importantissues.The multiple countries inacooperative effort to f projects incorporateresearchersinmany partner country. Multinationalcomprehensive collaboration withthegovernment ofthe comprehensive jointresearchthrough problems. Inaddition,theseprojectspromote contribute toward theresolutionofthose ields fromawideregion encompassing xport countries.Recenthighmarket prices aluable crophasincreasedsubstantially in The projectframework consistsofthree The soybean isanimportantstaplecrop,as Each comprehensive projecthasa p025-035.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 ページ 27

technologies for soybean and grasses, 2) Agro-ecological and physiological characterization in agro-pastoral systems, and 3) Improvement of agro-pastoral systems. These research themes have been implemented in collaboration with several South American (MERCOSUR) and Japanese research organizations, including the Brazilian Fig. 1. (a) Severe soybean Agricultural Research Corporation rust damage in Brazil and (b) (EMBRAPA) in Brazil, the Ministry of cysts (arrows) on infested Agriculture and Livestock (MAG) in soybean roots in Paraguay. Paraguay, the National Institute of Agricultural Technology (INTA) in Argentina, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), the National Federation of Agricultural Cooperative Associations for Colonization (JATAK), and other Japanese research institutes and universities. Soybeans have been damaged by drought over two consecutive crop seasons, especially during 2003-2004 and 2004-2005. Development of a drought-tolerant soybean is one of the major targets of the project, and molecular biological and physiological studies of drought tolerance are now being carried out. In collaboration with the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja (CNPSo), EMBRAPA, several transformants using the DREB gene have been obtained with the aim of further molecular and genetic investigation of its silage on the milk yield of dairy cattle were Fig. 2. Beef cattle on an agro- expression in soybeans. On the other hand, to examined in collaboration with INTA. pastoral farm system in Brazil. isolate soybean stress-inducible genes and In FY2003, JIRCAS dispatched six long- stress-inducible promoters, approximately term and seven short-term scientists to

20,000 full-length soybean cDNA clones have EMBRAPA, MAG, and INTA. One scientist INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AT JIRCAS been sequenced from both the 5«- and 3«-ends. from INTA and one from CETAPAR-JICA 27 A microarray system will be developed using were each invited for collaborative studies for these sequence data. one month. Soybean rust has become the most serious disease of soybeans since the first outbreak in Paraguay and Brazil in 2001. Patho-ecological THAILAND: studies have continued in collaboration with Development of low-input technology CNPSo, which have identified further for reducing postharvest losses of expansion of the disease and voluntary staples in Southeast Asia soybean and several wild-growing hosts susceptible to rust in the winter. A JIRCAS A five-year (2000-2004) project entitled nematologist, based at Instituto Agronomico “Development of low-input technology for Nacional (IAN), MAG, Paraguay, reported the reducing postharvest losses of staples in soybean cyst-nematode at several new sites Southeast Asia” has been completed. This but serious damage caused by cyst-nematodes, project was implemented to address the fortunately, remains limited. serious problem of the postharvest loss of A large-scale field experiment conducted staples, estimated at approximately 30% in at JICA’s Centro Tecnologico Agropecuario Southeast Asia, due to improper drying and en Paraguay (CETAPAR) resulted in a higher insect infestation under hot and humid yield of soybeans in agro-pastoral plots than climatic conditions. The project focused on in continuous soybean cropping plots. The the following four primary themes: 1) Survey effect of soybean by-products used as winter of postharvest losses of rice and identification supplements on the digestive function of of factors effecting quality change; 2) grazing beef cattle and the effect of soybean Analysis of the annual incidence of major p025-035.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 11:06 05.10.27 p025-035.qxd 28

project. evaluation meetingofthe Participants atthefinal JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 28 Anisopteromalus calandrae mass rearingconditionsandtheefficacy of and theirnaturalenemieswasdeveloped; 5) diagram oftherelationshipsamongpests biological agentsagainst insectpests;4)a species wereconcludedtohave potentialas of which6parasitoidsand4hemipteran species (5orders)ofpredatorswerecollected, species (7families) ofparasitoidsand50 rice wereclarified. FromTheme2,3)29 acetyl-1-pyrroline contentchangeinaromatic effects ofpackagingandtemperature on2- rice andnoodleswereclarified; and2)the properties ofriceandthequalitycooked effects ofstorageonphysicochemical whole wereasfollows: fromTheme1,1)the National AgriculturalResearchOrganization. the NationalFood ResearchInstituteandthe Te University, KingMongkut’s University of the ThaiDepartmentofAgriculture,Kasetsart project was conductedincollaborationwith reducing postharvest The lossesofstaples. environment-friendly technologiesfor substances; and4)Development of natural enemiesandbioactive botanical and biologicalcontrolofinsectpestsusing Development oflow-input dryingtechnology of damageandpossibleprevention; 3) insect pestsfoundinstoredproducts,sources fluidized-bed drying,in-storeand at hightemperatureswithairflow, a totaldryingsystemcomprisingrapid va drying methodsusingaportableblower and time andpublished.FromTheme3,7)pre- pests inThailandwasthefirst compiledfor categorizing enemiesofinsect thenatural weevils wereclarified, and6)aguidebook rious naturaladsorbentsweredeveloped; 8) chnology, andJapaneseinstitutionssuchas The majoroutcomesoftheprojectasa against maize in SoutheastAsia. thus thoughttobeaffordable tosmallfarmers pests. Thosemethodsareinexpensive and appeared tobeeffective insuppressinginsect bioactive botanicalsandnatural enemies as onemonth;and14)thesimultaneoususeof of rice,especiallyduringstorageforaslong clearly confirmed toprevent insectinfestation 13) effectiveness ofcleaningstoreswas were purified andidentified. FromTheme4, bioactive componentsofnatural products red flourbeetle,andfungi;12)the to have suppressantactivities onweevils, the long pepper, dodders,andbasilswere found citronella grass,lemonpomelopeel, were clarified; 11)naturalproductssuchas Sitophilus zeamais including pests; 10)suppression effects ofparasitoids new naturalenemyofstored-productinsect science, andmycologyhave beendispatched researchers specializingin silviculture, soil of agroforestryactivities. canopies; andfinally, socio-economicanalysis arboreal andnon-arborealcropsunderforest create efficient methodsofgrowing both production; development oftechnologiesto ev agroforestry production;environmental establishment ofafavorable environment for technological development toenable the been themainfocusofthisproject: Sabah, Malaysia. Department oftheStateGovernment of Fo implemented mainlyincollaborationwiththe forest resources.Theprojectwas conservation andsustainablemanagementof well astopromoteenvironmental to mitigateagriculture-forestryconflictsas the rehabilitationoftropicalforests,” aiming “Development ofagroforestrytechnologyfor initiated ajointresearchprojectentitled tropical forests technology for therehabilitation of Development ofagroforestry MALAYSIA: Amphibolus venator the predatoryabilityofpredacious bugs drying withdesiccanthasbeenproposed;9) f w iled fortechnologyusing as clarified, andpatentapplicationswere aluation inthecontext ofagroforestry rest ResearchCenter(FRC)oftheForest Since December2001,three JIRCAS The following fourresearchtopicshave In FiscalYear 2000,theForestry Division Theocolax elegans , indrumsofbrown rice and J oppeicus paradoxus J. J. on maizeweevil, paradoxus as a p025-035.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 ページ 29

on long-term assignments. All of them fulfilled their research assignments and have returned to JIRCAS; the next researchers specializing in silviculture and soil science have been on assignment since December 2003 and December 2004, respectively. During Fiscal Year 2004, JIRCAS dispatched six short-term researchers to the FRC. Two of them were dispatched in the field of silviculture in June and November 2004, one in soil science in March 2005, one to conduct chemical analysis of medicinal trees in February 2005, and the last two for the purpose of socio-economic analysis of agroforestry activities in March 2005. Mr. Jaffirin Lapongan, the head of the FRC’s Plantation Laboratory, was invited to JIRCAS in March 2005 to exchange opinions and review progress made under the project. JIRCAS also invited Mr. Mohamed Bazain reported the progress of their studies. More Agroforestry experimental plot at the Kolapis Station of the Bin Idris, the Sabah State Attorney-General, than 100 participants from various institutes Sabah Forest Research and Mr. Anuar Mohamad, the head of the attended, including the FRC, the Sabah Center in Malaysia. Sabah Biodiversity Center, to Japan in Forestry Department, universities, logging February 2005 in order to discuss various companies, and timber industry associations. issues relating to the development of On the second day of the workshop, an agroforestry technology. excursion was arranged to the FRC’s JIRCAS organized a workshop on agroforestry experimental plots at its Kolapis December 1-2, 2004 in collaboration with the Station. More than 30 participants took part FRC to report on the progress of the project. and exchanged technical information related Twelve researchers taking part in the project to agroforestry systems.

SOUTHEAST ASIA: Losses are especially significant with the INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AT JIRCAS Studies on sustainable production orange-spotted grouper and other 29 systems of aquatic animals in economically important species in the brackish mangrove areas Philippines. A Division researcher on a long- term assignment to the Southeast Asian Since the previous fiscal year, a second Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) in long-term researcher has joined this project, Ilo Ilo is working to develop rapid diagnosis and is residing at the Fisheries Research methods based on cell culture and PCR that Institute Malaysia (FRIM) in Penang. This will allow the early detection of the disease participation is expected to greatly accelerate and thus circumvent large-scale outbreaks. research on spatio-temporal abundance and The results of this research this past year have trophodynamics of larvae and juveniles of revealed several areas that require subsequent economically important fish species in the attention. Most groupers were thought to be Matang Mangrove. At the same time, an already infected with the virus, but further in- animal physiologist has been sent to Thailand depth investigations will be required in order replacing previous personnel, and will to elucidate the background infection rate. If promote studies on the evaluation and this rate is very high, it may be necessary to improvement of aquaculture pond develop virus-free broodstock; moreover, it environments. The over-arching goal of this may be necessary to develop better diagnostic project is to deliver a new aquaculture system methods. The sensitivity of the cell culture model upon its completion. method was not yet sufficient for detecting the Viral nervous necrosis (VNN) disease, virus in minute quantities, and PCR methods which induces mass mortality in fish also exhibited scope for improvement. At following infection, causes serious damage to present, it is not possible to obtain samples the aquaculture industry all over the world. without sacrificing fish, as the main infected p025-035.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 11:06 05.10.27 p025-035.qxd 30

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT were completelydestroyed. Aquaculture facilitieshere in Matang,Malaysia. Scene fromafterthetsunami ページ 30 important fish speciessuchasgrouper. stocks andmigrationroutesofcommercially caused bytheearthquake mayaffect the Changes inthelandformofseabottom shown inthephoto,was destroyed inentirety. research sites,locatedinMatang,Malaysiaas industry, particularly in Thailand.Oneofour also causedmassive damagetothefisheries toll was estimatedatmorethan200,000,but it Thailand facing theIndian Ocean.Thedeath that resultedswamped coastalareasin Sumatra. Thetsunamiofunprecedentedscale earthquake occurred off thenorthcoastof aquaculture pondenvironments. obtained formaintainingtheenvironment of elucidated, andthatusefuldatawillbe aquaculture pondsandmangroves willbe relationship betweenliving systemsin result ofthisresearch,itisexpected thatthe they couldbeusedasnaturalfeeds.Asa during theexperimental periodsuggestthat Fluctuations innumbersofcertainspecies improving aquaculture pondenvironments. selecting appropriateshrimpfeedsand Thailand fromtheviewpoint ofdeveloping or in coastalareasandaquacultureponds identified by analysisofmacro-benthicfauna destructive methodsofviralanalysis To tissue consistsofthecentralnervous system.

On December26,2004,adestructive In addition,several dominantspecieswere this end,wehopetodevelop non- follows. 1)Inthecatchment area wherethe of theresearchhighlights obtainedareas chosen formultidisciplinary research.Some V site-based approach,inwhich NongSaen project fromitsstartthreeyearsagoisthe participating actively inbothmeetings. counterpart organizations presenting and 25, 2005,withscientistsfromJIRCASand Results Meetingwas heldon February24and this yearonJuly21and22,2004the project year. ThePlanning Meetingwas held Annual ResultsMeetingattheendof Meeting atthestartofprojectyearandan carried outthroughanAnnualPlanning technologies throughparticipatorymethods. integration intofarming systemsofnew effective water use,and3)Adaptation and of cropproductiontechnologiesformore in existing farming systems,2)Development of factors limitingmoreefficient useofwater regional water availability andidentification of threemainthemes:1)Assessment fa Thailand andLaoswhere small-scalemixed upland boundaryzonesspreadover northeast The target areasoftheprojectarelowland- characterized byhighwater useefficiency. with cropandanimalproductiontechnologies storage, anddistribution ofwater, together specific technologiesforthecollection, approach. Thisprojectaimstodevelop conducted usingafarmer-participatory their development throughon-farm research new technologies,they needtobeinvolved in Furthermore, inorderforfarmers toadopt systems thatwillincreaseeconomicoptions. to integrate various technologiesintofarming better utilizationofwater resources,but also Te utilization ofwater resourcesisessential. development oftechnologies forefficient agricultural productionintheseregions, production inrainfedagriculture.To improve major constraintsonincreasingagricultural rainfall andlackofwater indryseasonsare part oftheIndochina Peninsula.Erratic rainfall arewidelydistributed inthecentral orlargelyproduction istotally dependenton r through efficient useofwater rainfed agriculture inIndochina Increasing economicoptionsin INDOCHINA: esources (RainfedAgriculture) illage, 40kmsouthofKhon KaenCity, was rming ispredominant.The projectconsists chnologies areneedednotonlytoachieve One ofthestrategies adoptedbythe As intheprevious year, theprojectwas Rainfed regions whereagricultural p025-035.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 ページ 31

village is located, a considerable volume of groundwater resources is present in the deep soil layer (5-30 m). It was shown that the groundwater is recharged at elevations higher than 200 m above sea level and discharged into rivers and lakes at elevations lower than 170 m. 2) A hydrologic model was developed for estimating daily water movements in rainfed paddies. The model was combined with a rice yield sub-model to estimate the impact of water stress on rice production. It was applied to a 20 km2 area and rice yields in 2002 and 2003 were estimated. The results showed that the estimated yield in 2002 was higher than that in 2003, which agreed with actual conditions. 3) Three programs were carried out as part of participatory technology development with farmers. i) The cultivation of tomatoes with reduced irrigation was tested vegetable prices are high but production is Participants at the Annual Results Meeting held on by 10 farmers in 44 trials and 84% of them limited by excessive rain, erosion, and pond February 24 - 25 in Khon were managed with less than 30 mm of water competition with rice. Mesh (farmer- Kaen. Presentations and discussions were held on the irrigation. Almost 50% of farmers succeeded proposed) and clear plastic (researcher- research results from 2004- in harvesting more than local average yields. proposed) roofs increased tomato, shallot, and 2005. ii) Pasture fields were established with cattle coriander yield. For tomatoes, plastic had the farmers, and feeding trials were conducted highest rates of return of 39% at a price of using forage from fields, sugarcane silage, or 27.25 B*/kg (range 5-50 B/kg). Mesh had the low quality roughage. Based on discussions highest rates of return of 55% for coriander at with farmers and trial outputs in the village, a price of 11 B/kg (range 7-15 B/kg) and 83% the optimal type of sugarcane for providing for shallots at a price of 25 B/kg (range 10-40 roughage during the dry season was B/kg). The magnitude of the effect varied with identified. iii) The integrated farming group the type of farmer management. (*B = Thai was launched in the rainy season, when baht) INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AT JIRCAS 31 WEST AFRICA: retaining medium. This low nutrient capacity Improvement of the fertility of sandy is an intrinsic limiting factor on agricultural soils in the semi-arid zones of West production in the region. In such soils, organic Africa through organic matter matter (OM) plays an important role in soil management fertility as both a source of nutrients and a medium for their retention. Even with The Sahel, the southern peripheral region sufficient use of chemical fertilizers, the of the Sahara Desert, is frequently afflicted by maintenance of soil organic matter is devastating drought and resulting famine. The important for the preservation of soil fertility. sandy soils of the Sahel are very poor and However, the mechanism and effectiveness of infertile. To battle these harsh environmental OM in sandy soils in semi-arid zones have not conditions, close cooperation has developed been sufficiently elucidated. Of greater among millet/sorghum-based farmers and concern, sources of OM, such as crop residues cattle herders. Agro-pastoral practices form and manure, are in short supply, impeding the the basis of the agricultural systems in this improvement of soil fertility through organic region. However, current population growth matter management. To address these and soil management that is not able to cope problems, JIRCAS has initiated a five-year with climate change have affected the agro- project that began in April 2003 at Niamey, environmental resources of the region, and are Niger, with the additional collaboration of the now endangering the sustainability of International Crops Research Institute for the agriculture and the livelihood of the people. Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and Kyoto The sandy soils in the Sahel contain a very University. small amount of clay, which acts as a nutrient- The goal of the project is to study the p025-035.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 11:06 05.10.27 p025-035.qxd 32

growing infallowlandNiger. ability toimprovesoilfertility, promising nativeplantwiththe leguminous herbandahighly Cassia mimosoides JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT , anannual ページ 32 management. AttheprojectsiteatFakara several importantfindings forsoil ove followed eachresearchpathsetoutinthe in theregion. Ky trials withtheclosecollaborationofICRISAT, be proposedandtestedby meansofon-farm natural resourcestopreserve soilfertilitywill and techniquesforsustainablemanagementof these researchactivities, improved systems nitrogen-fixing ability. Basedontheresultsof nutrients, prevention ofsoil erosion,and a sourceofOM,solubilization ofimmobile preservation, suchasproductionofbiomass ev and exotic plantgeneticresourceswillbe utilization inagriculturalsystems.Indigenous the useoflegume cropsforefficient genetic resources,withemphasisplacedon implements systematic evaluation ofplant systems fortheregion. Theprojectalso developing rationalfertilitymanagement knowledge suchasthiscouldbeusefulin Accumulating fundamentalinformation and fractions oforganic nitrogeninsoils. species intheirabilitytoutilizedifferent that thereisawidevariation amongcrop addressed. Ithasrecentlybeendemonstrated inorganic fertilizershave notbeenthoroughly soils, andtheinteractionbetweenorganic and dynamics andretentionoforganic nitrogenin fundamental researchissuessuchasthe solutions withinshortperiodsoftime, Africa, have beenforcingscientiststodevelop especially agriculture-relatedproblemsin conditions. Sincepressing concerns, complexes insandysoilsundersemi-arid structures andfunctionsoforganic-inorganic aluated fromtheviewpoint ofsoilfertility oto University, andotherresearchinstitutes Now initssecondyear, theprojecthas rall work plan.Theprojecthasachieved implementation, collaborative research second oneintothree.During thefirst year of is divided intofive subsidiarytopicsandthe for ruraleconomystabilization. Thefirst area and theotheronproposalsof policy measures on thedevelopment ofearlywarning systems, composed oftwo majorresearchtopics: one programs werelaunched.Theprojectis (September 2004),thevarious research involved (July2004),andsigningofMOUs comprehensive agreementbythegovernments pre-evaluation meeting (June 2004), fluctuations. domestic andinternationalmarket and farmer-market integration as wellas economic analysesonfarm management risks measures byconductingvarious socio- alternative farm managementandinstitutional model simulation,and2)To propose of agro-meteorologicalmonitoringandcrop- droughts throughtechnologicalenhancement climatic disasterssuchascoolsummersand systems formitigatingtheriskscausedby year projectare:1)To develop early-warning improvement ofsoilfertilityinthisregion. contribute significantly tomaintenanceand indigenous plantspeciesthat appearto production andmarkets inChina f Studies onstablefood supplysystems CHINA: To major cropssuchaspearlmilletinthisregion. important roleasamajornitrogen donorfor (PEON) hasrevealed thatPEONisplayingan phosphate buffer-extractable organic nitrogen roles inreleasingnutrients.Analysisof and/or corrallinghave been playingimportant by water content,implyingthatfallowing the availability ofcarbonsources,ratherthan sandy soilappeartobecontrolledmainlyby that theactivities ofmicroorganisms in the the soilssampledinthisregion have indicated and pastoralshave beencollected. Analysesof practices andrelationshipsbetweenfarmers knowledge andinformationonagricultural monitoring spots,inwhichindigenous near Niamey, several villageswereselectedas isotopes ( of biomass.Basedonanalysis usingstable asasupplier selected basedontheirabilities ev more than160cowpea lineshave been or mitigatingthefluctuationsof aluated inthefield, and several have been

After aseriesofformalprocesses,i.e., The specific objectives ofthisnew five- select germplasmsuitableforthisregion, δ 15 N), wehave identified several p025-035.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 ページ 33

activities commenced for seven subsidiary topics out of the eight. That corresponding to the establishment of early warning systems is still in the preparatory stages. Several accomplishments have already been achieved up until the present. Under the first topic, a standardized data handling system for agro-meteorological data synthesized from various sources was developed, making it possible to convey full- scale climatic data directly to researchers’ desks. Several field-servers (equipment used in real-time data acquisition) were also set up in experimental fields of Hebei Agricultural University in northern China. Relating to the second topic, a workshop for the purpose of discussing the project outputs and exchanging views among participating researchers was held in Tsukuba showing that several types of producers’ Demonstration of meteorological data conveyed in March 2005. A prototype of a farm organizations are being established in rural form Heilongjiang Province. household management model that deals with China and are playing varying roles in raising the economic risks inherent in climatic farm incomes. It was also pointed out that disasters was exhibited at the workshop, and studies on crop insurance systems would be in addition, survey results were published relevant to the objectives of the project.

VIETNAM: is endemic and (2) Advising stakeholders to Development of new technologies for take measures to control the disease based on the control of citrus huanglongbing useful scientific information. The project’s (HLB) in Southeast Asia objective is to develop individual physical, chemical, or biological control methods for Citrus HLB, or citrus greening disease, is reducing infection of HLB in disease-free

seriously threatening the productivity of citrus trees in citrus orchards by analyzing the INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AT JIRCAS trees in tropical and subtropical regions in behavior of citrus psyllids in the field. The 33 East and Southeast Asia. “Huanglongbing” sub-themes of the project are (1) Diagnosis of (HLB) is the Chinese name of the condition, pathogenic bacteria of citrus HLB, (2) Control which means “yellow dragon disease.” of psyllids in citrus fields in Vietnam, (3) The pathogenic bacterium (Candidatus Examination of the disease development Liberibacter asiaticus) of citrus HLB is mechanisms in citrus plants, and (4) transmitted by an insect vector, the Asian Examination of the economic impact of HLB citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri. HLB-free in farm management in the Mekong Delta trees are easily infected through the sucking region. of young shoots by these viruliferous vectors. Two JIRCAS researchers, a plant Eradication of the pathogen or vectors is pathologist (since May 2004) and an impossible in severely affected areas where entomologist (since March 2005), have been citrus orchards are continuously distributed. It dispatched on long-term assignments to is therefore essential that we develop SOFRI in Tien Giang, Vietnam. Several technologies for controlling the vectors Japanese researchers were also dispatched on through investigation of psyllid ecology to short-term assignments for promoting specific reduce disease occurrence. For this purpose, sub-themes and for discussing the contents of JIRCAS has initiated a five-year project that experiments. started in April, 2004, in collaboration with The chief research activities in Vietnam’s Southern Fruit Research Institute collaboration with SOFRI’s researchers in (SOFRI). Fiscal Year 2004 are as follows. Migrations of The overall goals of the project are: (1) the pathogen in graft-inoculated trees were Disseminating practical disease-control examined by quantitative PCR, and a new methods in developing countries where HLB diagnostic method, loop-mediated isothermal p025-035.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 11:06 05.10.27 p025-035.qxd 34

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT 2004. Vietnam, onNovember15, was heldinMyThoCity, citrus HLBinSoutheastAsia,” collaboration forcontrolling “Steps towardmutual International Workshop, The JIRCAS-SOFRI ページ 34 implemented tosupport theoverseas studies Station, researchprogramshave been and rootstockperformance. to conductexperiments onpsyllidecology screenhouses, andfields wereset upinorder rootstock performancesweregrown in e Region, Japan.Nurserytreesutilizedin Research CenterfortheKyushu-Okinawa collaboration withtheNationalAgricultural applied tothedetectionofpathogenin amplification (LAMP),was successfully xperiments ondiseasetoleranceand At theJIRCASOkinawa Subtropical Asia. this highlydestructive diseaseinSoutheast network thatwillbeeffective incombatting contributed totheformationofaresearch Wo also Topics, Okinawa SubtropicalStation). ethological field studiesofthepsyllids(see methodology willcontribute toecologicaland and forlongerdurationsindryseasons.This psyllids for40dayseven intherainy season powder, canbeusedforthedetectionof the dust-markingmethod,usingfluorescent HLB.Intheformer,diagnostic methodsfor another isthedevelopment ofserological marking methodsforcitruspsyllids,and in Vietnam. Oneisthedevelopment of We implemented atSOFRIwerealsointroduced. F situation ofHLBproblemsinSoutheastAsia. Cambodia) weregiven covering thepresent (Vietnam, and Thailand,Indonesia,Japan, T ke the promotionofthisproject.Following a review thestatusofcitrusHLBinrelationto V Southeast Asia,” was City, heldinMyTho collaboration forcontrollingcitrusHLBin our internationalprojectsthathave been aiwan University, five countryreports ietnam, onNovember to 15,2004inorder ynote lecturebyDr. Hong-JiSu,National The JIRCAS-SOFRIInternational

rkshop, “Stepstoward mutual are certainthatthisworkshop has p025-035.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 ページ 35

INTERNATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE PROJECTS All projects are handled by JIRCAS Research Divisions. Time Frame Project Title Research Site

1997-2006 Comprehensive studies on soybean Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG), improvement, production and utilization in Paraguay; JICA-Agricultural Technology Center in South America Paraguay (CETAPAR), Paraguay; National Center for Soybean Research and National Center for Beef Cattle Research, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Brazil; Marcos Juarez Agricultural Experiment Station, the National Institute for Agricultural Technology (INTA), Argentina

2000-2004 Development of low-input technology for Kasetsart University, King Mongkut's University of reducing postharvest losses of staples in Technology, and Department of Agriculture (DOA), Southeast Asia Thailand

2000-2006 Development of agroforestry technology for the Sabah Forest Research Centre, Malaysia rehabilitation of tropical forests

2001-2005 Studies on sustainable production systems of The Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center aquatic animals in brackish mangrove areas (SEAFDEC), the Philippines; Fisheries Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) and the University of Malaya, Malaysia; Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University, Thailand

2002-2008 Increasing economic options in rainfed Department of Agriculture (DOA), Khon Kaen Animal agriculture in Indochina through efficient use of Nutritional Research Center, and Department of water resources Livestock Development (DLD), Thailand INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH AT JIRCAS 2003-2007 Improvement of the fertility of sandy soils in International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid 35 the semi-arid zones of West Africa through Tropics (ICRISAT), Niger organic matter management

2004-2008 Studies on stable food supply systems for Research Department of Rural Economic Development, mitigating the fluctuations of production and Research Center of the State Council, People's Republic markets in China of China; Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, People's Republic of China; Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China; Institute of Agricultural Economics, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, People's Republic of China

2004-2008 Development of new technologies for the Southern Fruit Research Institute (SOFRI), Vietnam control of citrus huanglongbing (HLB) in Southeast Asia p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 11:06 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 36

Mongolia. A surveyofdailyactivitiesin JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 36 econometric/quantitative models. geographical informationsystems,and information networks, remote-sensingand survey methods,farming-system research, development process byimproving rural activities alsofocusontheresearchand macro (regional andnational)level. These micro (householdandvillage) level andthe conducting surveys and analysesonboththe problems withintheseresearchthemesby aims toinvestigate andidentifysignificant developing countries.Overall, theDivision management, andsocio-economicconcernsin technology development, resource research onarangeofissuescentering and conductdistinctive interdisciplinary specialize inavariety ofacademicdisciplines consists of14seniorresearchers who 2004. selected topicspursuedduringFiscalYear followed bymoredetaileddescriptionsof research prioritieswithintheDivision, features abriefoverview describingcurrent Subtropical Station.EachDivision summary seven ResearchDivisions andtheOkinawa to thewiderangeofactivities pursuedbythe Research Strategy Group,2)theFood according tospecific target areas:1)the following fourresearchgroupsareformulated DIVISION RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT To The Development Division Research The following pagesoffer anintroduction JIRCAS RESEARCHDIVISIONS

achieve theDivision’s goals,the Research ConferenceinNovember 2004. including thatofSecretariatattheWorld Rice roles inorganizing seminarsandworkshops, yields inThailand. that canbeusedforestimatingrainfedrice has alsodeveloped awater circulationmodel Africa, Laos,andnortheastChina.TheGroup sensing dataatseveral projectsitesinWest crop conditionsonalarge scaleusingremote methodologies formonitoringlanduseand and InformationSystemsGrouphasimproved and thelike atseveral researchsites.TheGIS conducting on-sitetrials, farmers’ meetings, improve methodsofparticipatoryresearchby surveys. TheGrouphasalsocontinuedto northeast Thailandbasedonfarm household elucidated therationalesoflandusein Management andFarming SystemsGrouphas collaborative researchproject.TheFarm framework ofanewly initiatedChina-Japan producers’ organizations, withinthe changes inChinasuchasthedevelopment of series ofstudiesonagriculturalinstitutional supply inAsia.TheGrouphasalsostarteda climate andwater-cycle changestothefood analyses handlingtheissueofglobal-scale has continuedtoconducteconometric agricultural diversification inAsia. in arid/semi-aridareasandprocessesof research fields suchasresourcemanagement research issuesandprioritiesforvarious FY2006. TheGrouphasalsoidentified which willcover five yearsstartingfrom formulating JIRCAS’s next mid-termplan, will beusedasabaselinefor discussionson Fisheries: theRoleofJIRCAS.” Thisreport Research onAgriculture,Forestry and “Strategy forInternationalCollaborative two entitled years,andhasissuedareport the researchoutputobtainedduringpast the resultsofourprogramsinFY2004. interdisciplinary studies.Thefollowing are particularly insocio-economicand research projectsandplaykey roles, also involved invarious comprehensive Group. Many researchersattheDivision are and 4)theGISInformationSystems Management andFarming SystemsGroup, Supply/Demand AnalysisGroup,3)theFarm In addition,Division membersplayedkey The Food Supply/Demand AnalysisGroup The ResearchStrategy Groupcompiled p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 ページ 37

60% TOPIC1 50% N K Farmers’ ways of thinking and their 40% information routes 30%

The development of farm management 20% methodology is influenced by both human and physical factors. One of the most important 10% human factors is the way in which people 0% think about farming. However, there has been Family Relatives Friends Farmers’ ExtensionFactory Others members in in groups little research in this area, especially with Village village respect to developing countries. The research described below concerns the influence of human factors, examined in a project entitled between the two villages. That is, the Fig. 1. Sources of agricultural “Increasing economic options in rainfed introduction of advanced technology is Information. agriculture in Indochina through efficient use regarded as more important in K Village, of water resources.” while farmers’ own efforts were more A survey in the form of a questionnaire important in N Village. We cannot identify was carried out in two villages having similar how farmers’ ways of thinking or behavior are agricultural conditions, located near Khon influenced by the route by which they gain Kaen City. We firstly asked 100 farmers in information, but it is clear that in K Village each village about the sources of their farmers are looking forward to the agricultural information. The different types introduction of advanced technology in order of information routes between the two to improve farming methodology and increase villages are shown in Fig. 1. In N Village, income levels through participation in 52% of the farmers receive information from farmers’ group activities. only their family members, whereas 46% of Table 1. Ranking of the five factors that contribute to increased farm those in K Village obtain information from income. farmers’ groups which are supported by Natural Advanced Co- NGOs. In short, farmers in N Village appear Price conditions technologyEfforts operation to be isolated information-wise, while the N 3.75 3.45 2.89 3.37 1.79 farmers in K Village have greater opportunity K 3.48 3.63 3.52 2.87 2.35 to obtain information though groups which JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS Level of have greater access to many different kinds of significance n. s. n. s. *** *** *** 37 information. Note: 1) Each figure indicates average ranking score. Secondly, we asked the farmers to rank the 2) ***: p < 0.01 five most important contributors to increased farm income. They were 1) price, 2) natural In developing countries, it is often the case conditions such as rainfall and soil, 3) that farmers do not have sufficient opportunity introduction of advanced technology, 4) their to obtain the information that would be of use own efforts on the farm such as hard work and to them, since they have poor access to conscientiousness, and 5) cooperation with information services and transportation, and others. Table 1 shows that the farmers in both extension service systems are not well villages regard prices and natural conditions established. Our study indicates that group as the most important factors that affect their activities have the potential to provide farmers farm income. Farms in these rainfed areas do with a means of obtaining better information in fact suffer from erratic rainfall and price and changing their ways of thinking, and that fluctuations, so it is easy to see why prices this is an important factor in the development and natural conditions are important to the of technology leading to improved farm farmers. Unfortunately, these factors are management. difficult to control. Additionally, cooperation (M. Ando) with others is regarded by farmers in both villages as least important. This would be an interesting topic to pursue in further research since it involves the fundamental character of Thai farmers. Excluding these three factors, it can be seen that several differences exist p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 11:06 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 38

seeding). reseeded afterthefirstfailed rainfall andnumberofdays seeded priortothefirst10mm calendar (numberofdays individual rainfallandcropping Fig. 1.Exampleofafarmer’s JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT

㪻㪸㫀㫃㫐㩷㫉㪸㫀㫅㪽㪸㫃㫃㩷㩿㫄㫄㪀 㪈 㪈 㪈 㪈 㪈 㪉 㪋 㪍 㪏 㪇 㪉 㪋 㪍 㪏 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪇 㪌 㪆 㪈 ページ 38 㪌 㪆 㫉㪸㫀㫅 㪏 㪌 㪽㪸㫃㫃 㪆 㪈 㪌 㪌 㪄 㪄 㪐 㪆 decisions va inter-annual andintra-annualrainfall calendars: atoolfor understanding Fa TOPIC robustness. Thesewerewrittenontheleft- elicited andusedasindicators ofrisk fa will occur.” Characteristicswhichenable that wecannotknow inadvance whenthey language, riskwas explained as“difficulties e groups. Sincethere was nosingleword to responses, andmatrixrankinginfocus elicited throughopenquestions,free delineated. 2)Farmer riskindicatorswere soils, topography, andlandusewere o meeting was heldinwhichfarmers drew their fa process over oneweektoreflectlanduseand through thefollowing four-step participatory calendars.” called “Farmers’ rainfall andcropping monitoring anddecision-supportsystem reason, wedeveloped aparticipatory cropping calendarsareneeded.For this help farmers make betterdecisions basedon development ofadecision-support systemto response torainfall variability andthe understanding offarmer croppingdecisionsin va fa va fa levels arelow. Onecauseofrisk-adverse are risk-adverse, inputuseislow, andyield production duetorainfall variability. Farmers of West Africaischaracterizedbyunstable 㪏 㪉 wn landusemapandfarmer categories for xpress theconceptofriskinlocal 㪉 rmers towithstandsuchdifficulties were 㫃㪸 rmer riskrobustness. 1)An all-village rmer behavior isspatialandtemporal rmers’ fields, but thedegree ofthis riability is not well documented.Better riability isnotwell riability withinthesameyear among riability andassistingcrop planting 㪌 㫅 Fa Rainfed agricultureintheSahelianregion rmers’ rainfallandcropping 㪆 㪻㩷㫇㫉㪼㫇㪅 㪉 㪐 rmers ineachvillagewereselected 2 㪍 㪆 㪌 㪂 㪈 㪏 㪍 㪂 㪆 㪈 㪈 㪏 㪉 㫊 㪼㪼㪻㫀㫅㪾 㪍 㪆 㪈 㪐 㪍 㪆 㪉 㪍 㪎 㪆 㫉㪼㫊 㪊 㪼㪼㪻㫀㫅㪾 㪎 㪆 㪈 㪇 㪎 㪆 㪈 㫄 㪎 㫊 㫊 㫄 㪺 㪺 㪾 㫉 㫆 㫆 㫆 㫆 㪸 㫀 㫆 㫉 㫉 㫃 㫋 㫋 㫀 㫃 㪾 㪾 㫌 㫑 㫋 㫋 㪼 㫆 㫆 㪿 㪿 㪼 㫅 㫋 㫅 㫅 㫌 㫌 㪆 㪻 㫄 㫄 㫊 㫅 㫆 㫌 㫉 㫋 㪾 㪿 㫌 㫄 fa fa robustness indicatorswas doneforallthe summation. 3)Arapidsurvey oftheserisk and overall rankingwas obtainedby indicator heorsheconsideredmostimportant, given focusgroupplacedastoneby the symbols andlocalwords. Eachfarmer ina hand sideofalarge sheetofpaper using level calendars (Photo 1)togain an level calendarswiththeir individual farmer- Fa reduced unnecessary delaysinseeding. practices basedonactualrainfall andthereby three years,farmers improved theirseeding seed. Throughtheuseofthesecalendars,over weeks laterthanthe2-event rainfall criteriato longer, so farmers traditionallywaited several humid zone,therainy seasonisonemonth 44%. 2)Inthe1200mmannualrainfall semi- rainfall criteria,andreseedingdecreased to of theparcelsseededpriorto2-event fa such aswithsorghum inFig.1.In2002, and 82%oftheseparcelsrequiredreseeding, were two 10mmrainfall events within7days, and sorghum parcelswereseededbeforethere rainfall semi-aridzone,in2001,57%ofmillet following results.1)Inthe800mmannual four yearsfrom2001to2004,withthe fa rainfall forthevillage(Fig.2). av individual farmer-level calendarstoshow level calendarswereconstructedfrom position relative tothex-axis(Fig.1).Village- dates ofitsactivities wereindicatedbytheir the rightvertical axis.Oneachcropline,the the x-axis,andcropsplacedhorizontallyfrom the leftvertical axis,timeindicatedasdayson constructed withrainfall amountsindicatedon these data,farmer-level calendarswere activities wererecordedonceaweek.From rainfall. Datesofseedingandotherfield installed inthefarmers’ fields torecorddaily process andresults. high senseofownership oftheselection how theresultswereobtained,andso hada village participatedinselection,couldsee were selectedproportionally. Theentire placed intheintersectingcells,andfarmers fa rows, landusewas shown incolumns, robustness farmer typeswerearrangedin w developed. 4)Asecondall-villagemeeting as heldtoselectparticipatingfarmers. Risk rmers seeded17dayslater, withonly30% rmers ineachoftwo villagesinMaliover rmers in the village, and a typology of andatypology rmers inthevillage, rmers’ numbersfromthecensuswere rmers basedonriskrobustness was erage plantingdatesinrelationtoaverage rmers wereabletocompare thevillage- The above methodwas developed with15 Rainfall measuringdevices werethen p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 ページ 39

understanding of intra-annual and spatial variability. In this research project, we used more expensive automated weather monitoring stations (about $600 each), but in Mali, simple rainfall gauges are now locally manufactured. These cost only about $30, including a stand, and the farmer can directly observe and measure the rainfall in the gauge. Through the use of this method based on “Farmers’ rainfall and cropping calendars,” farmers can build their own capability to monitor weather and cropping decisions. This can help farmers avoid reduced or delayed yields due to reseeding resulting from seeding too early or due to later-than-necessary seeding, and thereby contribute to more stable production under conditions of rainfall variability. This method is likely to be widely applicable Photo 1. Farmers comparing individual calendars while throughout the Sahelian region of West listening to a presentation of Africa. the village-level calendar. (J. Caldwell)

100 90 80 70 60 2001 50 40 30

rainfall (mm/day) 20 10 0 5/21 6/4 6/18 7/2 7/16 7/30 8/13 8/27 9/10 9/24 JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS 39 Cotton Groundnut

Rice Maize/Sorghum

2001 Maize/Millet Maize Sorghum

Millet Fig. 2. Example of a 2001 village-level rainfall and cropping calendar, semi-arid 5/24 6/7 6/21 7/5 7/19 8/2 8/16 8/30 9/13 9/27 rainfall zone village, Mali.

Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The TOPIC3 project will be carried out from 2004 to 2008. The development of an agricultural social Evaluation of functions of the service system was designated as an important agricultural social service system for objective in the field of agriculture and rural stabilization of farm and rural areas set forth in the Decision of the 3rd management in China Session of the 16th Congress of the Chinese Communist Party. The development of an This is a shared research project at the agricultural social service system, along with Agriculture Economic Institute of the Chinese direct subsidies and reduction and exemption p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:06 11:06 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 40

government). Sichuan Province(township service inZigongCity, Fig. 2.Visittoextension JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT integration. related toagricultural and majoractivitymodes Fig. 1.Evolutionofpolicies ページ 40 1. as follows: improvement. Theresearchresultsthusfar are system andspecifydirectionsfor development oftheagriculturalsocialservice will carryoutananalysisoftheactualstate Zhangjiagang CityinJiangsuProvince, we Sichuan Province, andthatintheeast, production areainthewest,ZigongCity taking asanexample themajorgrain important policy issue.Therefore,in2004, fa measures fortherealizationofincreased of agriculturaltaxes, willleadtospecific (processing and distribution) (processing anddistribution) rming incomes,andhasbecomean and (6)others(agriculturalinsurance, cooperatives, ruralcreditcooperatives), departments (supplyandmarketing organizations, (5)rural economicsupport agricultural technologypopularization organizations (leadingenterprises), (4) new cooperatives), (3)agribusiness organizations (specialassociationsand committees, (2)farmers’ cooperative following majorcomponents: (1)villagers’ production stages.They includethe support requiredatdifferent agricultural va va means thatsocialinstitutionsprovide, in An agriculturalsocialservicesystem industrialized operation Pr Agricultural families Leading enterprises Leading enterprises ogress ofagricultural rious formsofeconomicandtechnical rious forms,agriculturalistswiththe (production) (1998-2003) policies + rgeso amr’cooperative Progress offarmers’ organizations (intermediary and Leading enterprises(processing current state (after 2003) Farmers’ cooperative Agricultural fami and distribution) organizations: coordination) (production) + + 4. 3. 2. lies further deteriorate. of thetechnicaldirectiondepartments may direction departments,the financial status operations departments and technical Ultimately, duetoawidening gap between has shown atendency toincrease. organizations (salesofproductiongoods) departments inpopularization areas, thenumberofoperation government finance. Infinancially poor will begreatlyaffected bylocal technology popularizationorganizations The activities ofagriculture and result oflegislative measures(Fig.1). organizations areofficially recognizedasa change significantly iffarmers’ cooperative distribution modeshave thepotentialto Chinese agriculturalproductionand Our investigation resultsshow that integration forproductionanddistribution. organizations tobecomethemainhubof it beingpossibleforfarmers’ cooperative shows atrendtowards deadlock,inspiteof fa leading enterprisesandagricultural between Due tothewideningofgap integration ofproductionanddistribution. pursue an“agribusiness” policy with assistance byleadingenterprisesthat We ex organizations +agriculturalfamilies” to “leading enterprises+farmers’ cooperative distributed agriculturalfamilies, allowing circulating enterprisesandwidely as intermediariesbetweenprocessingand fa incentives have agreatereffect and have nopolicy guarantees,sopolicy that farmers’ cooperative organizations technology inthefuture.Thereasonsare major roleintheareasofeconomyand cooperative organizations willplaya Among theabove components,farmers’ the like) rmers’ cooperative organizations canact milies, therelationshipbetweenthem ert synergistic economicbenefits.

are studyingthepotentialfor Agricultural families (production) families Agricultural After legal recognition offarmers’ organizations (processing and cooperative organizations cooperative organizations Farmers’ cooperative distribution) (future) + p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 41

5. In the eastern caostal areas, farmers’ level from 20 to 100 cm depth. The model cooperative organizations frequently help computes vertical water movements to increase farming incomes by assisting (infiltration, percolation, deep loss, and the gaining of non-agricultural income evapotranspiration (ET)) and horizontal water from the real estate and distribution movements (overflow, seepage, and through- sectors. However, the following problems flow) in eight directions. The computations exist, whichever direction the regional are executed from the upstream cells in the economy heads: (1) laws and regulations watershed. are not updated, (2) dependence on the The water conditions calculated in the government remains unchanged, (3) there hydrologic model are evaluated to predict rice are not enough participants (the yield in the rice yield sub-model. Rice yield is participation rate is only 3-6% of estimated from the yield reduction caused by agricultural families), and (4) there are few water deficit at each growth stage. The sub- organizations concerned with major grain model estimates rice growth stages crops. (vegetative, flowering, and yield formation) (N. Yamashita) on the basis of the timing of transplanting. The heading date is more or less fixed, since farmers in northeast Thailand usually plant TOPIC4 photosensitive rice cultivars; thus it can be estimated simply using an empirical equation. Development of a distributed We assume a linear relationship between hydrologic model for estimating rice water deficits, namely, the ET ratio (actual production in northeast Thailand ET/potential ET), and yield reduction in this sub-model. Because reduction of the growth Rainfed rice cultivation in northeast period causes yield reduction, the period is Thailand is unreliable and suffers low yields. also evaluated. To obtain watershed-level perspectives for rice The parameter values were determined production with efficient water use, specific through simulation trials and field analytical tools are required. The objective of measurements; the same values were used for this study is to develop a distributed all calculations. Observed daily rainfall from hydrologic model to execute rice yield April to December of each year at one station prediction in a watershed level under rainfed was used over the watershed as lumped input conditions. data in the calculations.

Nong Saeng Village, located 30 km south At the modeling site, we measured soil JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS of Khon Kaen City, was selected as the study water content at 30 points in October 2003. 41 site. At the study site, hydrologic The thus obtained data contributed to observations, measurements of soil property, examining and deciding the parameters of the and interview surveys on rice cultivation were hydrologic model. From the water budget conducted for modeling purposes. Spatial data computed at the modeling site in 2002, runoff such as land use surface gradients and flow accounts for more than 50% of the water. direction were processed via ASTER satellite These figures indicate that there is scope for imagery at a grid size of 1.5 m. The improvement of water availability in the hydrologic model has three layers for storing watershed. water, and can calculate water movements among grid cells in three dimensions for inputting daily rainfall data. Rainfall ET Overflow The hydrologic model calculates, on a Surface daily basis, the water budget in all the grid layer cells of the watershed. The modeling site was divided into 15 m grid cells. The water budget Topsoil Seepage and movement in each cell is expressed using layer Through-flow a three-story set of storage layers (Fig. 1). The 20 cm Infiltration surface layer storage represents ponding depths in paddy fields or depression storage Subsoil Percolation layer depths under other types of land use. Topsoil 80 cm layer storage represents soilwater content Through-flow from 0 to 20 cm depth and subsoil layer 15 m Deep loss Fig. 1. Hydrologic model storage represents the shallow groundwater 15 m structure. p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 42

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT the simulationsite. Fig. 2.Estimatedriceyieldat nulrifl 427m 922.75mm 1452.7mm Annual rainfall ページ 42 crops arenow amenabletotransformation, e and understandingofgenetic diversity. For technological toolsforimproved utilization molecular biologywhichhas provided various remarkable progressinplantscienceand benefits ofbiodiversity. sustainable use,andequitablesharingofthe committed tothegoalsofsafeconservation, countries. Theinternationalcommunityis environmental preservation indeveloping the fields offoodsecurityaswellin important roleinmeetingglobalchallenges northeast Thailand. be applicabletoothersimilarwatershedsin specifically fortheapplicationsite,itshould Although themodelwas developed and water resourcesofrainfedpaddyfields. to beaneffective toolforanalyzing theland than thatin2003.Theproposedmodelproved status; theestimatedyieldin2002was higher results wereinagreementwiththeactual estimated for2002and2003(Fig.2).The simulation siteandtherice yieldwas t/ha). Thecombinedmodelwas appliedtothe attainable yieldunderactualconditions(3.1 minimum pondingdepth:50mm)and (earliest date:July1,latest:September20, model, suchasrequisitesfortransplanting used fortheparametersofriceyieldsub- DIVISION RESOURCES BIOLOGICAL xample, nearlyalleconomically important In thelastdecade, therehasbeen Biological resourceshave playedan The resultsofaninterview survey were (K. Suzuki) Not paddy 0.0~ t/ha 0.5~ 1.0~ 1.5~ 2.0~ breeding, genesforresistance have been reside. Asaresultofdecades ofplant regions wheretheQTLsforFHBresistance using DNA markers inthechromosome among wheatvarieties developed inJapan accumulation ofresistantgenestoFHB the scientistinvestigated the modeof involved. Inparalleltoactivities inCIMMYT, which aDivision scientisthasbeenclosely Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT),in established intheInternational Maizeand graminearum (FHB) causedmainlyby va screenings ofrootlength. that haspotentialforuseinpreliminary concentration agarmediuminthelaboratory method hasbeendeveloped usingahigh- of longrootsinthefield, asimpler evaluation resistance inrice.Inparalleltotheevaluation have ahighcorrelationwith drought glaberrima NERICA (New RiceforAfrica),and for AgrobiologicalSciences(NIAS), collections ofIRRIandtheNationalInstitute of ricegermplasms,includingthecore (WARDA), wehave surveyed alarge number Pish resistancegene precise positionoftheblast genes toriceblast.UsingDNA markers, a developed with different individual resistance productivity. Moreover, lineshave been important agronomictraitssuchas many QTLshave beenidentified for lines, inbred analyses usingrecombinant 80% ofthericegenome.ThroughQTL also beendeveloped thatcover approximately Chromosomal segment substitutionlineshave inbred lineusing272DNA markers. constructed alinkage mapofarecombinant Philippines, aDivision scientisthas Rice ResearchInstitute(IRRI)inthe sustainable socio-economicdevelopment. active useofgeneticdiversity todrive developing countries,andispromotingthe this progresstotackleproblemsfaced by and theirpotentialuseinplantimprovement. understanding thefunctionsofmany genes providing uswithvaluable informationfor sequence clearlyindicates,genomescienceis outstanding achievement inthericegenome are now muchmoreclearlyelucidated.Asthe function suchasphysicalenvironmental stress and themolecularmechanismsofbiological riety resistantto Aiming atthedevelopment ofawheat Wo In collaborationwiththeInternational The Division istakingfulladvantage of has beenmappedonchromosome1. rking alongsidetheAfricaRiceCenter , forlongrootlengthwhichmight , aglobalplatformhasbeen Fusarium head blight Fusarium Oryza p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 42

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT the simulationsite. Fig. 2.Estimatedriceyieldat nulrifl 427m 922.75mm 1452.7mm Annual rainfall ページ 42 crops arenow amenabletotransformation, e and understandingofgenetic diversity. For technological toolsforimproved utilization molecular biologywhichhas provided various remarkable progressinplantscienceand benefits ofbiodiversity. sustainable use,andequitablesharingofthe committed tothegoalsofsafeconservation, countries. Theinternationalcommunityis environmental preservation indeveloping the fields offoodsecurityaswellin important roleinmeetingglobalchallenges northeast Thailand. be applicabletoothersimilarwatershedsin specifically fortheapplicationsite,itshould Although themodelwas developed and water resourcesofrainfedpaddyfields. to beaneffective toolforanalyzing theland than thatin2003.Theproposedmodelproved status; theestimatedyieldin2002was higher results wereinagreementwiththeactual estimated for2002and2003(Fig.2).The simulation siteandtherice yieldwas t/ha). Thecombinedmodelwas appliedtothe attainable yieldunderactualconditions(3.1 minimum pondingdepth:50mm)and (earliest date:July1,latest:September20, model, suchasrequisitesfortransplanting used fortheparametersofriceyieldsub- DIVISION RESOURCES BIOLOGICAL xample, nearlyalleconomically important In thelastdecade, therehasbeen Biological resourceshave playedan The resultsofaninterview survey were (K. Suzuki) Not paddy 0.0~ t/ha 0.5~ 1.0~ 1.5~ 2.0~ breeding, genesforresistance have been reside. Asaresultofdecades ofplant regions wheretheQTLsforFHBresistance using DNA markers inthechromosome among wheatvarieties developed inJapan accumulation ofresistantgenestoFHB the scientistinvestigated the modeof involved. Inparalleltoactivities inCIMMYT, which aDivision scientisthasbeenclosely Wheat Improvement Center(CIMMYT),in established intheInternational Maizeand graminearum (FHB) causedmainlyby va screenings ofrootlength. that haspotentialforuseinpreliminary concentration agarmediuminthelaboratory method hasbeendeveloped usingahigh- of longrootsinthefield, asimpler evaluation resistance inrice.Inparalleltotheevaluation have ahighcorrelationwith drought glaberrima NERICA (New RiceforAfrica),and for AgrobiologicalSciences(NIAS), collections ofIRRIandtheNationalInstitute of ricegermplasms,includingthecore (WARDA), wehave surveyed alarge number Pish resistancegene precise positionoftheblast genes toriceblast.UsingDNA markers, a developed with different individual resistance productivity. Moreover, lineshave been important agronomictraitssuchas many QTLshave beenidentified for lines, inbred analyses usingrecombinant 80% ofthericegenome.ThroughQTL also beendeveloped thatcover approximately Chromosomal segment substitutionlineshave inbred lineusing272DNA markers. constructed alinkage mapofarecombinant Philippines, aDivision scientisthas Rice ResearchInstitute(IRRI)inthe sustainable socio-economicdevelopment. active useofgeneticdiversity todrive developing countries,andispromotingthe this progresstotackleproblemsfaced by and theirpotentialuseinplantimprovement. understanding thefunctionsofmany genes providing uswithvaluable informationfor sequence clearlyindicates,genomescienceis outstanding achievement inthericegenome are now muchmoreclearlyelucidated.Asthe function suchasphysicalenvironmental stress and themolecularmechanismsofbiological riety resistantto Aiming atthedevelopment ofawheat Wo In collaborationwiththeInternational The Division istakingfulladvantage of has beenmappedonchromosome1. rking alongsidetheAfricaRiceCenter , forlongrootlengthwhichmight , aglobalplatformhasbeen Fusarium head blight Fusarium Oryza p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 43

accumulated and these have resulted in rust in soybeans. elevation of resistance levels; however, at the With regard to the soybean-rust resistance same time, the degree of genetic diversity in genes found in large collections of soybean those new varieties has narrowed. To facilitate germplasm, we have prepared segregating further gene mapping in wheat, we have populations harboring not only qualitative identified the chromosomal positions of 123 resistance but also quantitative resistance EST markers. In a collaborative project with genes, aiming at the acquisition of DNA the International Center for Agricultural markers linked to these resistance genes. As a Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), a result, we have succeeded in finding a set of Division scientist has evaluated segregating DNA markers linked to one qualitative populations derived from crosses between resistance gene, Rpp1. In addition to a domestic durum wheat and Aegilops resistance gene to soybean rust, we have also squarrosa for drought tolerance in ICARDA identified DNA markers tightly linked to one fields, and has selected four lines which show of the genes controlling soybean flowering seed yields comparable to a control variety time. under normal conditions. In a JIRCAS project To develop a drought-tolerant soybean entitled “Comprehensive studies on soybean variety using a transgenic approach, we have improvement, production and utilization in initiated transformation, via particle South America,” Division scientists, in bombardment, of a standard Brazilian collaboration with INTA-Marcos Fuarez soybean variety with a construct consisting of (Argentina), have been working on the the stress-inducible promoter rd29 and the elucidation of sudden death syndrome (SDS), transcription factor DREB1 gene. which is becoming a major threat to In the field of vegetable germplasm, a sustainable soybean production in Division staff member is working with the MERCOSUR (Mercado Comun del Sur: Asian Vegetable Research and Development Southern Common Market) countries. A Center (AVRDC) on the evaluation and use of Division scientist has identified the causal traditional vegetable germplasm from South pathogen of this disease as Fusarium and Southeast Asia. Traditional vegetables are tucumaniae, which is different from the strain expected to contribute to improving the reported in the United States. We have nutritional status of low-income populations developed an artificial inoculation method and in these regions, and offer new income- have succeeded in inducing the typical generation opportunities. We have so far symptoms of SDS in a greenhouse. However, evaluated a total of about 400 lines of

an evaluation of resistance in a field heavily Amaranthus, Basella alba, Celosia argentea, JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS infested by this fungus gave somewhat Cleome gynandra, Corchorus, Eryngium, 43 variable response, even within individuals of Ipomea, and Ocimum for their contents of the same genetic composition, indicating the ascorbate, total phenols, and antioxidant need for experiments on more uniformly ability. Based on evaluation of these infested fields. nutritional traits and submerging tolerance Soybean rust, caused by Phakkapsora which facilitates cultivation in wider areas in pachyrhizi, is another serious threat to these tropical regions, promising germplasms soybean production. This disease was found consisting of 60 lines of Amaranthus, 15 of in South America for the first time in 2000, Basella, 15 of Corchorus, and 12 of Ipomea and in this year, an outbreak of this disease have been selected for further evaluation. was reported for the first time in the United Under a project entitled “Improvement of States. In a joint project with the Brazilian the fertility of sandy soils in the semi-arid Agriculture Research Corporation zones of West Africa through organic (EMBRAPA) in Brazil, we have investigated management,” we are continuing a systematic the life cycle of the pathogen, focusing evaluation of plant genetic resources, with especially on its mode of survival during the emphasis on legume crops for efficient winter season in the southern hemisphere. We utilization in agricultural systems. Prior to the have found the preferred hosts during the evaluation of legume germplasm, a Division winter season are volunteer soybeans that are scientist conducted a survey of farmers in the found in harvested soybean and corn fields as region to reveal the demand for an important well as on roadsides, and other leguminous legume crop, cowpeas. Based on the demand species, such as Neonotonia and kudzu for new cowpea varieties, a large number of (Pueraria lobata). These host plants are most legume crops, including cowpeas, are being likely to affect and enhance the occurrence of evaluated from the viewpoint of preservation p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 44

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT as redandgreensignals. stress arerespectivelyshown repressed underdrought genes. Genesinducedand containing over21,000rice oligonucleotide microarray under droughtstressusingan Analysis ofgeneexpression ページ 44 of responsive elementbindingprotein(DREB) environmental stress,suchasthedehydration- mechanisms ofplants’defensesagainst advances toward understandingthemolecular particular, theGrouphasmadesignificant drought, salinity, andfreezinginplants.In tolerance toenvironmental stressessuchas approaches toreveal themechanismof Division hasutilizedbiotechnological ev promising cowpea lineswhichwillbefurther primary screening,wehave identified several erosion, andnitrogen-fixing ability. Througha a sourceoforganic matter, prevention ofsoil of soilfertility, suchasbiomassproduction ov array analysesoftransgenicplants target micro- genesofDREB1A.Through oligosaccharide synthesisgene,oneofthe drought conditions,theactivity ofan promoter region thatsuppresses,under stress-tolerant plants. methods forgeneticmanipulationofnovel tissues underdrought stress. Further regulator ofABA signalinginvegetative Arabidopsis tolerance but notcoldtoleranceintransgenic e negative regulatory domain,anditsover- DREB2A was obtainedbydeletion ofthis middle region. Aconstitutive active formof identified anegative regulatory domainin its transcriptional activator, DREB2,has Molecular characterizationofanother resulted inelevation ofstresstolerance. involved insuppressionoftranscription, another transcriptionalfactor, STZ,whichis tolerance. Furthermore,overexpression of might have functionsotherthanstress DRE, suggestingthattheDREB1genefamily genes werefoundtohave nocis-elementof more than60target genes.Someofthese xpression hasbeenfoundtoenhancedrought aluated inupcomingcropseasons. erexpressing DREB1D,wehave identified Arabidopsis The MolecularBiology Groupofthe This year, theGrouphasidentified a AREB1 was shown tobeakey positive . , aswelltoward developing temperatures areadverse environmental tolerance in improves environmental stress zinc-finger transcriptionrepressors Overexpression ofCys2/His2-type TOPIC through phosphorylation. possibly anactivation factor ofAREB1 stress, andthat proteinkinaseSnRK2is genes thatareinvolved inalleviation ofwater of stress-induciblegenessuchasLEAclass indicated thatAREB1directstheexpression molecular characterizationofAREB1 for cultivation indeveloping countries. be useddirectlytodevelop practicalvarieties materials andpowerful techniqueswhichcan of thisGroupistodevelop novel breeding va simple andreliableevaluation protocolsfor at apracticallevel andonthedevelopment of T and3)theTraitto thistolerance; Evaluation identification ofDNA markers tightlylinked germplasm forstresstoleranceand ev Material Development Team, conductingan genes conferringstresstolerance;2)the stress toleranceandisolationofcandidate the molecularelucidationofmechanisms Function Development Team, emphasizing teamsasfollows:consists ofthree 1)the commitment tostresstolerance.TheGroup Stress-Tolerant Crops,tofurtherboostour Group fortheDevelopment ofEnvironmental wo transgenic strategies. further broadeningtherangeofapplication cold conditionshasbeensuccessfullyisolated, stress-inducible promotersactivated onlyby regard topromoterisolation,anew classof of theDREBgenefrom gene was foundtobeactivated, asinthecase which OsDREB1Fisover-expressed, therd29 drought tolerance.Inthetransformantsin grow normallyandshow ahigherlevel of transformed lineshave beenconfirmed to T2 generation)have beenobtained.These than 70independenttransformedlines(atthe been introducedintojaponicarice,andmore stress-responsive ricepromoter, lip9,have or DREBfrom eam, focusingontheevaluation oftolerance rious formsofstress.Theultimatemission aluation oflarge numbersofexisting uld establishanew researchgroup,the Drought, highsalinity, andlow OsDREB isolatedfromrice( In December2004,JIRCASannouncedit 1 Arabidopsis Arabidopsis Arabidopsis under controlofa Oryza sativa . With ) p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 45

conditions that affect plant growth and binding to this negative cis-element in markedly decrease crop productivity. To Arabidopsis protoplasts. increase crop yields under stressed conditions, Using RNA gel-blot analysis, we showed it is important to improve the stress tolerance that among the four genes, AZF2 and STZ of crop plants. Plants naturally respond and were clearly in Arabidopsis plants induced by adapt to these stresses in order to survive. abiotic stresses such as drought, cold, and These stresses induce various biochemical and high salinity. Our results show that these physiological changes, including growth proteins function under abiotic stress inhibition, to achieve stress tolerance. A conditions. To gain further understanding of number of genes have been described that the function of these proteins, we generated respond at the transcriptional level to stress. transgenic Arabidopsis plants overexpressing Although various genes are induced by these STZ under the control of the constitutive stresses, many stress-downregulated genes are CaMV 35S promoter. We analyzed two also reported. Analysis of stress- independent lines of STZ overexpressors. The downregulated as well as stress-upregulated growth of the STZ overexpressors on GM agar genes is important to gain an understanding of plates or in soil was compared with that of the molecular responses to abiotic stresses. wild-type plants. Both transgenic lines Some members of Cys2/His2-type zinc- showed growth retardation (Figs. 1A and B), finger transcription factors have been reported and the level of the growth retardation was to be upregulated by abiotic stress in correlated with that of STZ expression in the Arabidopsis. To characterize the role of these transgenic plants (Fig. 1C). types of proteins, we analyzed the function of To examine whether overexpression of Arabidopsis genes encoding four different STZ affects tolerance to drought stress, the Cys2/His2-type zinc-finger proteins (AZF1, wild-type and transgenic plants grown in pots AZF2, AZF3, and STZ). Using gel-shift were not watered for two weeks. Almost all of analysis, we found that all these proteins the wild-type plants died within this two-week recognize A(G/C)T repeats within an EP2 period, whereas nearly all the transgenic sequence, known as a target sequence for plants of both STZ lines survived this level of some petunia Cys2/His2-type zinc-finger drought stress and continued to grow when re- proteins. Using transient analysis, we showed watered (Fig. 1D). We also tried to explore the that the EP2 sequence is a negative cis- differences in recovery after desiccation using Fig. 1. Phenotypes and element, and these four zinc-finger proteins plants grown on agar plates. Wild-type and drought-stress tolerance of the act as transcriptional repressors mediated by transgenic plants were removed from the agar 35S::STZ and wild-type plants (A) Transgenic and wild-type plants grown on agar plates JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS for 21 days. We used plants transformed with vector45 pBI121 as controls. (B) Plants grown in soil pots for 36 days. (C) Expression of the STZ gene in the transgenic and wild-type plants. (D) Drought- stress tolerance of the transgenic and control plants. Both 35S::STZa and 35S::STZb plants were highly tolerant to drought stress (P < 0.001; χ2 test). Number codes = number of surviving plants out of total number. (E) Difference in recovery after rehydration among the wild- type, 35S::STZa and 35S::STZb plants. Photographs show the plants dehydrated on dry plastic plates in air for 4 hours and then rehydrated overnight. (F) Electrolyte leakage was evaluated after dehydration treatment. A 17-day-old plant was used in each experiment. Plants were removed from the agar plates and dehydrated on dry plastic plates for 4 hours. The values are means of 15 independent samples. Statistical significance compared with the value of the control plants was determined by Welch’s test (p < 0.005). p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 46 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 46 stress conditions. improve toenvironmental planttolerance stress adaptationwillshow usanew way to of therolesthesegenesinrelationtoplant in the of theseproteinsmayincreasestresstolerance target genesofSTZandAZF2,reduction for carbohydrate metabolismmaybethe These photosynthesis-relatedgenesand inhibited andstress toleranceisincreased. conditions. Therefore,plantgrowth is better energy balanceforplants under stressed mayleadtoa Reduction oftheseproteins transcription level understressedconditions. becomes unnecessaryandisreducedatthe genes andforcarbohydratemetabolism e photosynthesis inplantsisreduced.The conditions, theenergy balancechangesand and coldstress conditions.Understressed downregulated underdrought,highsalinity, genes forcarbohydrate metabolismare that many photosynthesis-related genesand By usingmicroarrayanalysis,wehave shown regulate similar target genestothoseofSTZ. induced bydroughtstress,AZF2might tolerance todroughtstressthancontrolplants. transgenic linesclearlyshowed higher These resultsindicatethatboth ion leakagewas 48.0%and63.4%,(Fig.1F). 88.1%, whereasforthetransgenicplants the ionleakageofwild-typeplantswas When plantsweredehydratedforfourhours, to assayosmoticpressure-relatedinjury. membrane integrity used anditiscommonly electrolytes isasensitive measureofloss plants survived (Fig.1E).Leakageof whereas 88.9%and63.9%ofthetransgenic Only 5.5%ofthewild-typeplantssurvived, hours, followed byrehydrationovernight. plates andkept onplasticplatesforfour arm ofchromosome 1 ( The TOPIC Because theexpression of plant toleranceandinhibitgrowth. downregulated genesmightbothpromote tolerance todroughtstress,thetarget ove Pyricularia grisea Oryza sativa xpression ofcertainphotosynthesis-related Since bothindependentlinesofthe A resistancegene, rexpressors showed growth retardationand Pish STZ 2 ov blast resistance geneofrice erexpressors. Further elucidation L.) islocatedonthelong (K. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki) (Cooke) Sacc. in rice Pish , toblastdisease AZF2 w as also STZ STZ blast isolatesbut different from thoseofAK. type riceMilyang23(M23)was specific to similar toeachother. Thereactions ofIndica- whose reactionpatternstoblastisolateswere of thefourgenes( Philippines, andwas expected toharborone to almostallblastisolatesfromthe Akihikari (AK),showed moderateresistance on gene-for-gene theory, aJaponica-typerice, employing Philippineblastisolatesandbased identified. chromosome hasuptonow notbeen unique resistancegeneontherice Japonica-type varieties. Thelocationofthis those fromthePhilippines,was foundonlyin isolates fromJapanandmoderateresistantto shows susceptibilitytoalmostallblast and 15.2cM,respectively. arm ofchromosome1atthedistances7.9 showed Yu resistanceineach. chromosome 1andM23of6 isolates. TheAKalleleoftheQTLon blast resistance toPhilippineandJapanese chromosome 6,respectively, showed chromosome 1andinthemiddle of Of these,two QTLsontheshort armof derived fromacrossbetweenM23andAK. lines(RILs) 12) usingrecombinantinbred nine chromosomes(1,2,3,6,7,8,9,11,and isolates weredetectedinthe14regions on Philippine isolatesand12QTLsforJapanese DNA markers, 39. Thegraphicalgenotypes ofallNILs Shin 2,andBL1,intoanIndica-type rice,CO from Japonica-typedonor varieties Kusabue, (NIL), towhichhadbeen introduced using DNA markers andseveral isogeniclines 15.2 cM,respectively (Fig.1). RM212 QTL ( repeat: SSR)markers. Theresultsmapped carried outwitheightDNA (simplesequence confirmed inHIFs,andlinkageanalysiswas The single-genesegregation oftheQTLwas (HIFs), derived fromaM23/AKRILprogeny. population ofheterogeneousinbredfamilies chromosome 1was carriedoutusingahybrid Piz correspond respectively to suggest thatQTLsonchromosomes1and6 middle ofchromosome6.These results reported thatthe ( Oryza sativa F In ouranalysisusingadifferential system The blastresistancegene The locationof Detailed mappingoftheQTLon alleles. ourteen quantitative traitloci(QTL) for Pish and ) betweenthetwo DNA markers OSR3 L.), was mappedbetweentwo RM212 Piz at thedistancesof7.9and Pish Pish allele islocatedinthe and , w Piz Pish as confirmed again OSR3 , Piz-5 and oneofthe et al Pish , onthelong , and . (1991) , which Pish Pi9 ) p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 47

showed the introgressions of Japonica-type first to be achieved, and can be utilized for segments from Japonica donor varieties on the map-based cloning and marker-assisted long arm of chromosome 1 (Fig. 2). breeding for blast resistance in rice. This mapping information on Pish is the (Y. Fukuta)

Single gene mapping S C970 A㩷 㩷 B 㩷 㩷 C㩷 D 㩷 E (CM) XNpb107 N079a R210b XNpb359 XNpb90 C955 RM306 19.0 R210a RM246 XNpb364

Y2746L 27.7

XNpb302 RM212 C122 7.9 XNpb201 XNpb393a Pish XNpb147 15.2 XNpb92 OS R3 RM306 C86 18.8 RM246 RM472 XNpb113 2.8 RM212 OSR23 RM431 XNpb393b 13.9 XNpb346 RM104 Pish C112 OSR3 13.4 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0

2.0

25.0 L RM414 D

LODLO

Philippine isolate Japanese isolate

Fig. 1. Mapping of Pish using QTL analysis and linkage Fig. 2. Graphical genotypes of chromosome 1 in analysis in HIFs on the long arm of chromosome 1. isogenic lines introgressed with Pish from Japonica- Left: QTL mapping in M23/AK RILs using blast isolates type donor varieties into an Indica-type rice, CO 39. A: from the Philippines and Japan. Right: Localization of CO39; B: IRBLsh-Ku/CO; C: IRBLsh-S/CO; D: IRBLsh- Pish in HIFs. S/CO; E: IRBLsh-B/CO. Blue and red segments respectively indicate Indica and Japonica-type regions in chromosomes. JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS 47 improvement of soil amelioration technology CROP PRODUCTION in diversified agro-ecosystems, 2) AND ENVIRONMENT Development of crop production technologies featuring labor- and resource-saving for rice DIVISION and upland crops in Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Our goal is to develop sustainable and other countries in this region, and 3) agricultural production technologies based on Elucidation of the current status of occurrence the diversified functions of crops, microbes, of major pests and diseases of rice and and judicious utilization of natural resources. soybeans in Southeast Asia and South The Division consists of five research groups: America. Under these research themes are material cycling, crop management, plant eight specific sub-themes. For Fiscal Year physiology and nutrition, water resource 2004, 24 of our research programs were management, and plant protection. Nearly carried out by 18 of our scientists in the one-third of our scientists in the Division are Division. dispatched to national and international Major highlights from each research theme organizations/collaborators on long-term are as follows. In Theme (1), research has assignments and are involved in working on been carried out by broadly dividing the target various comprehensive projects organized or agro-ecosystems into two categories: those managed by JIRCAS. with intensive crop cultivation and those with The Division is responsible for three low-fertility soil. As for the former, an index research themes along the lines of the of global warming potential (GWP), the sum

Institute’s Mid-Term Plan: 1) Evaluation of of emitted greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and

material cycling for nitrogen and N 2 O), was introduced to develop soil p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 47

showed the introgressions of Japonica-type first to be achieved, and can be utilized for segments from Japonica donor varieties on the map-based cloning and marker-assisted long arm of chromosome 1 (Fig. 2). breeding for blast resistance in rice. This mapping information on Pish is the (Y. Fukuta)

Single gene mapping S C970 A㩷 㩷 B 㩷 㩷 C㩷 D 㩷 E (CM) XNpb107 N079a R210b XNpb359 XNpb90 C955 RM306 19.0 R210a RM246 XNpb364

Y2746L 27.7

XNpb302 RM212 C122 7.9 XNpb201 XNpb393a Pish XNpb147 15.2 XNpb92 OS R3 RM306 C86 18.8 RM246 RM472 XNpb113 2.8 RM212 OSR23 RM431 XNpb393b 13.9 XNpb346 RM104 Pish C112 OSR3 13.4 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.0

2.0

25.0 L RM414 D

LODLO

Philippine isolate Japanese isolate

Fig. 1. Mapping of Pish using QTL analysis and linkage Fig. 2. Graphical genotypes of chromosome 1 in analysis in HIFs on the long arm of chromosome 1. isogenic lines introgressed with Pish from Japonica- Left: QTL mapping in M23/AK RILs using blast isolates type donor varieties into an Indica-type rice, CO 39. A: from the Philippines and Japan. Right: Localization of CO39; B: IRBLsh-Ku/CO; C: IRBLsh-S/CO; D: IRBLsh- Pish in HIFs. S/CO; E: IRBLsh-B/CO. Blue and red segments respectively indicate Indica and Japonica-type regions in chromosomes. JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS 47 improvement of soil amelioration technology CROP PRODUCTION in diversified agro-ecosystems, 2) AND ENVIRONMENT Development of crop production technologies featuring labor- and resource-saving for rice DIVISION and upland crops in Thailand, Vietnam, Laos, Our goal is to develop sustainable and other countries in this region, and 3) agricultural production technologies based on Elucidation of the current status of occurrence the diversified functions of crops, microbes, of major pests and diseases of rice and and judicious utilization of natural resources. soybeans in Southeast Asia and South The Division consists of five research groups: America. Under these research themes are material cycling, crop management, plant eight specific sub-themes. For Fiscal Year physiology and nutrition, water resource 2004, 24 of our research programs were management, and plant protection. Nearly carried out by 18 of our scientists in the one-third of our scientists in the Division are Division. dispatched to national and international Major highlights from each research theme organizations/collaborators on long-term are as follows. In Theme (1), research has assignments and are involved in working on been carried out by broadly dividing the target various comprehensive projects organized or agro-ecosystems into two categories: those managed by JIRCAS. with intensive crop cultivation and those with The Division is responsible for three low-fertility soil. As for the former, an index research themes along the lines of the of global warming potential (GWP), the sum

Institute’s Mid-Term Plan: 1) Evaluation of of emitted greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and

material cycling for nitrogen and N 2 O), was introduced to develop soil p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 48

inhibits nitrification. release acompoundthat (left) anditsroots(right)that a JIRCASfieldinTsukuba Brachiaria humidicola JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT grown in ページ 48 revealed thatnitrification inhibitionactivity in minimizing lossofsoilnitrogen, itwas Thailand. Concerningnitrogennutritionand scheme adoptedbylocalfarmers innortheast irrigation thantheconventional irrigation tomatoes uptoharvest withconsiderablyless w crop management,water-saving technology developed forriceandsoybeans; and3)for tolerance applicableinthefield were physiology, screeningcriteriafordrought e measures formoreefficient utilizationof utilization, resultingintheproposal of northeast Thailandinrelationtoland were analyzedforasmallwatershed in surface water, soilwater, andgroundwater agricultural engineering,thedynamicsof wa be 10-30%at50ûCand40-50%70ûC. this methodwas estimated,usingamodel,to salts. Theprevention ofsaltprecipitation by ofsoluble that containshighconcentrations restrict theupward movement ofgroundwater materials below thesoillayer. Theseappearto land couldbereducedbyinsertingcoarse w of carbonsourcesthanbylow soilmoisture.It microbial activities arerestrictedmorebylack to maintenanceofsoilfertility, and3)soil f different fromthoseinnortheastThailand,2) nitrogen) insandysoilsWest Africaare (phosphate buffer extractable organic demonstrated that1)thedynamicsofPEON improvement inWest Africa.Itwas international projectfocusingonsoilfertility latter ismainlydoneaspartofan period greatlyaffected GWP. Researchonthe control ofsoilmoisture during thefallow environmental impact.Itwasfoundthat management technologieswithlow allow managementcontributes significantly xisting water resources;2)intheareaofcrop as developed forpost-ricecroppingtogrow as alsoshown thatsaltaccumulationindry ter issues,1)fromtheviewpoint of In Theme(2),researchprogramsrelatedto in controllingthepopulationdensityof in various regions ofParaguay. c standpoint 3),theecologicaldistribution of these naturalenemieswas established.From armigera steeply slopingbut withgoodwater resources. and thataresuitableforareas whichareoften and having minimalenvironmental impact, clubroot damageusingless chemicalinput friendly technologiesthatare abletoreduce urgent needtodevelop environmentally incidence ofclubrootdamage.Thereisan cropping of fa lowlands andtheirhighprices.Thisleads good productionlevels comparedtothe temperate vegetables duetotheirrelatively Highland farmers favor cultivation of they arecultivated throughoutthe year. crops willgrow onlyinhighlandareas,where Chinese cabbage,andcauliflower. These temperate vegetables suchascabbage, countries whereitisdifficult tocultivate ( w marker-aided selection.Fromstandpoint2),it to identification ofatolerant genotypeby located onthe4thricechromosome,leading whitebacked planthopperwas precisely responsible forsuckinginhibitionofthe occurrence. Fromstandpoint1),agene diseases andtheactualstatusoftheir elucidation oftheecologyinsectsand genotypes, 2)biological control,and3) of acultivation methodusingtolerant out fromthestandpointsof1)establishment insects anddiseases,researchhasbeencarried damage. plastic film isvery effective inreducing that solarsterilizationusingtransparent disease inthetropicalhighlands,itwas shown Regarding theproblemscausedbyclubroot ( that arenaturalenemiesofthestemborer Ja using preceding crops intheWest crops to reduce clubroot damage Evaluation oftheabilityvegetable TOPIC the rootexudates of could beinducedbyapplicationofNH Helicoverpa armigera Drino zonata yst nematodesinsoybeans was investigated as foundthattwo fly speciesoftachira rmers toadoptcontinuous orvery frequent va Indonesia istypicaloftropicalisland In Theme(3),toreducedamagecausedby Highlands 1 . Amethodforsuccessive raisingof Cruciferae and Linnaemya longirostris Brachiaria humidicola ) playasignificant role , resultinginahigh 4 -N. H ) . p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 49

Short-term crop rotation systems have been plants were grown again in all of the plots and shown to be an environmentally friendly and their productivities evaluated. Cabbage yields effective technique for minimizing damage to in plots planted after 8 months’ cultivation of cabbage production caused by clubroot different kinds of vegetables are shown in Fig. infection. In order to enhance the efficacy of 1. The yield before planting such vegetables this technique and improve its convenience of was 0.11 and that of the continuous cropping use to farmers, the effects of planting several plots was only 0.02 kg/plant mass. These other vegetables and plants on the ability to yields are very low and the crops were reduce clubroot damage was evaluated. In an practically worthless due to there being very 8-month experiment, eleven vegetable plots few heads of marketable quality. In the and four fallow plots were set up in a severely formerly fallow plots, yield recovered to 0.6 infested field in what were previously kg/plant mass, showing that fallow treatment continuous cabbage cropping plots. Two of can markedly reduce clubroot damage. As the fallow plots were seeded with common shown in Fig. 2, there were both good quality local weeds: grasses (Zoysia sp.) and wild individual plants and poor quality plants in the chrysanthemum, Galinsoga parviflora. The same plots. As a result, average head weight other fallow plots were simply kept clean by was rather low, but marketable heads were hand weeding or with silver mulching film. still produced. There were only minor Long-term crops such as chili, peanut, and differences between all the fallow conditions, tomato were grown as a single crop for 8 suggesting that weed growth does not months, and other short-term crops were decrease the recovery effects, although it did grown two or more times to ensure continuous reduce soil temperature. Silver mulching film, cultivation. For vegetables such as cabbages, although it raised soil temperature, similarly carrots, and potatoes, 8 months corresponds to did not enhance this effect. two growing seasons. After using the plots to The planting of lettuce showed the highest grow the abovementioned vegetables, cabbage beneficial effects, followed by garlic,

1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS 0.2 49 0.0 ) e) Chili bean Carrot Potato Garlic Lettuce Tomato Peanut Cabbage (Chinese) Welsh onion Fallow (CleanFallow (Silver) Fallow (Grass) Cabbage head weight (kg/plant) Red kidney Cabbage (befor Radish ild chrysanthemum)Radish (Japanese) Fig. 1. Effect of crop cultivation on recovery from Fallow (W clubroot damage.

Fig. 2. Conditions in a severely infested field and recovery following cultivation Before introduction of other crops Harvest after introduction of other crops of other vegetable crops. p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 50

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT damage reduction. term croprotationonclubroot Fig. 3.Effectsofveryshort-

Cabbage yield (kg/m2) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ページ 50 12345678 optimize thespeedoftheir recovery effects. adjust theperiod oftherotation cycle to physical conditionsifthey arewillingto rotation cropstosuitlocal economicand numerous vegetables tochoosefromas still partiallyeffective. Highlandfarmers have effective thanthefallow conditions,they were planting ofcertainvegetables was less same inthesetwo experiments. Althoughthe be detectedandtheorderofefficacy was the months, damage-recovery effects couldstill suppressing clubrootdamagewas only4 yield. Althoughtheperiodofuseplantsfor with carrotsshowed thefastest decreasein followed bypotatoes.Combinationplanting showed thelowest clubrootprevalence, e in agreementwiththeresultsofformer cropping plots.Theorderoflossyieldwas b rotation plots,cabbageyieldsalsodecreased, cabbage plotsareshown inFig.3.Inthe results comparedwithcontinuously cropped where clubrootdamagewas very low. The (alternate cultivation) was conductedinplots ve F ve carrots providing thethickest cover. for alongertimethanotherplants,with plants, andshadethesoilwiththeircanopy treatment. Chiliandpeanutsarelong-term showed lessefficacy thandidthefallow have nospecialanti-clubrooteffects. treatment, suggestingthatthesevegetables almost thesameasthoseoffallow planting springonionsandpotatoeswere anti-clubroot effects. Yields obtainedby av to them.Asforlettuce,noinformationis germination ofclubrootsporesbut isresistant a clubrootdecoy crop.Thisplanttriggersthe radishes, andtomatoes.Radishisknown tobe xperiments, inthatplantingafterlettuce ut moreslowly thanthoseofthecontinuous or thispurpose,evaluation ofthese ry short-termcroprotationswithcabbage. ailable concerning the mechanisms ofits ailable concerningthemechanisms getables invery short-termcroprotations Important cropswerealsoevaluated in Chili, kidney beans,peanuts, andcarrots Season Cabbage-Lettuce Cabbage-Potato Cabbage-Carrot silver mulch) (Continuous with Cabbage (Continuous) Cabbage 30-40 cmdeeplayer, indicating thattheBr the Br analyzer (Fig.1). determined usinganion-chromatograph conventional method. impossible tocollectsoilwater using the mostly remainsunsaturated,makingit bromide innortheastThailandwherethesoil study, weconductedatracerexperiment using applied onlyunderwetconditions.Inthis underground; however, thismethodcanbe using asoilwater collectorwhichisplaced conventional methodistocollectsoilwater method usingbromideforthispurpose.The effective useofsoilwater. We employed a from thesoilsurface inordertoachieve the infiltration ofrainfall andtheevaporation Thailand bromide asatracerinnortheast an unsaturatedsoilzoneusing Monitoring waterinfiltration through TOPIC amount ofrainfall infiltration between August was equal tothe the peakconcentration amount ofwater inthesoilabove thedepthof concentration. We inferred inthiscasethatthe dispersion duetodifferences intheBr induced bytheinfiltration ofrainfall andwith had moved downward duetothepistonflow e rpm, correspondingtoaboutpF3.5.After using acentrifugeatforceofabout4000 laboratory wherethesoilwater was extracted 10 cm.Thesoilsamplesweresenttoa samples werecollectedatdepthintervals of the elapseofafixed time,100-mLcore northeast ThailandonJune27,2003.After concentration: 0.5g/L)onsandysoilin 10, thepeakBr as beingabout4mm/day(Table 1). ev through evaporation, theaverage rateof amounted toabout170mm,hadallbeenlost between June27andAugust7,which surface. Assumingthatthetotalrainfall indicating thattheBr systems. wish todevelop theirown croprotation These resultswillbeusefulforfarmers who xtraction, theBr aporation duringthisperiodwas calculated In thesoilsamplescollectedonAugust7, We It isusefultobeabletracethe In thesoilsamplescollectedonSeptember -

2 sprayed asolutionofbromide(Br peak concentrationwas at0-10cm, - concentration appearedinthe - - had remainedatthesoil concentration was (M. Yamada) - - - p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 51

7 and September 10. The total rainfall during Surface 1 liter of solution (KBr) this period was about 290 mm, so the amount 10 cm of rainfall infiltration was calculated to be about 100 mm and the amount of evaporation 30 cm 20 cm about 190 mm (Fig. 2, Table 1). 30 cm In the samples collected on February 12, a - proportion of the Br that had infiltrated into 30 cm the soil returned to the surface, resulting in the Collect soil samples using 100-mL cores → Extract soil water accumulation of salts at the surface (Fig. 2, with a centrifuge → Measure using an ion chromatograph. Table 1). (H. Hamada) Spray ( June 27, 2003) 30 cm

Fig. 1. Application and collection of bromide. Collection: Aug. 7, 2003 Sept. 10, 2003 Feb. 12, 2004

Table 1. Analytical results.

Amount of Cumulative soil water Analytical rainfall since above the results June 27, 2003 - Br- peak Br concentration (mg/L) (mm) (mm) 0102030405060 0 Average 0-10 Aug. 7 (Peak was evaporation 170 0 cm.) was 4 mm/day. 10-20 Infiltration 20-30 was about 100 Sept. 10 mm, and 30-40 105 surface runoff Sept. 10 (Peak was 460 40-50 and 30-40 cm.) Depth (cm) 50-60 evaporation Feb. 12 was about 190 60-70 mm. 70-80 83 Some Br- rose

Feb. 12 (Peak was up to the 855 JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS - 50-60 cm.) surface. Fig. 2 Br concentration in soil water. 51

(226Ra) underground, 222Rn concentration in TOPIC3 groundwater is much higher than that in surface water. When groundwater appears on Development and application of a the surface, the 222Rn concentration in surface simple apparatus to concentrate 222Rn water increases markedly. We propose an for the measurement of 222Rn apparatus for concentrating 222Rn in toluene concentration in surface water cooled in ethanol/dry ice based on the characteristic of 222Rn that it dissolves very Radon-222 (222Rn) concentration in surface readily in cooled toluene (Fig. 1). The air is water is a good indicator for identifying where circulated for 60 min. After concentrating, the groundwater appears at the surface. However, toluene is poured into a 20-mL glass vial and it is necessary to concentrate 222Rn in order to the radioactive rays from 222Rn and its progeny measure it. This operation is painstaking and are counted using a liquid scintillation requires special equipment. In this study, we counter. developed a simple method in which 222Rn is The relationship between 222Rn concentration extracted from the sample water by passing and counting rate of the liquid scintillation air through the sample and then through counter was approximately linear, with the toluene cooled with dry ice submerged in line passing through the origin of the ethanol. coordinate axes, confirming the practicability Since the origin of 222Rn is radium-226 of the method (Fig. 2). p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 52

water. Fig. 3.Locationofsampling JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT Fig. 1.Apparatusforconcentrating Sample (10L) Low-elevation area ページ 52 102 0 2 km 䉙 35’ E pigeon peainKenya (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)larvae on enemies of Seasonal occurrence andnatural TOPIC serious pestsofvegetables, cereals,andcash enemies toachive biologicalcontrol. increasing focusonusingindigenous natural methods tocontrolcrop pests, thereisan sustainable andenvironmentally friendly elevations below 180m,aresultthatagrees leaks intorivers andlakes inareaswith around KhonKaenrevealed thatgroundwater Toluene (20mL) Pump Helicoverpa armigera In view oftherecentinterestinuse site Application ofthemethodtoastudy 9 4 8 7 222 Rn inwatersamples. 6 Helicoverpa armigera 54 High-elevation area 160m 180 m Ethanol +dryice 3 200m is oneofmost 1 vapor) (removes Cold trap 102 2 䉙 55’ E 16 16 䉙 䉙 5’ N 15’ N and thehoststageattacked werecompiled seasonal occurrence,percentage parasitism, for development andparasitization.Dataon provided withanartificial diet,andobserved Collected larvae werekept individually, its naturalenemiesthroughouttheyear. information onthepestandoccurrenceof Fig. 2.Relationshipbetween Table 1.Resultsoftheinvestigation. count rate. H in Kenya andconductedweeklycollectionsof f parasitoids. We establishedanexperimental enemies, includingseveral speciesof in thefields, but isattacked byvarious natural surveys inKenya, this speciesisalsoabundant crops worldwide. Basedonourseveral field CPM / 10 L groundwater flow (Fig.3,Table 1). with theresultsfromasimulationof ield ofpigeonpea( 㪈㪇㪇 㪉㪇㪇 㪊㪇㪇 㪋㪇㪇 㪌㪇㪇 㪍㪇㪇 㪎㪇㪇 㪏㪇㪇 Elevations below 180m Elevations above 180m . 㪇 㪅㪇㪇㪌 㪅㪇㪈㪅㪌㪇 㪈㪅㪇㪇 㪇㪅㪌㪇 㪇㪅㪇㪇 armigera 㪩 No. 㫐㩷 㪉 977 857770666577420326225117 㩷㪔 㪔㩷㪌㪋㪍㪅㪐㫏 㩷㪇 Radon co Radon 㪅 㪐㪏㪈㪋 larvae inordertoobtain ncentration (Bq L Cajanus cajan 222 222 Rn concentrationand Rn C.(Bq/L) x 10 (H. Hamada) ) atNairobi -3 -1 ) p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 53

Fig. 1. Monthly changes in the number of H. armigera larvae collected in the field (bars) and total percentage parasitism by the two tachinid species L. longirostris and D. zonata (line) from February 2002 to September 2004.

between February 2002 and September 2004. Our results showed the most important mortality factor of the collected H. armigera larvae to be parasitization by the gregarious Drino zonata and the solitary Linnaemya longirostris, both of which are parasitoid flies in the Tachinid family (Figs. 1 and 2). Parasitization of the two species peaked at different times of the year. Total parasitism per month and per week sometimes exceeded 50% (Fig. 1) and 75%, respectively. Our laboratory experiments revealed that D. zonata required relatively high

temperatures to develop: they could not JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS survive at temperatures below 15ûC, which 53 might be one of the reasons for the decrease in percentage parasitism by this parasitoid between May and January (Fig. 2 (b)), as Fig. 2. Monthly changes in percentage parasitism of H. armigera by L. longirostris (a) these months present minimum temperatures and D. zonata (b) from February 2002 to September 2004. lower than 15ûC. Competition between the two species within a host was also investigated in the laboratory, since one species parasitized on the day-1 last instar larva of H. armigera, 48 hours before the other (clutch size was 1). We found no absolute winners in any cases or of unsuccessful parasitization, defined as both parasitoids dying within the host (Fig. 3). Drino zonata showed high parasitization rates in early months of the year but L. longirostris showed the same rate all the year through. They did not exhibit scramble-type competition, but coexisted in the same Simultaneous environment. We conclude that these two parasitoid species are good potential candidates as biological control agents of H. armigera. Fig. 3. Percentage adult emergence of tachinid flies (L. longirostris and D. zonata) when one tachinid species parasitized on the day-1 last instar larva of H. armigera, 48 hours (S. Nakamura) before the other species (clutch sizes were normalized as one). p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 54 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT (Photo: T.Suzuki) Research Center. Khon KaenAnimal established atthe measurement system Head cageenergy ページ 54 management methodfor soybean production Brazil was carriedouttodevelop asustainable on BeefCattle(CNPGC-EMBRAPA) in wo dispatch researchersoverseas. Cooperative term dispatchresearchersandfive short-term nine researchprojectsandhassentfive long- practices intheworld’s developing regions. animal diseases,andimproving management invasiveindustrial by-products,controlling resources, enhancingtheutilizationofagro- resources, managinggrasslandstosecurefeed enhancing theproductive capacityofnatural Grassland Division focusesonresearchinto management, theAnimalProductionand determine optimalmethodsoflivestock environmental degradation, To anddisease. management oflivestock results in pollution, other hand,overgrazing andinappropriate increasing.Onthe meat andmilkisrapidly developing countries,wherethedemandfor essential partofthesocialfabric, especiallyin infertile land.Thus,livestock forman manure isusedasagoodorganic fertilizerfor into value-added productsorprocessesand in whichlessprofitable biomassisconverted efficient farming throughnutrientrecycling, sources ofincome,but alsocontribute to essential todailylifeandserve asimportant not onlymeat,milk,wool, andhidesthatare commodities andservices. Livestock supply DIVISION GRASSLAND PRODUCTION AND ANIMAL rk withtheNationalCenterforResearch During FiscalYear 2004,theDivision ran Domesticated animalsprovide essential independent technique,employing riceasa of nitrogen-fixing endophytesusingaculture- detected. We therefore analyzedcommunities viable andtheirbiological activities canbe are notalways culturable,althoughthey are However, microorganisms intheseecosystems analyses andinoculationtestsonthem. related plantsandcarriedoutphylogenetic ability fromgramineouspasture grassesand isolated many bacteriawithnitrogen-fixing symbiotically ingramineousplants.We have f endophytic bacteriainriceplants A newgroup ofnitrogen-fixing TOPIC plants usingculture-independenttechniques. of nitrogen-fixing endophytesingramineous at Tsukubawas conductedtoidentifytheflora by geneexpression. Finally, domesticresearch different trypanosomesensitivity asmeasured macrophages separatedfromcattlewith carried outtoclarifythedifference between Research Institute(ILRI)inKenya was study withtheInternationalLivestock fed several typesoflocalfeed.Acollaborative amount ofmethaneemissionfromruminants performance and,moreover, toestimatethe Erianthus v w Livestock Development (DLD)inThailand Research CenterandtheDepartment of research studywiththeKhonKaenAnimal selected tomake goodqualitysilage.Ajoint developed forlacticacid-producingbacteria economical mass-culturemethodwas Universitywith Kasetsart inThailand,an in theMekong Delta.Incollaborative work bran supplementedwithregional by-products the digestibilityofswine feedbasedonrice Delta (PhaseII),” wereconductedtoimprove sustainable farming systemsintheMekong of new for technologiesandtheirpractice to theJIRCASprojectentitled“Development Cantho University inVietnam, asafollow-up ruminant feed.Collaborative studieswith methods forprocessingsoybeans into products foranimalsandtoinvestigate conducted toimprove theuseofsoybean by- Te the NationalInstituteofAgronomic Simultaneously, ajointresearchprojectwith by meansofanagro-pastoralsystem. ixing endophytic bacteria thatlive alue ofdrought-tolerantforagecropssuchas as carriedouttoevaluate thenutritional chnology (INTA) inArgentina was There arenumerousreportsonnitrogen- 1 spp. andtoimprove animal p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 55

model plant. RNA-based studies (specifically Cluster X

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T 12 7 OR 44 S S T R R R3 R OR 11 We amplified partial nifH genes by PCR pr O 21 O r- -R OR S -R R R O-R Sp et 23 et-R pr O r- -Ret 22 38 T OR T Q -R R p O r T R R r-R R09 ing-Zan T OR 19 S -RSp O RO Sp O g Plateau et-R Tet 01 r r-R et- 18 et-R Qing-Zang soil clo OR -RO Sp Sp TROR 05 T Plateau soil ne AY601 13 R3 Spr- OR 8 and RT-PCR from DNA and RNA, clone AY60 072 9 pr-R R2 1051 S -RO Rice root clone D26302 Tet Geobacter sulfurreducens AE017180 Tet-ROR34 respectively, extracted from the roots and Rice root clone D26305 Methylomonas rubra AF484674 s U68183 0 vibrio giga Spr-ROR33 4809 r-ROR1 Desulfo nsis AF13 42355 Sp R18 ncinnatie ae AY2 77 Tet-RO 30 stems of two rice cultivars (Sprice and Tetep) Vibrio ci umoni F1179 19 56 Tet-ROR43 Tet-ROR lla pne zeri A 971 68 17 Tet-R lebsie as stut tus U 205 5 19 6 OR36 K omon stric ii M 42 X R 1 Sp Tet-ROR47Chlorobium t Pseud io re and 7 fH O R r-RO Rice root epidum AE012909 vibr nel F2003 vn -R O R13 Des clone D26 Azo r vi A 0 et -R S Clost ulfovibr 286 cte 72 ORcum T et pr R R ridium io vulg cultivated in a paddy field, followed by ba BH -R c 2 T -R ice ice r past aris AE zoto sp. et co 0 Ri OR roo oot euria 01728 A cus T oo R ce 20 t cl clone num ni 6 oar hr O roo T one D26 fH4 X Az r c -R Cl t c et D2 292 07475 te pr os lon-R 628 ac S trid e OR 8 Cluster A ob iu D2 42 cloning to E. coli and sequencing of the ot m c 629 Az 6 T el 4 9 2 6 T S S er lob 6 S p p A m i 9 e 3 8 9 r r z C it op 4 0 p e 6 1 0 4 t - o lo g a S - 7 0 6 6 8 - R t u r 2 1 r R o s t u X 1 9 R t m D0 1 4 6 p T O b r c . 3 V 6 5 - O a id lo U p 1 0 6 R r c i n s 2 O e R u 5 1 0 m X 3 4 2 R t m e 9 a - t 2 e A 4 insertions. We carried out a homology search 2 O i 2 u M r

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of each NifH amino acid sequence translated a i A t p H s m R

e a o o s B 2 R 3 . n e M n r u r s r p e t l t p u 4 2 1 X A 2 s a o s l s u - 0 t i o t v T 7 5 3 7 b . R a c r z s r 5 4 i a p i a 8 2 7 e a u l k s p i a O P 8 4 1

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a h O o t T o n co t R mo f constructed phylogenetic trees. Numerous o e M ix 0 n co . 8 a a u yl M n p s l h s s p G a A et lu J2 M m st 9 u r 9 i is 45 NifH sequences without close relatives in b B 4 o X 0.1 5 iz 72 h 6 r 0 y 1

d

a known cultured diazotrophs were frequently Cluster B r B Cluster C recovered from the roots and stems of both rice cultivars and designated as “unknown independent Cluster X” (Fig. 1) since they Fig. 1. Phylogenetic analysis (NJ method) of NifH amino acid sequences translated from nifH clones obtained from roots of rice cv. Sprice and cv. were only distantly related to known Tetep (Spr-RORxx, derived from cv. Sprice; Tet-RORxx, derived from cv. diazotrophs. A comparison of roots and stems Tetep; xx is the clone number). showed the ratios of Cluster X in stems to be

higher than those in roots (Fig. 2). There are 100 several clones belonging to Cluster X

identified by PCR that amplify DNA (Fig. 2). 80 Although we very frequently obtained NifH sequences belonging to clusters with 60

Klebsiella (Cluster A), Azospirillum (Cluster Cluster A B), and Paenibacillus (Cluster C), etc., by the Cluster B 40 Cluster C culture method, the frequency of the above Cluster X sequences recovered by RT-PCR was lower Percentage of each clone than those using the culture method. These 20

results suggest that the diazotrophs in this new JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS group are truly active and predominant 0 root/PCR root/RT-PCR stem/RT-PCR root/RT-PCR stem/RT-PCR 55 components of nitrogen-fixing endophytes of cv. Sprice cv. Tetep rice plants and are different from currently known cultured bacteria. Fig. 2. Relative abundance of each phylogenetic cluster of NifH translated from nifH (Y. Ando) clones obtained from roots and stems of rice cv. Sprice and cv. Tetep.

resources such as water spinach (Ipomoea TOPIC2 aquatica) and water hyacinth (Eichrornia crassipes) is being encouraged. The results of Effects of sugarcane syrup in pig diets our previous studies revealed that there is on feed requirements and nutrient enough of each species to supply up to 5-6% digestibility in the Mekong Delta of the diet on a dry matter basis and to replace region of Vietnam commercial feed without any reduction in growth performance; and with lower feed In the Mekong Delta region, one of the costs and higher pork prices, feeding water two major grain-producing areas of Vietnam, plants to pigs proved beneficial in terms of a very high percentage of raw rice bran is both production rate and market value. An used as pig feed. Farmers also use commercial agricultural by-product, sweet potato feed to compensate for nutritional imbalances, (Ipomoea Batatas L.) vine (SPV), was also but its high cost often places a financial tested and showed positive results. On the burden on the producers. Hence, greater usage other hand, sugarcane (Saccharum of locally available but underutilized feed officinarum) by-products, such as molasses p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 56

1) Fig. 2.Digestibility(%) JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT See Fig.1.c,d:p<0.05.      5 % 5 885 8 % 5 5 % 5 5 % d 1) ページ 56 . # % 1 EKFFGVGTIGPVHKDGT TWFGHCV TICPKEOCVVGT c sweet potatovineandsugarcanesyrup,respectively. 3, 10and3%ofthecontroldietwerereplacedby sweet potatovine.V10S:dietsinwhich,Experiment Experiment 3,10%ofthecontroldietwasreplacedby replaced bysugarcanesyrup.V10:dietsinwhich, which, inExperiments1-2,2-8%ofcontroldietswere improve bysupplementationof6-8%SCS supplementation of2-4%SCS,andtendedto requirement was improved by each ofthethreeexperiments; third,thefeed differences infeedintake amongthedietsin respectively; second,therewereno supplementation with2or4%SCS, increase orsignificantly increaseasaresultof points: first, thedailyweightgaintendedto can besummarizedasthefollowing five SPV, or10%SPV and3%SCS.Theresults e formulate treatmentdiets.Inthethird 8% ofcontroldietswerereplacedbySCSto of ricebran.Inthefirst two experiments, 0- study usingbasaldietwithahighpercentage nutrient digestibilityofpigs. of greenfeed,SPV, onfeedrequirementsand its combinationeffect withanexcess amount efficiency ofadditionallevels oftheSCSand juice. Thepresentstudyfocusedonthe can bestoredformuchlongerperiodsthanthe is aspalatabletotheanimaljuice,and for several hourstoevaporate thewater. SCS product madefromsugarcane juicebyboiling sugarcane syrup(SCS),anintermediate animal feed.However, thereislittlestudyon and bagasse,arecurrentlybeingusedas 1) Fig. 1.Feedrequirements(feedintake/weightgain) c xperiment, thetreatmentdietscontained10%          C1-3: controldietsinExperiments1-3.S2-8: Three experiments wereconductedina

% a b 5 b 5 0GWVTCNFGVGTIGPVHKDGT %TWFGRTQVGKP % 5

dc cd 5 c c d a, p<0.01 b: d d d %

cd 8 c c c 1)

. 85 w digestibility ofCPandCF, provided 3%SCS on weightgain, feedrequirement,or be usedatupto10%withnonegative effects requirements ofpigs.Furthermore,SPVcould improve weightgainandsatisfythefeed Overall, 4%SCSinthedietwas optimalto w supplementation of10%SPV, thatofADF f Although thedigestibilityofneutraldetergent the digestibilityofCPandcrudefat (CF). 1 and2).Thesamepatternswerefoundfor counteracted bytheadditionof3%SCS(Figs. supplementation, but theseeffects were requirement comparedwithno negative effect onweightgainandfeed SPV supplementationtendedtohave a by 2-4%SCSsupplementation;fifth, 10% detergent fiber (ADF)tendedtobeimproved protein (CP)was improved, andthatofacid (Fig. 1);fourth,thedigestibility ofcrude research onthephysiological functionalities of thissectorindeveloping countries. contribute tothetechnological advancement growth. TheroleoftheDivision isto security, poverty alleviation, andsustainable achievement ofdevelopmental goalsforfood sector arenow consideredtobecriticalforthe and processesconductedintheagri-food about foodqualityandsafety. Theoperations globalization, andrisingconsumerconcerns global trendsthatincludeurbanization, and distribution, duetoanumberofemerging processing, productdifferentiation, marketing, quality andsafety, storage,beneficial food sector, whichfocusesonimproving food shows seasonalchanges. although theproductivity ofsomethese these greenplantsareavailable intheregion, is ofgreatinterest,sincehugeamounts plants andagriculturalby-products,inthediet percentage ofgreenplants,such aswater addition, theapplicationofSCSwithhigher ingredient affects whichparameters.In although itisnotclearwhichnutritional performance anddigestibility was indicated, several effects ofSCSongrowing DIVISION TECHNOLOGY FOOD SCIENCEAND iber andADFwerenotaffected bythe as alsoaddedtothediet.Thepresenceof as increasedbytheadditionofSCS. The Division iscurrentlyconducting There isincreasingemphasisontheagri- (S. Yamasaki) p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 56

1) Fig. 2.Digestibility(%) JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT See Fig.1.c,d:p<0.05.      5 % 5 885 8 % 5 5 % 5 5 % d 1) ページ 56 . # % 1 EKFFGVGTIGPVHKDGT TWFGHCV TICPKEOCVVGT c sweet potatovineandsugarcanesyrup,respectively. 3, 10and3%ofthecontroldietwerereplacedby sweet potatovine.V10S:dietsinwhich,Experiment Experiment 3,10%ofthecontroldietwasreplacedby replaced bysugarcanesyrup.V10:dietsinwhich, which, inExperiments1-2,2-8%ofcontroldietswere improve bysupplementationof6-8%SCS supplementation of2-4%SCS,andtendedto requirement was improved by each ofthethreeexperiments; third,thefeed differences infeedintake amongthedietsin respectively; second,therewereno supplementation with2or4%SCS, increase orsignificantly increaseasaresultof points: first, thedailyweightgaintendedto can besummarizedasthefollowing five SPV, or10%SPV and3%SCS.Theresults e formulate treatmentdiets.Inthethird 8% ofcontroldietswerereplacedbySCSto of ricebran.Inthefirst two experiments, 0- study usingbasaldietwithahighpercentage nutrient digestibilityofpigs. of greenfeed,SPV, onfeedrequirementsand its combinationeffect withanexcess amount efficiency ofadditionallevels oftheSCSand juice. Thepresentstudyfocusedonthe can bestoredformuchlongerperiodsthanthe is aspalatabletotheanimaljuice,and for several hourstoevaporate thewater. SCS product madefromsugarcane juicebyboiling sugarcane syrup(SCS),anintermediate animal feed.However, thereislittlestudyon and bagasse,arecurrentlybeingusedas 1) Fig. 1.Feedrequirements(feedintake/weightgain) c xperiment, thetreatmentdietscontained10%          C1-3: controldietsinExperiments1-3.S2-8: Three experiments wereconductedina

% a b 5 b 5 0GWVTCNFGVGTIGPVHKDGT %TWFGRTQVGKP % 5

dc cd 5 c c d a, p<0.01 b: d d d %

cd 8 c c c 1)

. 85 w digestibility ofCPandCF, provided 3%SCS on weightgain, feedrequirement,or be usedatupto10%withnonegative effects requirements ofpigs.Furthermore,SPVcould improve weightgainandsatisfythefeed Overall, 4%SCSinthedietwas optimalto w supplementation of10%SPV, thatofADF f Although thedigestibilityofneutraldetergent the digestibilityofCPandcrudefat (CF). 1 and2).Thesamepatternswerefoundfor counteracted bytheadditionof3%SCS(Figs. supplementation, but theseeffects were requirement comparedwithno negative effect onweightgainandfeed SPV supplementationtendedtohave a by 2-4%SCSsupplementation;fifth, 10% detergent fiber (ADF)tendedtobeimproved protein (CP)was improved, andthatofacid (Fig. 1);fourth,thedigestibility ofcrude research onthephysiological functionalities of thissectorindeveloping countries. contribute tothetechnological advancement growth. TheroleoftheDivision isto security, poverty alleviation, andsustainable achievement ofdevelopmental goalsforfood sector arenow consideredtobecriticalforthe and processesconductedintheagri-food about foodqualityandsafety. Theoperations globalization, andrisingconsumerconcerns global trendsthatincludeurbanization, and distribution, duetoanumberofemerging processing, productdifferentiation, marketing, quality andsafety, storage,beneficial food sector, whichfocusesonimproving food shows seasonalchanges. although theproductivity ofsomethese these greenplantsareavailable intheregion, is ofgreatinterest,sincehugeamounts plants andagriculturalby-products,inthediet percentage ofgreenplants,such aswater addition, theapplicationofSCSwithhigher ingredient affects whichparameters.In although itisnotclearwhichnutritional performance anddigestibility was indicated, several effects ofSCSongrowing DIVISION TECHNOLOGY FOOD SCIENCEAND iber andADFwerenotaffected bythe as alsoaddedtothediet.Thepresenceof as increasedbytheadditionofSCS. The Division iscurrentlyconducting There isincreasingemphasisontheagri- (S. Yamasaki) p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 57

of tropical indigenous vegetables and traditional Chinese fermented foods. In 2004, we found that extracts of Chinese douchi (soy nuggets) strongly inhibited angiotensin I- converting enzyme activity, indicating high blood pressure-preventive activity. With its long history of developing and utilizing various kinds of fermented foods, wide variety of geographic conditions, and many ethnic groups, China has enormous potential as a “library” of traditional foods with powerful but as yet unknown physiological activities. We have also commenced a project on “Physiological functionalities of indigenous vegetables in Southeast Asia” for the main purposes of screening tropical vegetables with high physiological activity and developing cultivation conditions that promote higher activity. As for research into value addition to University of Tokyo. The aims of the study Thai indigenous vegetables. (Photo: K. Nakahara) agricultural products, we have been working are: 1) to assess biomass resources in ASEAN on a flavor component of aromatic rice, 2- countries, 2) to identify the relevant acetyl-pyrolline, for quality improvement of technologies to be applied, 3) to assess their aromatic rice as well as on the quality and possible environmental and economic merits, characteristics of Japanese wheat in terms of 4) to build a network of ASEAN biomass key its glutenin allele composition. players, and finally 5), to formulate a strategy In addition to the above-mentioned for promoting the utilization of biomass in studies, we have launched a three-year ASEAN countries. feasibility study project, named “ASEAN Thus, the Division has been engaging in Biomass R&D Strategy,” in cooperation with research into food quality, functionality and six major Japanese institutes and the biomass utilization, mainly in Asia.

and the factors which affected its distribution JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS TOPIC1 in different parts of the world. 57 In this research, the allelic compositions of Geographical diversity of the glutenin the high-molecular-weight (HMW) glutenin Glu-D1f allele (correlated with subunit from 131 Japanese improved cultivars, noodle-making quality) frequency in as well as 174 Japanese, 353 Chinese, 72 Asian common wheat (Triticum Korean, 150 Turkish, 3 Syrian, 6 Israeli, 4 aestivum L.) and its transmission Iranian, 1 Iraqi, 21 Afghan, 23 Indian, 15 routes to Japan in common wheat Pakistani, 7 Bhutanese, 66 Nepalese, 1 Myanmar, 1 Filipino, 2 Thai, 3 Indonesian, It is well known that common wheat and 46 Taiwanese landraces of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L., 2n = 42, AABBDD) were investigated. These were examined by was present about 7,000 to 10,000 years ago sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel in the Middle and Near East. It was then electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Gels were made transmitted from its origin to Europe, Africa, up to 10% (w/v) acrylamide and 0.2% (w/v) southern Asia and China. Little is known, bis-acrylamide containing 1.5 M Tris-HCl at however, about the actual route of pH 8.8 and 0.27% SDS. Concerning the transmission of common wheat into Japan. worldwide distribution of the Glu-1 alleles, The objective of this study was to analyze the data on 1,380 published cultivars were distribution of alleles at the Glu-D1 locus available; the frequency of the HMW glutenin throughout Asia, then to determine the route alleles was also available for Japanese wheat by which common wheat reached Japan, the varieties. These data sets were compared to region most geographically remote from its the results for 1,179 common Asian wheat origin. This study was predominantly on varieties which were determined in this study. variation in the HMW-glutenin Glu-D1f allele In total, 1,380 published cultivars from 21 p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 58

Beijing. Japan; h:Northerni: f: Zhejiang;g:Southern Xinjiang; d:Xian;e:Jiangsu; wheat );b:Afghanistan;c: East (theoriginofcommon Japan. a:MiddleandNear ( routes forcommonwheat Fig. 1.Possibletransmission JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT Triticum aestivum L.) into ページ 58 of theHMWglutenin included inthesecomparisons.Thefrequency countries and1,179Asianvarieties were aaeeipoe ait 3 63. 811.21** 35.1 46 131 Taiwan. **Significantatthe0.01probabilitylevel. Other Asianareas:Turkey,Syria,Israel,Iran,Iraq,India,Pakistan,Bhutan, Nepal,Myanmar,Philippines,Thailand,Indonesia Japanese improvedvariety ( Table 1.Comparisonof the Afghanistan. However, ahighfrequency of Beijing inChina;theKorean Peninsula,and Japan; Xinjiang,Nanjing,Zhejiang,and present inwheatfromnorthernandsouthern va wheat toJapan.Althoughthefrequency possible transmissionrouteforcommon wheat varieties was analyzedtoinvestigate a Japanese, Chinese,andotherAsiancommon hn 5 . ------21.61** 408.01** 46.86** 1.4** 1.4 25.3 6.9 9.5 0.0 5 44 5 2 0 353 174 72 21 428 Japanese landrace Korean Peninsula China Afghanistan Other Asianareas the originofcommonwheat.During remote region from theMiddleandNearEast, and Japan.Japanisthemostgeographically the SilkRoadthrough ChinatotheFar East Middle andNearEastwas carriedalong cultivated commonwheat originatedinthe along theSilkRoad(Fig.1).Itisbelieved that Ko Zhejiang (insoutheastChina),orviathe Xinjiang (innorthwestChina),Nanjing, w China, theKorean Peninsula,andJapan.It transmission forcommonwheattoeastern character suggeststwo specific routesof This distribution ofanadaptively neutral wheat fromany otherAsianregion (Table 1). in southernJapan.Itwas notdetectedin Triticum aestivum as introduced from Afghanistan, carried to as introducedfromAfghanistan,carried ried amongareas,theallele rean Peninsula,andthentosouthernJapan Glu-D1f onr oa ubro ubro aite Frequency Numberofvarieties Totalnumberof Country allele was foundpredominantly L.). Glu-D1f aite xmndcarrying varieties examined .KoreanPeninsular 2. route Glu-D1 allele frequencyforAfghan,Chinese,Japanese,andotherAsiancommonwheats 1. Chineseroute Glu-D1f alleles in Glu-D1f was allele frequencyofChinesecommonwheats:the“expected”class. Glu-D1f food andcosmetics,they have longbeen Southeast Asia.Inaddition totheirusein citronella grass activities ofvolatile compounds from maize weevil andtheantifungal Growth-inhibitory activity against TOPIC Ko into easternChinaandtheFar East,the two transmissionroutesforcommonwheat characteristic (the specific distribution ofanadaptively neutral glutenin wheat hasdeveloped auniquecompositionof diverse localenvironments, Japanesecommon course ofitslongjourney anditsadaptationto of commonwheatacrossAsiaandintoJapan. investigation oftheactualtransmission route analysis actedasapowerful toolforthis presented hereindicatethatthe Japanese commonwheat. important seedstorageproteinallelesin D1f common wheats, wo and landraces.Accordingtoastudyofthe found inJapanesecommonwheatvarieties udon Glu-D1f HMW glutenin2.2subunit controlledbythe particularly HMWgluteninsubunits. The components ofseedstorageprotein, noodle makingisstronglyaffected bythe aestivum lee(%) allele rean Peninsula,andJapan. Theresults rldwide distribution of Numerous aromaticplants are endemicto The quality of common wheat ( The qualityofcommonwheat allele isthereforeoneofthemost noodle makingquality, isfrequently 2 allele, whichiscorrelatedwithgood Glu-D1f L.) grainfavored inbreadand/or Glu-D1f alleles. Inthisstudy, the Glu-D1f is rare.The Glu-1 allele) suggests (H. Nakamura) Glu-D1 χ 2 -value alleles in Tr iticum allele Glu- , and p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 59

employed as mosquito repellants and 100 antifungal household fumigants. This suggests Geraniol 90 that aromatic plants and their volatile Citronellal components might be effective against certain 80 postharvest pests. In fact, terpenes, which Menthone 70 commonly occur in these aromatic plants, exhibit various biological effects on harmful 60 living organisms. Natural products are 50 generally regarded as safe and more environment-friendly than synthetic 40 chemicals, and there is a little chance of the 30 occurrence of resistant pests. Thus, by

Growth inhibition (%) inhibition Growth 20 applying locally obtained aromatic plants, we aim to develop an alternative method for 10 eliminating postharvest pests. First, we 0 determined the growth-inhibiting effects of 7142957 four selected aromatic plants, citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), lemon grass Dose (µ mol) (Cymbopogon citratus), pomelo (Citrus Fig. 1. Growth-inhibitory activity of geraniol, citronellal, and grandis) peel, and fingerroot (Boesenbergia menthone against maize weevil. pandurata) rhizomes, against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamis) and nine fungal strains out of the 19 compounds examined that are sometimes detected in Thai rice. Of suppressed more than 50% of development of the four plants, citronella grass showed the adult weevils from eggs. Notably, three highest effects against both weevils and fungi. monoterpenes (menthone, trans-geraniol, and In particular, the citronella oil completely citronellal) showed a strong inhibitory effect inhibited all nine tested fungal strains at low (Fig. 1). The antifungal activity of the doses. Citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus) components of citronella oil and related is a perennial grass growing mainly in South compounds was determined by the vapor-agar and Southeast Asia. The essential oil extracted contact method as follows. Fungal spores (1.5 from it, citronella oil, has a characteristic rosy x 103) were incubated on potato-dextrose agar and herbaceous-citrus aroma, and is used for plate in a sealed chamber (capacity 300 mL) several industrial purposes. Next, the active with volatiles. Antifungal activity was principles in the citronella oil were identified. evaluated by measuring the diameter of the JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS The composition of steam-distilled citronella formed colonies. Two monoterpenes, 59 oil was analyzed by capillary gas citronellal and linalool, exhibited complete chromatography and gas chromatography/ inhibition of the growth of all nine tested mass spectrometry. The major volatile fungal strains at a dose of 112 ppm (Table 1). components in the sample, obtained in The terpenes that showed growth-inhibitory Bangkok, Thailand, were geraniol (35.7% of effects against weevil and antifungal activity total volatiles), trans-citral (22.7%), cis-citral have specific flavors, so there were concerns (14.2%), geranyl acetate (9.7%), citronellal that the absorption of these substances into (5.8%), and citronellol (4.6%). The growth- the rice grains would affect the palatability of inhibitory activity of major components of the stored rice. Absorption tests and sensory citronella oil and structurally related evaluation tests showed that a large portion of compounds against weevils was determined citronellal adsorbed onto surfaces of rice using the following method. Two hundred and grains could be removed by milling or simply fifty randomly selected adult maize weevils leaving in the open air. Residual citronellal were reared on polished rice (410 g) at 30ûC would decrease to below detectable levels and R.H. for 7 days. Ten-gram samples of this during transportation and cooking. These rice, on which these weevils had laid eggs, results suggested that some aromatic plants were then transferred into 0.57-liter glass and volatile components of aromatic plants, containers and incubated for 8 weeks sealed e.g., menthone, trans-geraniol, citronellal, and shut. Each compound was directly dropped linalool, have potential as effective inside the container to give a concentration of postharvest chemicals to protect stored food. 15.4 ppm at the beginning of the experiment. (K. Nakahara, N.S. Alzoreky, G. The inhibitory activity was evaluated by the Trakoontivakorn, Y. Hanboonsong, H.T.T. number of emerged adult descendants. Nine Nguyen, and T. Yoshihashi) p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 60 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT 2SagogBacteria Shangdong Sichuan Itohiki-natto Chongqing Hama-natto 2 Hama-natto1 12 11 10 Majormicroorganism Originofproduction Sample code fermentation. Table 1.Originofproductionandmicroorganismsusedfor 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ページ 60 Penicillium adametzii α geranyl acetate citronellyl acetate A.c. (112 mg/L) Volatile compounds Table 1.Antifungalactivityofselectedvolatilecompoundsasdeterminedbythegaseouscontactmethod. (soy nuggets) inhibitory activity ofChinese High angiotensinI-converting enzyme TOPIC b a myrcene plays animportantroleintherenin- parentheses refertovaporMIDvalues(mg/Linair). α etoe+--+ ++++ + ++ + ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ - ++ ++ ++ - ++ ++ + ++ ++ β ++ α ++ menthone ++ nerol citral ++ geraniol linalool citronellol citronellal isoeugenol limonene ++ =potentactivity(colonydiameter<1mm),+moderate(1-4-weakornodetectable(>4mm);num pnn +-+ +--+ + ++ - - ++ - ++ - ++ -pinene A. c.= -terpineol -terpinene pnn +-+ +--+ + ++ - - ++ - ++ - ++ -pinene Kumamoto, Japan Kyoto, Japan Shizuoka, Japan Bacteria Chongqing Sichuan Guizhou Shanghai Guangdong Guangdong Guangdong Hunan Hunan Angiotensin I-converting enzyme(ACE) 3 Aspergillus candidus ; P.c.= ------+ ------+---+ ------+ ----+------+---- P . ; A.f.= Bacillus natto Aspergillus Aspergillus Mucor Mucor Mucor Aspergillus Aspergillus Aspergillus Aspergillus Aspergillus Aspergillus Aspergillus citrinum b ; P.g.= A. f. A . flavus b P ; A.v.= . griseofulvum douchi A. v. douchi b A . versicolor ; P.i.= E. a. b P Growth inhibition ; E.a.= We by smallfactories usingnatural fermentation. manufacturing out inChinahasbeencarried produced inChina.However, most manufacture, awidevariety oftypesbeen than 2,000-yearhistoryof in everyday Chinesedishes.Duringthemore Douchi douchi Chinese fermentedsoybean foodssuchas to have originatedinChina,traditional equivalents. Althoughthesefoodsarebelieved inhibitory activity thantheirunfermented angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)- foods arereportedtoexhibit amuchstronger Many typesofJapanesefermentedsoybean pressure andthebloodcirculatorysystem. angiotensin systemthatregulates theblood itohiki-natto All thesamplesexcept oneshowed similar are known tohave stronginhibitoryactivity. those of of various compared withJapanese bacterial-type (2) of 1). Inthisstudy, theACE-inhibitory activities dominant fermentationmicroorganism (Table regions ofChinaandclassified thembytheir . islandicum E. c. aspergillus

Fig. 1shows theACE-inhibitory activities obtained 12 b Eurotium amstelodami have notbeensystematically studied. are usedasaseasoningorcondiment . hama-natto P. a. douchi . a -type (7), b douchi douchi P. c. e xtracts comparedwith and ; E.c.= b samples fromdifferent mucor were determinedand itohiki-natto hama-natto P. g. E . -type (3),and b chevalieri P. i. , which douchi ; P.a.= b bers in and p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 61

ACE-inhibitory activity to itohiki-natto. A 0.5 mucor-type douchi from Sichuan province had about ten times higher activity than itohiki-natto. Studies on the identification of which microbes produce strong ACE inhibitors, and the relationship between their 0.25 inhibitory activity and processing conditions

are now in progress; the results will enable the IC50 (mg/mL) development of an improved processing method for the production of highly functional foods. 0 (E. Tatsumi and M. Saito) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Itohiki-natto Douchi Hama-nattoHama-natto 1 2

Fig. 1. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of douchi and natto samples.

a total of three researchers, of whom two were FORESTRY DIVISION dispatched to the Forest Research Center The increasing demand for food is (FRC) in Sabah State, Malaysia and the third compelling farmers to exploit larger areas of to the Forest Research Institute, Malaysia arable land, leading to the massive decline of (FRIM), on long-term assignments. Twelve natural forests, particularly in developing researchers were also dispatched to the regions of the world. Forest degradation has projects as short-term visiting scientists. generated serious economic and Under the Administrative Invitation Program, Soil profiles of the agroforestry experimental environmental problems, not only at the local the Division invited Mr. Mohamed Bazain Bin plot established at an Acacia level, but also on a global scale. The Idris, the State Attorney-General of Sabah, mangium 16-year-old man- made forest at the Kolapis development of technology based on scientific and Mr. Anuar Mohamad, the head of the Station of the Sabah Forest data aimed to achieve the rehabilitation and Sabah Biodiversity Center, to discuss various Research Center, Malaysia. (Left: Middle slope; Right: sustainable management of forest areas aspects relating to the ongoing project in Upper slope) JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS therefore remains an urgent necessity. To halt collaboration with the FRC in Sabah State, (Photo: M. Takahashi) 61 forest decline, forest production systems and postharvest technologies need to be improved and refined. The Forestry Division has focused on developing technologies for rehabilitation of degraded forest and grasslands and the sustainable use of forest products in Southeast Asia. Our programs and research goals for achieving the sustainable use of forest resources in the tropics were announced in JIRCAS’s five-year Mid-Term Plan that commenced in 2001. Along these lines, we have established the following three themes through which we will attain these goals: 1) Development of regeneration technology in consideration of the preservation of forest environmental functions, 2) Development of technology for improvement of forest quality, and 3) Development of processing technology for effective use of unexploited forest resources. In Fiscal Year 2004, the Division conducted four overseas projects, dispatching p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 61

ACE-inhibitory activity to itohiki-natto. A 0.5 mucor-type douchi from Sichuan province had about ten times higher activity than itohiki-natto. Studies on the identification of which microbes produce strong ACE inhibitors, and the relationship between their 0.25 inhibitory activity and processing conditions

are now in progress; the results will enable the IC50 (mg/mL) development of an improved processing method for the production of highly functional foods. 0 (E. Tatsumi and M. Saito) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Itohiki-natto Douchi Hama-nattoHama-natto 1 2

Fig. 1. Angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activities of douchi and natto samples.

a total of three researchers, of whom two were FORESTRY DIVISION dispatched to the Forest Research Center The increasing demand for food is (FRC) in Sabah State, Malaysia and the third compelling farmers to exploit larger areas of to the Forest Research Institute, Malaysia arable land, leading to the massive decline of (FRIM), on long-term assignments. Twelve natural forests, particularly in developing researchers were also dispatched to the regions of the world. Forest degradation has projects as short-term visiting scientists. generated serious economic and Under the Administrative Invitation Program, Soil profiles of the agroforestry experimental environmental problems, not only at the local the Division invited Mr. Mohamed Bazain Bin plot established at an Acacia level, but also on a global scale. The Idris, the State Attorney-General of Sabah, mangium 16-year-old man- made forest at the Kolapis development of technology based on scientific and Mr. Anuar Mohamad, the head of the Station of the Sabah Forest data aimed to achieve the rehabilitation and Sabah Biodiversity Center, to discuss various Research Center, Malaysia. (Left: Middle slope; Right: sustainable management of forest areas aspects relating to the ongoing project in Upper slope) JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS therefore remains an urgent necessity. To halt collaboration with the FRC in Sabah State, (Photo: M. Takahashi) 61 forest decline, forest production systems and postharvest technologies need to be improved and refined. The Forestry Division has focused on developing technologies for rehabilitation of degraded forest and grasslands and the sustainable use of forest products in Southeast Asia. Our programs and research goals for achieving the sustainable use of forest resources in the tropics were announced in JIRCAS’s five-year Mid-Term Plan that commenced in 2001. Along these lines, we have established the following three themes through which we will attain these goals: 1) Development of regeneration technology in consideration of the preservation of forest environmental functions, 2) Development of technology for improvement of forest quality, and 3) Development of processing technology for effective use of unexploited forest resources. In Fiscal Year 2004, the Division conducted four overseas projects, dispatching p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 62

treatment. cm depthafterthinning Fig. 1.Soiltemperatureat10 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT

025120.. 027120.. 029120.012002.11.1 2002.10.1 2002.9.1 2002.8.1 2002.7.1 2002.6.1 2002.5.1 ˚C 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 ページ 62 reported ontheprogressoftheirstudies. Tw FRC, toreportontheprogressofproject. December 1-2,2004incollaborationwiththe JIRCAS organized aworkshop, heldon Department ofSabahState,Malaysia. collaboration withtheFRCofForestry project was implementedmainly in of tropicalforests”inFiscal Year 2000.The agroforestry technologyfortherehabilitation research projectentitled“Development of conservation functionoflogged-over forest. FRIM, wehave triedtoevaluate thewater Ta Through cooperative work conductedatBukit forest harvesting isakey researchsubject. pheromones. several active peaksrelatingtosex Mahogany shootborerenabledustodetect of thevolatile componentofthefemale Supan BuriandLampang.GC-EADanalyses Research Office andexperimental sitesin Fo teak beeholeborerwas conductedatthe pheromones ofthemahogany shootborerand project focusedonidentification ofthesex (MOU). With thecollaborationofRFD,a ofunderstanding signed amemorandum Invitation Program. Researcher JIRCAS undertheCounterpart three counterpartswerealsoinvited to Royal Forest Department(RFD),Thailand, Malaysia. FromtheFRC,FRIM,and thinning: anagroforestry experiment Changes insoilconditionscausedby TOPIC rek ExperimentalWatershed withthe The Forestry Division initiatedajoint rest ManagementandForest Products elve researchersconcernedwiththeproject Evaluation oftheenvironmental impactof In August2004,JIRCASandtheRFD Plantation foreststhatconsistofnon- 1 CL TN-NS TN-EW OP nurseries fortimber, suchas develop new techniquesforpromoting Sabah State,Malaysia,weareattemptingto quality oflifelocalcommunities. with higherbiodiversity, whilepromotingthe enable therehabilitationoftropicalrainforest medicinal plantsaregrown together, will trees andselectedcashcropssuchas cropping system,inwhichdomestictimber also show very low biodiversity. Anew inter- products duetotheirlow market value, and plantations arenotexploitable fortimber tropical regions. Somemonoculture and native, fast-growing speciessuchas planned agroforestrysystem. and whetherthinningiseffective forthe how thethinningtreatmentaffected thesoil the forestfloor. Inthissub-topic,weevaluated conducted toimprove thelightconditionson developing thistechnique,thinningwas secondary forests.Asaninitialstepin medicinal plants,insideplantation forestsor and cashplants,suchasfruitslocal assume thistobemainlydue tothedecreased rain was slowed bythethinningtreatment.We CL site(Fig.2),showing thatsoildryingafter thinned sites(TN-EWandTN-NS) thanatthe regression slopewas significantly lower atthe not-thinned plots.Onthesameplots, significant difference between thethinnedand drying periodandsoilmoisturerevealed a to dry. Thelinearregression slopebetween rainfall, thendecreasedrapidlyandcontinued for nurseriesthanattheOPsite. remained, giving amoresuitableenvironment NS sites,theshadeeffect byuppertrees maximum of28ûC.AttheTN-EWandTN- at theCLsitewas thelowest, reachinga (Fig. 1).Ontheotherhand,diurnalfluctuation w respectively. DiurnalfluctuationattheOPsite sites were26.8,27.5,27.8,and30.1ûC, depth intheCL,TN-EW, TN-NS,andOP area (OP). sensor was alsoinstalledinthenearest open were installedintheplots.Asoiltemperature moisture sensors(Delta-T; ADRThetaProbe) soil temperaturesensorsandtwelve soil areas remainingasthecontrol(CL).Three south (TN-NS)insomeareas,withtheother from easttowest(TN-EW)andnorth conducted oneortwo line-thinningtreatments w as selectedtheagroforestrytrialplot.We as higher than the others, peakingat34ûC as higherthantheothers, In anagroforestryprojectconductedin A 1.6ha Soil moistureincreasedvery soonafter The average soil temperaturesat10cm Eucalyptus Acacia mangium are increasinglyprevalent in Dipterocarpacea plantation stand Acacia , p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 63

0.02 0.02 ) ) -3 -3 0 m m 0 3 3 -0.02 -0.02 -0.04 -0.04 -0.06 -0.06 -0.08 -0.08 Thinning E-S (TN-ES) No thinning (CL) -0.1 -0.1 Relative volumetric water content (m Relative volumetric water content (m -0.12 -0.12 01234567891011 01234567891011 Drying period (days) Drying period (days)

Fig. 2. Soil water decrease one day after rainfall. Relative volumetric water content refers to soil water content at one day after rainfall minus soil water content during drying period. Averages of slopes were -4.65 x 10-3 and -9.29 x 10-3 at TN-ES and CL, respectively. (p < 0.01)

rate of evapotranspiration resulting from the the thinning treatment is a good procedure for thinning treatment. Thinning appears to establishing agroforestry sites. Large areas of provide improved conditions for nurseries non-native plantation forest, originally planted with respect to soil water content. to cover bare ground after forest felling, These results suggest that after thinning, remain in an unmaintained state. Our results temperature conditions 10 cm below the soil are of potential use as fundamental data for surface remain more stable and soil moisture policymakers when drawing up new forest is improved due to reduced water management strategies. consumption by adult trees. We conclude that (M. Inagaki)

FISHERIES DIVISION with funding under the Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS Three new staff scientists joined the Institution (BRAIN) of Japan, a semi- 63 Fisheries Division in April 2004 and are now governmental grant organization which contributing to furthering the goals of provides support for new bio-based industrial fisheries research at JIRCAS. In addition, an initiatives. Japan is one of the world’s major Egyptian scientist affiliated to the Animal importers of shrimp and prawns, and the Production Department, Faculty of country’s consumption amounts to 300,000 Agriculture of Cairo University was awarded tons per year. However, Japan’s production of a JIRCAS visiting research fellowship since shrimp based on aquaculture (only the kuruma December 2004 and is presently conducting prawn Penaeus japonicus is cultured) is only studies on fish nutrition for a period of one 2,000 tons per year, and production volumes year. The Division also dispatched a junior- are yet declining. Although a variety of level researcher to Thailand under a new species obtained through conventional fishing postdoctoral system established by JIRCAS activities support Japan’s domestic this fiscal year in order to support a long-term consumption, aquaculture taken together with formal staff researcher conducting studies on capture fisheries production yields a self- seaweed under the project “Studies on sufficiency in shrimp of 10% at best. High sustainable production systems of aquatic production costs are thought to be one cause animals in brackish mangrove areas.” of the decline of the kuruma prawn culture Of particular interest, a new project industry in Japan, and in shrimp culture in entitled “Development of land-based general, frequent and serious outbreaks of recirculating aquaculture systems for the particularly viral disease are always a domestic production of whiteleg shrimp significant concern. In this new project, it is Litopenaeus vannamei” commenced in aimed to develop land-based recirculating August 2004. This project is being carried out modes of shrimp culture that are cost- p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 63

0.02 0.02 ) ) -3 -3 0 m m 0 3 3 -0.02 -0.02 -0.04 -0.04 -0.06 -0.06 -0.08 -0.08 Thinning E-S (TN-ES) No thinning (CL) -0.1 -0.1 Relative volumetric water content (m Relative volumetric water content (m -0.12 -0.12 01234567891011 01234567891011 Drying period (days) Drying period (days)

Fig. 2. Soil water decrease one day after rainfall. Relative volumetric water content refers to soil water content at one day after rainfall minus soil water content during drying period. Averages of slopes were -4.65 x 10-3 and -9.29 x 10-3 at TN-ES and CL, respectively. (p < 0.01)

rate of evapotranspiration resulting from the the thinning treatment is a good procedure for thinning treatment. Thinning appears to establishing agroforestry sites. Large areas of provide improved conditions for nurseries non-native plantation forest, originally planted with respect to soil water content. to cover bare ground after forest felling, These results suggest that after thinning, remain in an unmaintained state. Our results temperature conditions 10 cm below the soil are of potential use as fundamental data for surface remain more stable and soil moisture policymakers when drawing up new forest is improved due to reduced water management strategies. consumption by adult trees. We conclude that (M. Inagaki)

FISHERIES DIVISION with funding under the Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS Three new staff scientists joined the Institution (BRAIN) of Japan, a semi- 63 Fisheries Division in April 2004 and are now governmental grant organization which contributing to furthering the goals of provides support for new bio-based industrial fisheries research at JIRCAS. In addition, an initiatives. Japan is one of the world’s major Egyptian scientist affiliated to the Animal importers of shrimp and prawns, and the Production Department, Faculty of country’s consumption amounts to 300,000 Agriculture of Cairo University was awarded tons per year. However, Japan’s production of a JIRCAS visiting research fellowship since shrimp based on aquaculture (only the kuruma December 2004 and is presently conducting prawn Penaeus japonicus is cultured) is only studies on fish nutrition for a period of one 2,000 tons per year, and production volumes year. The Division also dispatched a junior- are yet declining. Although a variety of level researcher to Thailand under a new species obtained through conventional fishing postdoctoral system established by JIRCAS activities support Japan’s domestic this fiscal year in order to support a long-term consumption, aquaculture taken together with formal staff researcher conducting studies on capture fisheries production yields a self- seaweed under the project “Studies on sufficiency in shrimp of 10% at best. High sustainable production systems of aquatic production costs are thought to be one cause animals in brackish mangrove areas.” of the decline of the kuruma prawn culture Of particular interest, a new project industry in Japan, and in shrimp culture in entitled “Development of land-based general, frequent and serious outbreaks of recirculating aquaculture systems for the particularly viral disease are always a domestic production of whiteleg shrimp significant concern. In this new project, it is Litopenaeus vannamei” commenced in aimed to develop land-based recirculating August 2004. This project is being carried out modes of shrimp culture that are cost- p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 64

to marketsizeinTsukuba. (“vannamei” shrimp)cultured Litopenaeus vannamei JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 64 concluded inMarch2004.However, research was animportantcomponent,was resources inChina,” ofwhichfisheries ofmajorfood production andutilization project entitled“Development ofsustainable of aquaculturalengineeringsystems. under recirculatingsystems,andimprovement vannamei hemisphere but new toJapan, utilizes aspeciesnative tothewestern on theTsukubapremisesofIMT. Thesystem using acommercial-scalerecirculatingfacility size of20g)have alreadybeenconducted four monthstogrow shrimptoamarketable Aquaculture. K.K., andtheNational Research Instituteof aquaculture feedcompany, Higashimaru, Mariculture Technology (IMT),Inc.,an aquaculture engineeringfirm, International has formedaresearchconsortiumwithan Southeast Asia.Undertheproject,JIRCAS “vannamei” israpidlyspreadingthroughout developing regions asthecultureof under theproject willhave applicationsto that many ofthetechnologiesdeveloped domestic cultureindustry, but itisexpected of thisresearchwillbetofurther Japan’s environment, andarerisk-free.Oneobjective effective, have zeroimpactonthe development ofoptimalfeedsfor ev mechanisms, development ofmeansstress salinity tolerance,elucidationofreproductive ability andtheelucidationofmechanisms the projectincludeanalysisofosmoregulatory establish amorestablemeansofculture. of seedproductionforthisspeciesinorderto planned todevelop domestic-based methods of theprojectover thenext several years,itis imported fromHawaii, but duringthecourse specific pathogenfree(SPF)post-larvae tolerance. Prawn seedusedinthetrialswere disease resistanceandenhancedlow-salinity aluation andstressreductionmethodology, In additiontotheabove research,the Several successfulrearingtrials(requiring The researchtopicsbeingpursuedunder , whichisconsideredtohave higher Litopenaeus P . vannamei utilization ofbiomassresources. these resultswillleadtothemoreeffective meal fromotherspecies.Alongtheselines, as soonitisproduced,and/ormixed with suggested thatthemealshouldbeconsumed w the fish speciesused.Mealfromsilver carp the shelflifeoffishmeal varies accordingto head, andbones.Interestingly, wefoundthat freshwater fish wastes suchasviscera,skin, quality having alongshelflife from of thisresearchistoproducefishmeal ofhigh Shanghai FisheriesUniversity. Theobjective collaborative researchcontinueswiththe two fishmeals dependsonthecomponentsof difference inoxidative stabilitybetweenthe silver carpfishmeal, suggestingthatthe carp fishmeal was morestablethanthatof same, but thepolarlipidfractionofbig-head composition ofthetwo species was almostthe 14%; afterstorage:12%).Thefatty acid 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3,and22:6n-6beforestorage: carp fishmeal decreasedonlyslightly(sumof 11%; afterstorage:1%),but thoseofbig-head 20:4n-6, 20:5n-3,and22:6n-6beforestorage: for threemonthsatroomtemperature(sumof f docosahexaenoic acid(22:6n-3)insilver carp eicosapentaenoic acid(20:5n-3),and (PUFAs) suchasarachidonicacid(20:4n-6), Quantities ofpolyunsaturatedfatty acids lipids inthetwofishmeals weredifferent. head carp).Theoxidative stabilitiesofthe respectively 26%(silver carp)and23%(big- product weight/raw materialweight)were (Fig. 1)onalaboratoryscale. some meat)ofsilver carpandbig-head (including heads,viscera,bones,skin,and trial, fishmeal was preparedfromwaste production fromfreshwater fish. Hence,asa little hasbeenreportedonfishmeal and isaneffective useoffish waste. Thusfar, one ofthemostcommonfisheries products av cities nearthecultureponds,but arenot are culturedfish. They aresoldlive inlarge f making Chinatheworld’s leadingfreshwater f freshwater fish waste Production offishmeal from Chinese TOPIC ish producer. Mostfreshwater fish inChina isheries in2002wasabout16milliontons, ishmeal drasticallydeclinedduringstorage as inparticulareasilyoxidized.Itwas ailable asprocessedproducts.Fishmealis Product recoveries offishmeal (final dried Production fromChinesefreshwater 1 p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 65

Fig. 1. Sample fish. Left: silver carp; right: big-head carp.

their respective polar lipids. was weak; however, we discovered that it had Stick water is a by-product of fishmeal ACE-inhibitory activity. This activity was not production and usually contains numerous detected in stick water from silver carp meat. water-soluble components. Some studies ACE-inhibitory activity was concentrated in report that these components have various the low molecular fraction of the ultrafiltrate, functions. In this study, we examined the so we assume the active components to be antioxidative activity and the ACE-inhibitory peptides. activity of the stick water of silver carp. (M. Kaneniwa) Antioxdative activity in silver carp stick water

traits of snap beans, paddy rice, and other OKINAWA crops; 3) Evaluation and utilization of useful SUBTROPICAL genetic resources of sugarcane and tuber crops; 4) Development of basic technology for STATION the evaluation of characteristics such as The Okinawa Subtropical Station was regulation of tree shape and taste of fruit as initially established in 1970 in Ishigaki City, well as for mass production of tropical fruit Okinawa Prefecture, as a branch office of the trees; 5) Analysis of the ecological

Tropical Agricultural Research Center characteristics and occurrence of citrus Mangoes: A promising fruit JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS for exportation from (TARC), the forerunner of the present greening disease in tropical and subtropical developing countries. High 65 JIRCAS. Ishigaki Island, one of the chief areas; and 6) Development of techniques for quality fruit can be produced by applying the “compact southernmost islands of the Ryukyu Islands, is fixing variations in characteristics like canopy tree training system,” located at 24ûN, 129ûE, and is surrounded by heading traits in rapid generation in which trees are kept compact and low-growing to a variety of subtropical environments. The advancement of paddy rice and other crops. simplify culture and total area of the station is about 30 ha; 8 ha The Station comprises the International maintenance. for buildings, facilities, and a windbreak forest surrounding the station, and 22 ha for experimental fields. The new facility, consisting of various types of lysimeters, and sloped experimental fields (2, 3.5, and 5 degrees), was built in the last fiscal year. The station takes full advantage of its natural conditions on an island of the subtropics to develop agricultural technologies suitable for the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Ongoing research subjects include 1) Elucidation of the factors responsible for unreliable crop production in the islands and development of technologies for reducing soil runoff and promotion of the efficient use of water and fertilizers; 2) Evaluation and utilization of the heat and salinity tolerance p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 65

Fig. 1. Sample fish. Left: silver carp; right: big-head carp.

their respective polar lipids. was weak; however, we discovered that it had Stick water is a by-product of fishmeal ACE-inhibitory activity. This activity was not production and usually contains numerous detected in stick water from silver carp meat. water-soluble components. Some studies ACE-inhibitory activity was concentrated in report that these components have various the low molecular fraction of the ultrafiltrate, functions. In this study, we examined the so we assume the active components to be antioxidative activity and the ACE-inhibitory peptides. activity of the stick water of silver carp. (M. Kaneniwa) Antioxdative activity in silver carp stick water

traits of snap beans, paddy rice, and other OKINAWA crops; 3) Evaluation and utilization of useful SUBTROPICAL genetic resources of sugarcane and tuber crops; 4) Development of basic technology for STATION the evaluation of characteristics such as The Okinawa Subtropical Station was regulation of tree shape and taste of fruit as initially established in 1970 in Ishigaki City, well as for mass production of tropical fruit Okinawa Prefecture, as a branch office of the trees; 5) Analysis of the ecological

Tropical Agricultural Research Center characteristics and occurrence of citrus Mangoes: A promising fruit JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS for exportation from (TARC), the forerunner of the present greening disease in tropical and subtropical developing countries. High 65 JIRCAS. Ishigaki Island, one of the chief areas; and 6) Development of techniques for quality fruit can be produced by applying the “compact southernmost islands of the Ryukyu Islands, is fixing variations in characteristics like canopy tree training system,” located at 24ûN, 129ûE, and is surrounded by heading traits in rapid generation in which trees are kept compact and low-growing to a variety of subtropical environments. The advancement of paddy rice and other crops. simplify culture and total area of the station is about 30 ha; 8 ha The Station comprises the International maintenance. for buildings, facilities, and a windbreak forest surrounding the station, and 22 ha for experimental fields. The new facility, consisting of various types of lysimeters, and sloped experimental fields (2, 3.5, and 5 degrees), was built in the last fiscal year. The station takes full advantage of its natural conditions on an island of the subtropics to develop agricultural technologies suitable for the tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Ongoing research subjects include 1) Elucidation of the factors responsible for unreliable crop production in the islands and development of technologies for reducing soil runoff and promotion of the efficient use of water and fertilizers; 2) Evaluation and utilization of the heat and salinity tolerance p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 66 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 66 as thecenterofnetwork. Subtropical Stationislikely toplayakey role in March2005IshigakiCity. TheOkinawa organized bytheStationandheldsuccessfully island countriesinthePacific Ocean,was developing new collaborative networks with Subtropical Islands,” withtheaimof Agricultural Environment intheTropical and “Problems andResearchPerspectives of as aclose-knitteam. personnel), carryouttheaimsofStation personnel) andpart-timeassistants(34 (5 personnel),field managementstaff (9 researchers (total38),administrative officers Japanese andinvited overseas fellow Office andFieldManagementSection. Laboratory, inadditiontotheAdministration Laboratory, andthePlantProtection Laboratory, theTropical FruitCrops Stress Laboratory, theTropical CropBreeding Management Laboratory, theEnvironmental laboratories: theIslandsEnvironment Collaborative ResearchSectionandfive short dryspells effects ofplantdamagecausedby F TOPIC on plantproductivity have nothithertobeen However, theaftereffects ofshortdryspells slower water uptake duringshortdryspells. less extensive inahumidclimate,resulting regions isthatroot growth androotqualityare w One reasonforthedisproportionateeffect of same asthoseinaridandsemi-aridregions. problems experienced intheseregions arethe humid andsemi-humidregions, sincethe targeted minorwater-stress problemsin and semi-arid regions. Fewer studieshave now chieflyfocusedonproblemsinthearid oliar watersprayreduces theafter- ater stressduringshortdryspellsinhumid An internationalsymposiumentitled Research intocropwater stresshasupto 1 Table 1.Xeromorphicreactionseenintomatoplantsgrowncoarse soil. Y Y edi h atrhl eid(gpat 1.53 ield inthelatterhalfperiod (kg/plant) edi h is afpro k/ln)0.69 ield inthefirst halfperiod (kg/plant) eaiela ae otn % 80.6 Relative leafwater content(%) Maximum leafletarea(cm Specific leafarea(cm olwtrscin(P)9.5 Soil water suction(kPa) 2 m)0.286 /mg) 2 ) f fertilizer uptake, andphotosynthesis.Our cause thexeromorphic reaction. air humidity, highairtemperature,etc.,all intense solarradiation, continuous wind,low machinery, excessive applicationoffertilizer, w for itsappearanceismildbut uninterrupted xe “xeromorphic reaction.” Fig. 2 shows serious plant reactiontostomatalclosure of stomatalclosure.We namedthisacute the dryspell.Theseresultswerealsoaresult w grown inthefield withouthardpandisruption for amonth.Theleafwater contentofplants end ofthedryspell,thisratiodidnotrecover broken-up hardpan.However, even afterthe w plants inthefield withouthardpandisruption using amachinefork.Transpiration ofthe the field withandwithoutbreakupofhardpan course oftranspirationsugarcanegrown in seen inCAMplants.Fig. 1shows thetime to bexeromorphism, aresponseuniversally These plants’reactiontocoarsesoilappears increased inplantsgrown incoarsesoil. particular significance thatleafthickness absorption duetostomatalclosure.Itisof wa plowed soilincreased. Highleafandsoil leaf thickness,water, andsoilwater in leaf areaandfirst halfyielddecreased,but four months.Inplantsgrown incoarsesoil, transplanting, andharvesting continuedover measured from33to40daysafter base. Leafcharacteristicsandsoilwater were v of thedryweightplowed soil.Thesame mm insizeaccountformoreorlessthan85% coarse andfine soilsiswhether clodsover 2 soil inanopenfield. Thedelineatorbetween analysis oftomatoesgrown incoarseandfine analyzed indetail. inding isthatreductionintherate of olume ofwater was suppliedtoevery plant ater stress.Coarsesoil,hardpanplowing by as high in the humid season that followedas highinthehumidseasonthat as halfthatofplantsgrown insoilwith romorphic reactionintomato.Thereason oresi Finesoil Coarse soil ter contentindicatedecreasedwater Plant productiondependsonwater uptake, Ta 5.6 ble 1shows theresultsofacomparative ± ± ± ± ± ± .31.52 0.13 . 32.4 3.3 . 75.0 1.5 .91.39 0.09 .0 0.393 0.001 . 15.1 2.9 Mean ± ± ± ± ± ± ± 0.16 13.8 1.4 0.13 SE 0.067 5.2 p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 67

10 Dry Rainy season 8 spell 200 6 4 100 2 Precipitation (mm/day) Transpiration (mm/day) Transpiration 0 0 15 10 15 20 25 30 Sep. 2001 Date in September Hardpan disrupted Hardpan not disrupted Precipitation

Fig. 1. Plants grown in undisrupted hardpan areas showed low transpiration even after Fig. 2. Severe xeromorphic reaction in tomato. the end of the dry spell.

Table 2. Effects of foliar water spray timing on tomato yield. Treatment Yield (g/plant) photosynthesis due to stomatal closure caused Not sprayed 2438±371 by xeromorphic reaction is one of the major Sprayed at 09:00 2454±455 contributing factors. It has the same growth- Sprayed at 12:00 2823±220 limiting effect as a water shortage, even Sprayed at 15:00 3202±297 during wet periods following short dry spells. Copious watering 3061±303 The effect appears to be caused by irreversible ± stomatal closure. Mean SE It is well known that rainfall opens Sprayed during 9 days after transplanting. Copious watering is stomata, even after the leaf surfaces have defined as 14.4 liters in the first 45 days after transpiration; all other plants were given 5.7 liters. dried. Foliar water spray in the evening acted in the same way as rainfall to increase stomatal conductance. As shown in Table 2, tomato plants that received foliar water spray every day for 9 days at 15:00 after JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS transplanting showed yields higher by 30% 0.3 Sprayed 67 ) than those of unsprayed plants, equivalent to -1 Not sprayed s 0.2 the yield of plants supplied with three times as -2 SE much water. As shown in Fig. 3, two-year-old 0.1

Stomatal papaya plants grown in 80-liter pots using a conductance

(mol m 0 drip fertigation system showed the 10 xeromorphic reaction in spite of being 2

) supplied daily with nutrient solution. Foliar -1

s 5 water spray at 16:00 increased stomatal -2 molCO m µ

( 0

Photosynthesis 0.0

) 4 -0.5 -1 s

-2 2 -1.0 (MPa) (MPa) 0 -1.5

Transpiration 7 10 13 16 19 (mmol m -2.0 Time of day Leaf water potential 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 Leaf water loss (mm) Fig. 3. Effect of foliar water spray on stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and transpiration of Tomato Papaya Melon papaya plants. Two-year-old papaya were grown in 80- liter pots in a greenhouse. Daily foliar water spray was applied at 16:00 from June 2, the end of the rainy Fig. 4. Relation between leaf water loss and leaf water season. potential in tomato, melon, and papaya cut leaves. p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 68

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT 16:00 for5days. foliar waterspraydailyat transplants withandwithout Fig. 5.Sweetpotato ページ 68 Saitama 27: Table 1.SegregationofvernalizationresponseinF cultivars A photoperiod responses inone Genetic analysisofvernalization and TOPIC response, photoperiodandearliness Three physiologicalcharacters(vernalization important traitsaimedforinwheatbreeding. ** Significantatthe1%level. Fukuwasekomugi x Norin 59 95 35 130 0.26 94.82 ** 543.60 ** 543.60 12.35** ** 94.82 2.06 0.17 60.17** 8.67** 0.26 ** 7.88 26.68** 3.12 43.33** 130 130 0.59 15.60** 130 ** 28.81 130 35 7 0 130 13 95 123 130 6 xNorin59 Fukuwasekomugi 117 x TD(F) Fukuwasekomugi x TD(E) Fukuwasekomugi 124 x TD(B) Fukuwasekomugi xSaitama27 Fukuwasekomugi Zenkoujikomugi x TD(F) 123 7 130 26.68 ** 0.17 12.35 ** 12.35 ** 311.80 2.06 ** 46.77 ** 17.82 0.17 ** 8.67 1.24 ** 26.68 ** 0.00 31.76 ** 43.33 ** 24.63 130 130 0.46 130 ** 130 20.77 27 7 0 130 8 103 123 130 10 xNorin59 Zenkoujikomugi 122 xTD(F) Zenkoujikomugi xTD(E) Zenkoujikomugi 120 xTD(B) Zenkoujikomugi xSaitama27 Zenkoujikomugi ustralian andseven Japanese wheat Earliness ofheadingisonethemost Schomburgk x Norin 59 99 31 130 0.09 68.70 ** 419.70 ** 419.70 ** 68.70 0.09 130 31 99 xNorin59 Schomburgk cobrkxT()128102.3* .0 17.82** 12.35** 24.29** 0.00 0.17 24.63** 0.10 2.06 26.68** 22.66** 130 ** 8.67 130 ** 43.33 130 8 7 130 9 122 123 0 121 x TD(F) Schomburgk x TD(E) Schomburgk 130 x TD(B) Schomburgk xSaitama27 Schomburgk Cross combination 2 Vrn-A1 , TD(B): Vrn-B1 , TD(E): pigWne oa 5:163:1 15:1 3:1 Total Winter Spring Vrn-D1 Segregation ofgrowthhabit , TD(F): 2 Vrn-D5 populations. , Norin59:nomajor Vrn-D5 controlled bythreemajorgenes( Ppd-B1 Vrn-D1 that wheatcultivars indigenoustoJapancarry insensitive todaylength.Ithasbeenreported Contreras) (K. Ozawa, H.Fukamachi,andS.M. as shown inFig.5. without dailyapplicationoffoliarwater spray, the rootgrowth ofindividuals withand plants caneasily betoldapart bycomparing as aresultofincreasedleafwater loss.These w response todecreased leafwater potential, increase theirphysical water uptake in decreases leafwater potential. Becauseplants av papayas forwhichfoliarwater sprayis up to30daysaftertheendofrainy season. conductance, photosynthesis,andtranspiration spring wheatare insensitivity thatconvert winterwheatinto quality. Themajorgenesforvernalization per se investigated. the Ontheotherhand, important Japanesecultivars remainstobe ater uptake abilityintheseplantsincreases ailable, leafwater losssignificantly As shown inFig.4,tomatoesand ) areresponsibleforconferringthis , and , whereasthe , and Vrn Vrn-B4 genes. Ppd-D1 χ Vrn-A1 2 for theexpectedratio . Photoperiodresponseis Vrn ), whichmake wheat genotype ofseveral , Vrn-B1 , Ppd-A1 Vrn-D1 Ppd , , p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 69

Table 2. Segregation of photoperiod response in F2 and B1F1 populations. Segregation of sensitivity χ2 for the expected ratio Cross combination to short photoperiod (F2 populations) Insensitive Sensitive Total 3 : 1 15 : 1 63 : 1 Haruhikari x Saitama 27 104 26 130 1.73 41.95 ** 287.32 ** Haruhikari x Norin 61 96 34 130 0.09 87.90 ** 511.13 ** Haruhikari x Zenkoujikomugi 96 34 130 0.09 87.90 ** 511.13 ** Haruhikari x Schomburgk 94 36 130 0.50 102.01 ** 577.08 ** Haruhikari x Norin 59 107 23 130 3.70 29.05 ** 219.90 ** Haruhikari x Norin 67 96 34 130 0.09 87.90 ** 511.13 ** Haruhikari x Fukuwasekomugi 126 4 130 33.32 ** 2.23 1.94

Saitama 27 x Norin 61 130 0 130 43.33 ** 8.67 ** 2.06 Saitama 27 x Zenkoujikomugi 130 0 130 43.33 ** 8.67 ** 2.06 Saitama 27 x Schomburgk 130 0 130 43.33 ** 8.67 ** 2.06 Saitama 27 x Norin 59 130 0 130 43.33 ** 8.67 ** 2.06 Saitama 27 x Norin 67 130 0 130 43.33 ** 8.67 ** 2.06 Saitama 27 x Fukuwasekomugi 130 0 130 43.33 ** 8.67 ** 2.06 Segregation of sensitivity χ2 for the expected ratio Cross combination to short photoperiod (B1F1 populations) Insensitive Sensitive Total 1 : 1 3 : 1 7 : 1 Haruhikari x 26 29 55 0.16 22.55 ** 81.37 ** (Haruhikari x Saitama 27) Haruhikari x 87 37 124 20.16 ** 1.55 34.08 ** (Haruhikari x Fukuwasekomugi) ** Significant at the 1% level.

genotype has not been identified in any insensitive. Segregation analysis of

Japanese wheat cultivars or lines. In the photoperiod response in F2 and B1 F 1

present study, we analyzed the genotype for populations showed that the cultivar JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS the response to vernalization and photoperiod Haruhikari carried no major Ppd genes for 69 in seven Japanese wheat cultivars, Haruhikari, insensitivity to photoperiod. On the other Saitama 27, Norin 61, Zenkoujikomugi, Norin hand, six cultivars, Saitama 27, Norin 61, 59, Norin 67, and Fukuwasekomugi, and one Zenkoujikomugi, Schomburgk, Norin 59 and Australian wheat cultivar (Schomburgk). Norin 67, carried a single, identical Ppd gene Among the eight cultivars, the Vrn genotype for insensitivity, and the cultivar of three cultivars, Haruhikari, Saitama 27, and Fukuwasekomugi carried two Ppd genes for Norin 61, have been identified as Vrn-A1Vrn- insensitivity (Table 2). This genetic B1, Vrn-A1, and Vrn-D1, respectively, and information on vernalization and photoperiod two cultivars, Norin 59 and Norin 67, have a response will be useful in wheat breeding. winter growth habit and therefore carry no (M. Tanio, K. Kato, Y. Tamura, M. Sato, H. major Vrn genes. Takagi, and M. Matsuoka) Allelism testing of the genes for vernalization response showed that three cultivars, Zenkoujikomugi, Fukuwasekomugi, TOPIC3 and Schomburgk, carried Vrn-D1, Vrn-D1, and Vrn-A1, respectively (Table 1). It was Effective marking method using found that the number of days to heading at fluorescent powder for dispersal 20ûC under an 8-hour photoperiod after green study of the citrus psyllid, Diaphorina vernalization at 5ûC under an 8-hour citri photoperiod for 70 days indicated the degree of sensitivity to short photoperiod. Among the Asian citrus greening disease (CGD) is eight cultivars tested, Haruhikari was sensitive caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, to short photoperiod, while the others were transmitted by the Asian citrus psyllid, p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 70 (mm), respectively. rainfall andtheprecipitation indicate theoccurrenceof numerals placedabovethem Inverted triangles( 18, 2005toMarch30,2005. orange jasminefromFebruary later detectedvisuallyon beginning) inthefield,and released (100atthe Proportion ofmarkedpsyllids psyllids afterrelease. Fig. 2.Proportionofdetected JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT orange jasmine. non-marked psyllidson Fig. 1.Markedand ▼ ページ 70 ) and powder. marking methodforpsyllidsusingfluorescent insect. We evaluated theeffectiveness ofa ecological/ethological field studiesonthis effective markingmethodslimits practical.However,psyllids ismore lackof currently available, socontrollingthevector method ofcontrollingthispathogenis Diaphorina citri detected betweenthetwo groups,eitherin observed. Nosignificant differences were After five hours,nosignificant difference was psyllids untilfour hoursaftertherelease. significantly lower thanthatofnon-marked marked psyllidsnearthelightwas numberofcollected front ofalight.The psyllids (Fig.1)werereleasedtwo metersin e agent, itsusefulnessinthefield was confirming itseffectiveness asamarking flight activity inthelaboratory. After and itseffects ontheirsurvival, fecundity, and fluorescent powder onthebodiesofpsyllids xamined. We Detected psyllids 㧔㧑㧕 Equal numbersofmarked andnon-marked 100 50

0 e xamined thepersistenceofapinkish 02040 9 11 99 29 Da 3 22 Ku 7099 539 15 99 9 2710 ys wa after release yama. Noeffective advancement population duringrapidgeneration r Eliminating weakpanicleblastfield TOPIC content ofthebasalfertilizer ofthetreatment with panicleblastasfollows: 1)Thenitrogen treatments inanattempt toensure infection system, weresearchedthe following three with panicleblast. cultivation conditionsthatguaranteeinfection unreliable, makingitnecessary toestablish f developed moreefficiently. IntheStation va during rapidgenerationadvancement, resistant plantsfromaricehybridpopulation possible toeliminateweakpanicleblastfield cropped two orthreetimesperyear. Ifitis Program inwhichricehybridpopulationsare Rice RapidGenerationAdvancement JIRCAS’s Okinawa SubtropicalStationhasa resistant varieties inanefficient manner. important todevelop panicleblastfield and grainqualityofrice.Itistherefore laid onorangejasmine, mortality over 40daysorinnumberofeggs studies ofthepsyllids. promotion ofecologicalandethologicalfield This methodwillthuscontribute tothe and forlongerdurationsinthedryseason. psyllids for40days,even intherainy season, method canbeusedforthedetectionof weeks inthefield. Thus,thedustmarking and thatitcanbeusedforapproximatelysix affect themortalityorfecundityofpsyllids, method usingfluorescentpowder doesnot 2). 30% after20daysand20%40(Fig. were visuallyidentifiable. Theproportionwas w psyllids andwesuspectedthatthepowder These conditionsweredifficult forthe e jasmine field (18mx18m).Duringthe marked psyllidswere releasedinanorange laboratory toremainfor40days.Onehundred the psyllidbodywas confirmed visuallyinthe for five daysaftermarking.Themarkingon ields, panicleblastinfectionratesare xperiment, totalprecipitation was 289mm. esistant plantsfrom aricehybrid ould wash off. However, themarked insects rieties withpanicleblastresistancecanbe P In thefirst cropinadouble-cropping These resultsindicatethatourmarking anicle blastcandamageboththeyield 4 Murraya exotica (T. Nakata) L., p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 71

field was raised to 2 kg/10 a more than the controls, and ammonium sulfate was additionally applied at rates 3-4 times the control, 2) water was sprinkled over the treatment field for about an hour every morning and evening, and 3) the treatment field was surrounded with cheesecloth. In the treatment field, the panicle blast

index of both tested varieties and the F4 population was higher than in the control field (Table 1). Moreover, the percentage of

ripening of both tested varieties and F4 population was significantly lower than the controls (Table 1). The percentage of ripening of the tested weak varieties was lower than that of the moderate and strong varieties

(Table 1). The F5 population cultivated under

the treatment conditions in F4 showed fewer plants with high disease incidence than did Fig. 1. Frequency distribution of disease incidence of panicle blast in F5 the F5 population cultivated under the control plants cultivated from the F4 hybrid population in control and treatment conditions in F4 (Fig. 1). fields. (Data from the Rice Breeding Laboratory, National Agricultural The cultivation conditions were Research Center for Tohoku Region) established to achieve reliable infection with panicle blast in the first crop of the double- removal of the weakly resistant plants before cropping system. It was shown that cultivation the next generation. of a rice hybrid population under conditions (Y. Tamura, M. Sato, M. Tanio, K. Ishiki, M. that make it more sensitive to panicle blast Matsuoka, M. Yamaguchi, and H. Takagi) infection effectively allows identification and

Table 1. Panicle blast index and percentage of ripening in the first crop of the double-cropping system.

True Percentage of ripening (Mean±S.D.) JIRCAS RESEARCH DIVISIONS Field Panicle blast index resistant Varieties resistance to 2002 2003 2002 2003 71 genes to panicle blast rice blast Control Treatment Control Treatment Control Treatment Control Treatment Koshihikari + weak 3 5 1.5 4.5 82.8±13.1 67.1±17.8** 91.7±4.7 85.6±11.5* Sasanishiki Pia weak 3 5 0.3 4.3 88.6±10.8 70.8±18.8** 93.3±5.5 79.5±18.0** Aichiasahi Pia weak - - 1.2 5 - - 93.0±4.4 71.2±23.3** Inabawase Pii weak 3.5 5.8 1.3 4.3 82.2±9.8 70.7±19.5* 94.9±2.7 85.8±10.0** Tohoku IL No. 3 Pik weak - - 0 0 - - 94.1±5.3 90.4±13.2 Akitakomachi Pia,Pii weak 3 5.3 1 4 89.9±5.1 71.5±20.0** 93.2±2.5 89.2±4.9** Hinohikari Pia,Pii weak 3.5 5.8 0.4 3.7 84.1±10.2 76.1±14.2* 91.4±4.9 87.5±9.7 Kiyonishiki Pia moderate 1 2.5 0.5 2.5 87.9±12.6 78.4±17.8** 95.3±2.6 91.0±6.9* Toyonishiki Pia semi-strong 2 2.8 0 1.5 92.8±6.7 80.3±12.2** 94.7±3.0 93.3±2.9 Todorokiwase Pii strong 1.5 2.3 0 1.7 91.1±5.5 80.9±11.3** 96.6±1.8 90.0±8.5** ± ± F4 population - - - - 0.3 2.2 - - 92.0 3.6 84.8 10.6* *: 5% level of significance, **: 1% level of significance p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 72 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 72 (At theInternationalLivestock Research of trypanosomosis mechanisms ofinfection and development of the in trypanosomosisandelucidation Investigation oftheroles oftheTNF- Development Center, 2003-2005) (At theAsianVegetables Researchand of SouthandSoutheastAsianvegetables characteristics andfoodstuff functionality Elucidation ofproduction environment 2005) (At theAfricaRiceCenter[WARDA], 2003- Africa and development ofnewvarieties inWest Evaluation ofricegeneresource properties Development [CASERD],2003-2005) Center forAgro-SocioeconomicResearchand and thePacific [CGPRT] Centreandthe T (At theCoarseGrains,Pulses,Rootsand agricultural systems technological advancement ofvarious Socio-economic research for the Development Center, 2003-2004) (At theAsianVegetables Researchand disease intheWest Java highlands agricultural systemstocontrol clubroot Innovation ofcultivation technologiesand 2001-2004) (At theForest ResearchInstituteof Malaysia, r associated withtheconstructionoflogging Evaluation ofenvironmental impact and specialallotmentprojects. Environment, aswellotherorganizations, Te Education, Culture,Sports,Scienceand projects currentlyinvolving theMinistry of cooperation withuniversities, cross-ministry commissioned researchprimarilyin incorporated administrative agencies, cooperation withotherMAFF-affiliated conducted abroad,domesticprojectsin miscellaneous projects thatincludeprojects projects, JIRCASconductsavariety of oads uber CropsintheHumidTropics ofAsia chnology andtheMinistryof In additiontointernationalcomprehensive PROJECTS OUTLINE MISCELLANEOUS O VERSEAS PROJECTS α gene coordination, JIRCASisable toeffectively strengths inresearchmanagement and By focusingonfields inwhichitcanapplyits and world foodsupply-and-demand analysis. areas ofdrought-resistant crop development va JIRCAS domesticresearchhasproduceda future exchanges ofindividual researchstaff. JIRCAS andforeigninstitutionsfacilitate also promotepositive relationshipsbetween collaborative projectsabroad.Theseprograms out studieswhichsupportongoing counterpart organizations areinvited tocarry which foreignresearchersfromJIRCAS and Okinawa researchfellowship programs,in comprehensive projectsthroughitsTsukuba its internationalcollaborative projects. at itsOkinawa SubtropicalStationtosupport research atitsmainpremisesinTsukubaand organizations, JIRCASconducts domestic Center [AVRDC], 2004-2006) (Asian Vegetable ResearchandDevelopment in tropical andsubtropical areas sustainable cultivation techniquesfor beans improvement anddevelopment of Elucidation ofcharacteristicsof, genetic 2006) Research inDryAreas[ICARDA], 2004- (At theInternationalCenterforAgricultural of wheatinaridareas high-level environmental stress resistance Development oftechnologiesrelated to Institute, 2004-2006) (At theChinaNationalRiceResearch Changjiang River valley japonica whitebacked planthopper-resistant Studies onmolecularbreeding of University ofVietnam, 2004) (At theCollege ofAgriculture,Cantho V pig farmingintheMekong Deltaof utilization ofregional forage resources for Investigation ofthefunctionalityand Institute [ILRI],2003-2005) ietnam riety ofsignificant results,especiallyinthe JIRCAS isfurtherenhancingits In closecooperationwithrelatedresearch DOMESTIC PROJECTS rice varieties suitablefor the p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 ページ 73

utilize its limited budget and personnel in resolving critical agricultural and food supply In cooperation with the Ministry of problems in developing countries. Current Education, Culture, Sports, Science domestic research is focused on the following and Technology themes: 1) world food supply analysis; 2) development of sustainable agriculture; 3) Development of a model to estimate the technology development for the utilization of potential water supply derived from river animal resources; 4) crop tolerance to low basins in the Asian Monsoon Region temperatures, drought, and blight; 5) (Crop Production and Environment Division, circulation of nitrogen in the soil; 6) 2002-2006) utilization of remote sensing technology for evaluating environmental resources; 7) Studies on genes and breeding techniques technology for the preservation and utilization related to the deep-root characteristics of of environmental resources; 8) evaluation of rice foodstuff quality in developing countries; and (Biological Resources Division, 2003-2004) 9) cultivation and practical application of fisheries resources. Evaluation of tropical forest ecology and wood quality Research and development of highly (Forestry Division, 2003-2006) functional food products using computer technology (Food Science and Technology Division, In cooperation with the Ministry of 1997-2005) the Environment

Development of resistance to high-level Evaluation of water supply and function in environmental stresses to add practical logged areas value to farm products (Forestry Division, 2002-2004) (Biological Resources Division, 1999-2005) Research on techniques used to evaluate Developing an improved model for the relationship between environmental forecasting future supply and demand changes and tropical forest ecology and statistics function (Development Research Division, 2001-2005) (Forestry Division, 2002-2004) MISCELLANEOUS PROJECTS OUTLINE Development of a PCR marker for EST Fragility of Sahelian farming and soil 73 mapping of wheat degradation: a consideration of policy (Biological Resources Division, 2002-2004) intervention (Development Research Division, 2003-2005) Development of widely usable, reliable technologies for the production of high- Development of greenhouse-gas biomass sugarcane sink/sources control technologies through (Crop Production and Environment Division, the conservation and efficient management 2002-2006) of terrestrial ecosystems (Animal Production and Grassland Division, Economic evaluation of the impact of 2003-2007) global warming on world agricultural, forestry and fisheries production (Development Research Division, 2002-2006) In cooperation with the Japan Science and Technology Cooperation

COMMISSIONED RESEARCH Functional analysis of rice genes encoding transcription factors (Biological Resources Division, 2002-2007) RESEARCH PROJECTS WITH OTHER Research on changing water use in the GOVERNMENT MINISTRIES Mekong Delta and its influence on AND ORGANIZATIONS economic growth in Delta countries, and development of a model for water usage p036-074.qxd 05.10.27 11:07 11:07 05.10.27 p036-074.qxd 74 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 74 (Biological ResourcesDivision, 2000-2004) to environmental stresses Development oftransgeniccrops tolerant 2004-2006) (Food ScienceandTechnology Division, biomass research anddevelopment Comprehensive strategyfor ASEAN (Okinawa SubtropicalStation,2002-2007) and subtropical islandareas preserve soilandwaterqualityintropical comprehensive technologiesusedto Research anddevelopment of Division, 2001-2005) (Biological ResourcesDivision andFisheries and fisheries resources in ordertostabilizeagriculturalproduction Use ofbiotechnologyindeveloping regions 2007) Production andEnvironment Division, 2002- (Development Division Research andCrop and management In cooperationwiththeBio-oriented Te chnology Research Advancement Institution (BRAIN) [ICIPE], 2000-2004) Centre ofInsectPhysiology andEcology (JIRCAS incooperationwiththeInternational important pestsinAfrica development ofIPMfor economically Physiological and ecologicalstudiesfor the 2003-2004) (Crop ProductionandEnvironment Division, dioxide ontheenvironment influences ofincreased atmosphericcarbon Development ofamodelreflecting the (Fisheries Division, 2004-2008) vannamei production ofwhitelegshrimp aquaculture systemsfor thedomestic Development ofland-basedrecirculating (Biological ResourcesDivision, 2001-2005) its applicationtobiotechnology the planthormoneABA (abscisicacid)and signal transductionpathwaysregulated by Study onregulation ofgeneexpression and MAFF SPECIALRESEARCH In cooperationwiththeJapan Society f or thePromotion ofScience ALLOTMENTS Litopenaeus p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 ページ 75

TRAINING AND INVITATION PROGRAMS

INFORMATION EVENTS p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 11:08 05.10.27 p075-091.qxd 76 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 76 1) Administrative Invitation Program premises toengageindiscussionsandreview counterpart organizations toitsTsukuba Program, JIRCASinvites administratorsfrom programs aredescribedindetailbelow. and administratorsinothercountries.Current international researchtiesamongscientists administration whilestrengthening concerning agriculture,forestryandfisheries ex organizations. Theseprogramsfacilitate the researchers andadministratorsatcounterpart several invitation programsforoverseas research center, JIRCAShasimplemented Setyo Pertiwi Md. Akhtaruzzaman Hoa Tr Udin S.Nugraha Liu Zhongwei T ang Huajun an ThanThiNgan change ofinformationandopinions Under theAdministrative Invitation In keeping withitsroleasaninternational INVITATION PROGRAMS AT JIRCAS Indonesia Bogor AgriculturalUniversity F Associate Professor Bangladesh Bangladesh AgriculturalUniversity Dept. ofFarm Power &Machinery Professor V (MARD) Ministry ofAgricultureandRuralDevelopment Development (ICARD) Information CentreforAgricultureandRural Information Specialist Indonesia Indonesian Vegetable ResearchInstitute(IVRI) Director People’s RepublicofChina Ministry ofAgriculture Department ofInternationalCooperation, Division ofAsian&AfricanAffairs Director People’s RepublicofChina (CAAS) Chinese AcademyofAgriculturalSciences Planning Institute ofNaturalResources&Regional Director aculty ofAgriculturalTechnology ietnam Administrative Invitations, FY2004 listed below. administrators andtheirhomeinstitutionsare International Symposium.Invited Program, including92invitations tothe FY2004 undertheAdministrative Invitation individual visitsto JIRCASweremadeduring cooperation. Onehundredtwenty-five deeper mutualunderstandingandinternational administrative level, therebycontributing to making andprojectdesignatthe information andopinionsconcerningpolicy- provides opportunitiesfortheexchange of Agencies (IAAs).Finally, theprogram affiliated IncorporatedAdministrative activities atJIRCASandotherMAFF- program shows administratorsthecurrent projects runsmoothly. Inaddition,the ongoing researchtoensurethatcollaborative Aug. 8-13,2004 Aug. 8-13,2004 Aug. 8-13,2004 July 12-17,2004 June 27-July1,2004 June 27-July1,2004 p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 ページ 77

Ana Maria Sadir Director Aug. 29-Sept. 12, Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences Research 2004 Center INTA Castelar Argentina

Chumpol Lilittham Director Oct. 3-Nov. 10, 2004 Office of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning Land Development Department (LDD) Thailand

Wang Tao Director General, Research Professor Oct. 6-13, 2004 Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute Chinese Academy of Sciences People’s Republic of China

Zheng Yuanrun Deputy Director, Professor Oct. 6-13, 2004 Ordos Sandland Ecological Station Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences People’s Republic of China

Siti Subandiyah Chief Nov. 3-10, 2004 Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology Department of Plant Protection Faculty of Agriculture Gadjah Mada University Indonesia

Wanphen Head Nov. 3-10, 2004 Srithongchai Plant Pathology Group Plant Protection Research and Development Office

Department of Agriculture (DOA) INVITATION PROGRAMS AT JIRCAS Thailand 77 Mohamed Bazain State Attorney-General Sabah Feb. 21-27, 2005 Bin Idris State Attorney-General’s Chambers Malaysia

Anuar Mohamad Head Feb. 21-27, 2005 Sabah Biodiversity Centre Malaysia

Yont Musig Dean Feb. 28-Mar. 6, 2005 Faculty of Fisheries Kasetsart University Thailand

Roland R. Platon Chief Mar. 3-20, 2005 Aquaculture Department Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center (SEAFDEC) The Philippines p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 11:08 05.10.27 p075-091.qxd 78 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 78 Jose D.Rondal Aliki Turagakula V Porntip Soponronnarit Somchart Va Wa Greg Johnson Y T Plernchai Tr Gassinee Bagarinao T angkanakul eodora U. upa Hanboonsong isarathanonth akoontivakorn ranyanond runee The Philippines Bureau ofSoilsandWater Management Soil Conservation andManagementDivision Chief Fiji (Japan) Embassy oftheRepublicFijiIslands First Secretary Thailand Department ofAgriculture(DOA) and Development Office Post-Harvest andProducts ProcessingResearch Assistant Director Thailand King Mongkut’s University Thonburi School ofEnergy andMaterials Professor Thailand Kasetsart University Development Institute ofFood ResearchandProduct Director Australia Research Australian CentreforInternationalAgricultural Research ProgramManager Thailand Khon KaenUniversity Agriculture Department ofEntomology, Faculty of Associate Professor Thailand Kasetsart University Development Institute ofFood ResearchandProduct Nutrition andHealthDivision Senior Researcher, Vice-Division Head Thailand Kasetsart University Development Institute ofFood ResearchandProduct Research Department Senior Researcher, DeputyDirector The Philippines (SEAFDEC) Southeast AsianFisheriesDevelopment Center Aquaculture Department Tr Head aining andInformationDivision Mar. 9-13,2005 Mar. 9-13,2005 Mar. 6-10,2005 Mar. 6-10,2005 Mar. 6-10,2005 Mar. 6-10,2005 Mar. 6-10,2005 Mar. 6-19,2005 Mar. 6-19,2005 Mar. 3-20,2005 p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 ページ 79

Thierry Mennesson General Manager Mar. 9-13, 2005 Institut Agronomique Neo-Caledonien New Caledonia

Yingyong Assistant Professor Mar. 13-19, 2005 Paisooksantivatana Faculty of Agriculture Kasetsart University Thailand

Xu Xiaoqing Deputy Director Mar. 27-April 1, 2005 Department for Rural Economic Development Research Center of The State Council People’s Republic of China

Qin Fu Vice Director Mar. 27-April 1, 2005 Institute of Agricultural Economics Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences People’s Republic of China

Zhao Zhijun Chief Mar. 27-April 1, 2005 Technology Economics & Scientific Development Research Division Institute of Agricultural Economics Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences People’s Republic of China

Li Ninghui Chief Mar. 27-April 1, 2005 Agricultural Policy Division Institute of Agricultural Economics Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences People’s Republic of China

Guo Jianjun Chief Mar. 27-April 1, 2005 Department for Rural Economic Development INVITATION PROGRAMS AT JIRCAS Research Center of The State Council People’s Republic of China 79

International Symposium Invitees, FY2004 Abdullah, R. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Nov. 3-11, 2004 Malaysia

Abeysekera, S.W. Rice Research and Development Institute Nov. 3-11, 2004 Sri Lanka

Allard, J.L. Syngenta Asia Pacific Pte. Ltd. Nov. 3-11, 2004 Singapore

An, G. Pohang University of Science and Technology Nov. 3-11, 2004 Korea

Arunyanart, P. Rice Research Institute Nov. 3-11, 2004 Department of Agriculture (DOA) Thailand

Athukorala, K. Network of Women Water Professionals Sri Nov. 3-11, 2004 Lanka Sri Lanka p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 11:08 05.10.27 p075-091.qxd 80 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 80 Hidaka, K. Hayashi, R. Guy, T. Gupta, R.K. Groenfeldt, D. Ge, S. Deng, X.W. de Dios,J.L. Choi, H.C. Cho, K. Cheaupun, K. Chattopadhyay, P. Champagne, E. Calpe, C. Boonlue, C. Blum, A. Bhattacharya, K. Bagchi, B. Azmi, M. Japan Ehime University Japan Nihon University Thailand (CIRAD) Recherche AgronomiquepourleDéveloppement Centre deCoopérationInternationaleen India CIMMYT-India USA Indigenous Water Initiative People’s RepublicofChina Institute ofBotany USA Y The Philippines PhilRice Kore National InstituteofCropScience Japan K Thailand Department ofAgriculture(DOA) Pa India Post Harvest Technology Centre USA USDA ARSSouthernRegional ResearchCenter Italy F Thailand Royal Irrigation Department Israel Plantstress.com India Rice Research&Development Centre India Directorate ofResearch Malaysia MARDI RiceResearchCentre ood andAgricultureOrganization (FAO) ale University yushu University thumthani RiceResearchCenter a Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 ページ 81

Horie, T. Kyoto University Nov. 3-11, 2004 Japan

Hosaka, Y. Satake Co., Ltd. Nov. 3-11, 2004 Japan

Hulbert, S. Kansas State University Nov. 3-11, 2004 USA

Ikehashi, H. Nihon University Nov. 3-11, 2004 Japan

Ito, S. Tottori University Nov. 3-11, 2004 Japan

Iwabuchi, S. Miyagi Prefectural Tajiri High School Nov. 3-11, 2004 Japan

Jelodar, N.B. University of Mazandaran Nov. 3-11, 2004 Iran

Juliano, B. PhilRice Nov. 3-11, 2004 The Philippines

Kim, S.C. Yeongnam Agricultural Research Institute Nov. 3-11, 2004 Korea

Kiritani, K. National Institute for Agro-Environmental Nov. 3-11, 2004 Sciences Japan

Kyuma, K. Kyoto University Nov. 3-11, 2004 Japan

Lang, N.T. Cuulong Delta Rice Research Institute Nov. 3-11, 2004 INVITATION PROGRAMS AT JIRCAS Vietnam 81 Lansigan, F. University of the Philippines at Los Banos Nov. 3-11, 2004 The Philippines

Latiff, Md Bangladesh Rice Research Institute Nov. 3-11, 2004 Bangladesh

Lee, D.B. Honam Agricultural Research Institute Nov. 3-11, 2004 Korea

Li, C. University of New Hampshire Nov. 3-11, 2004 USA

Li, N. Institute of Agricultural Economics Nov. 3-11, 2004 People’s Republic of China

Li, Y. Jiangsu University Nov. 3-11, 2004 People’s Republic of China

Li, Z. Institute of Crop Science Nov. 3-11, 2004 Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences People’s Republic of China p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 11:08 05.10.27 p075-091.qxd 82 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 82 Ohsugi, R. Nyoman, W. Nishizawa, N. Nguyen, N.D. Ngoc Hung,N. Naklang, K. Nakamura, R. Murchie, E. Mortimer, M. Mohapatra, P. Mitra, S. Mazid, M. Matsuoka, M. Mataia, A. Maskey, S.L. Manalili, R. Malik, S. Makino, A. Mae, T. Liu, Y. Japan To Indonesia Indonesian InstituteforRiceResearch Japan To Japan Mie University V Cantho University Thailand Surin RiceResearchCenter Japan Nihon University UK University ofSheffield UK University ofLiverpool India Sambalpur University India The Energy andResourcesInstitute Bangladesh Bangladesh RiceResearchInstitute Japan Nagoya University The Philippines PhilRice Nepal Nepal AgriculturalResearchCouncil The Philippines PhilRice India Rice ResearchStation Japan T Japan T People’s RepublicofChina Hydropower Research(IWHR) China InstituteofWater Resourcesand ohoku University ohoku University ietnam ky ky o University o University Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 ページ 83

Olk, D. Agricultural Research Service Nov. 3-11, 2004 United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) USA

Park, W.P. National Institute of Agricultural Engineering Nov. 3-11, 2004 Korea

Pinheiro, B.S. EMBRAPA Arroz e Feijao Nov. 3-11, 2004 Brazil

Raab, R. Sustainable Development Learning Network Nov. 3-11, 2004 Thailand

Rangsan, P. Kasetsart University Nov. 3-11, 2004 Thailand

Redona, E. PhilRice Nov. 3-11, 2004 The Philippines

Saegusa, M. Tohoku University Nov. 3-11, 2004 Japan

Sahrawat, K. International Crops Research Institute for the Nov. 3-11, 2004 Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) India

Sano, Y. Hokkaido University Nov. 3-11, 2004 Japan

Sato, H. Kyushu University Nov. 3-11, 2004 Japan

Shinozaki, K. Tokyo University Nov. 3-11, 2004 Japan INVITATION PROGRAMS AT JIRCAS Singh, Y. G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Nov. 3-11, 2004 Technology 83 India

Smil, V. University of Manitoba Nov. 3-11, 2004 Canada

Sriprasert, V. Thai Rice Exporters Association Nov. 3-11, 2004 Thailand

Subbalakshmi Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Nov. 3-11, 2004 Lokanathan, K. India

Sutawan, N. Udayana University Nov. 3-11, 2004 Indonesia

Syaukat, Y. Bogor Agricultural University Nov. 3-11, 2004 Indonesia

Taniguchi, H. Industrial Technology Center of Wakayama Nov. 3-11, 2004 Prefecture Japan

Taniguchi, Y. Akita Prefectural University Nov. 3-11, 2004 Japan p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 11:08 05.10.27 p075-091.qxd 84 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT Nepomuceno Alexandre Lima At JIRCAS,Tohoku University, andNationalAgricultural Research CenterforTohoku Region, June 14-Sept.6,2004 Somsak Sukchan At JIRCASandOkayamaUniversity, June 6-26,2004 ページ 84 institutes oratnationaluniversities. This prefectural research Agencies (IAAs),at affiliated IncorporatedAdministrative in-depth researchatJIRCAS,otherMAFF- JIRCAS researchstaff. Counterpartsconduct collaborative work withmembersofthe to sixmonthsresearchersengagedin Program provides invitations forperiodsofup 2) Counterpart Researcher Invitation Program Zhu, J. Zhong, X. Y Xie, G. W W W W T Brazil EMBRAPA Centro NacionaldePesquisaSoja(CNPSo) Senior Researcher Thailand Land Development Department(LDD) Soil Survey andLandUsePlanning Soil Surveyor ozawa, F. u, X. ongpornchai, S. akatsuki, T. ailes, E. itt, C. The CounterpartResearcherInvitation Counterpart ResearcherInvitations, FY2004 People’s RepublicofChina Chinese AcademyofSciences People’s RepublicofChina Guangdong AcademyofAgriculturalSciences The RiceResearchInstitute People’s RepublicofChina Zhejiang AcademyofAgriculturalSciences People’s RepublicofChina China AgriculturalUniversity Thailand Chiang MaiUniversity Singapore Southeast AsiaProgramofPPI/PPICandIPI Japan Kinki University USA University ofArkansas Japan Hanazono Farm, AkitaPrefecture summarized below. organizations, andtheirresearchactivities are researchers, theiraffiliated research Invitation ProgramduringFY2004.Invited invited undertheCounterpartResearcher research staff. Nineteenresearcherswere and tofacilitate exchanges betweenindividual quality ofresearchconductedoutsideJapan invitation programaimsbothtoenhancethe in soybean Molecular analysisofstress-induciblegenes Northeast ThailandusingHYDRUS Analysis ofvariation ofsoilmoisture in Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 11:08 05.10.27 p075-091.qxd 84 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT Nepomuceno Alexandre Lima At JIRCAS,Tohoku University, andNationalAgricultural Research CenterforTohoku Region, June 14-Sept.6,2004 Somsak Sukchan At JIRCASandOkayamaUniversity, June 6-26,2004 ページ 84 institutes oratnationaluniversities. This prefectural research Agencies (IAAs),at affiliated IncorporatedAdministrative in-depth researchatJIRCAS,otherMAFF- JIRCAS researchstaff. Counterpartsconduct collaborative work withmembersofthe to sixmonthsresearchersengagedin Program provides invitations forperiodsofup 2) Counterpart Researcher Invitation Program Zhu, J. Zhong, X. Y Xie, G. W W W W T Brazil EMBRAPA Centro NacionaldePesquisaSoja(CNPSo) Senior Researcher Thailand Land Development Department(LDD) Soil Survey andLandUsePlanning Soil Surveyor ozawa, F. u, X. ongpornchai, S. akatsuki, T. ailes, E. itt, C. The CounterpartResearcherInvitation Counterpart ResearcherInvitations, FY2004 People’s RepublicofChina Chinese AcademyofSciences People’s RepublicofChina Guangdong AcademyofAgriculturalSciences The RiceResearchInstitute People’s RepublicofChina Zhejiang AcademyofAgriculturalSciences People’s RepublicofChina China AgriculturalUniversity Thailand Chiang MaiUniversity Singapore Southeast AsiaProgramofPPI/PPICandIPI Japan Kinki University USA University ofArkansas Japan Hanazono Farm, AkitaPrefecture summarized below. organizations, andtheirresearchactivities are researchers, theiraffiliated research Invitation ProgramduringFY2004.Invited invited undertheCounterpartResearcher research staff. Nineteenresearcherswere and tofacilitate exchanges betweenindividual quality ofresearchconductedoutsideJapan invitation programaimsbothtoenhancethe in soybean Molecular analysisofstress-induciblegenes Northeast ThailandusingHYDRUS Analysis ofvariation ofsoilmoisture in Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 Nov. 3-11,2004 p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 ページ 85

At JIRCAS Okinawa Subtropical Station, Sept. 7-17, 2004

Samuel M. Contreras Chief Agriculturist Development of techniques to increase sub- Water Resources Management Division soil stored water use Bureau of Soils and Water Management The Philippines

At JIRCAS and JIRCAS Okinawa Subtropical Station, Aug. 30-Sept. 18, 2004

Abou Berthe Chef du Programme Farming systems research (development of Programme Systemes de Production risk-reducing technologies for West African Institut d’Économie Rurale (IER) cereal-based cropping systems based on Republique du Mali advanced weather modeling)

At JIRCAS, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Sciences, and Kyoto Prefectural University, Aug. 22-Sept. 25, 2004

Jorge Carrillo Researcher Research techniques of physio-nutrition for INTA-Castelar application of agriculture by-products as Argentina animal feeds

At JIRCAS, Aug. 2-30, 2004

Seth Dominic Meyer Research Assistant Professor Stochastic model analysis of supply and Food and Agricultural Policy Research Institute demand of rice in Laos University of Missouri-Columbia USA

At JIRCAS, Kobe University, and Kyoto University, June 30-Aug. 1, 2004

Ilyassou Oumarou Senior Laboratory Officer Analytical improvement of organic and ICRISAT-Sahelian Center inorganic nitrogen in soil and plants Niger

At JIRCAS and National Agricultural Research Center for Tohoku Region, Nov. 3-Dec. 1, 2004 INVITATION PROGRAMS AT JIRCAS

Kent Hoshiba Researcher Analytical techniques for nitrogen flow in 85 Centro Technologico Agropecuario en Paraguay agro-pastoral systems (CETAPAR-JICA) Paraguay

At JIRCAS, National Agricultural Research Center (NARC) for Western Region, NARC for Kyushu-Okinawa Region, NARC For Kyushu-Okinawa Region, National Institute of Crop Science, University of Tsukuba, and NARC Tsukuba, Sept. 15-Oct.15, 2004

Jose Tadashi Senior Researcher Relationship between soybean rust and kudzu Yorinori Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Soja (CNPSo), rust in Japan EMBRAPA Brazil

At JIRCAS, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), FFPRI Tohoku Branch, FFPRI Kumamoto Branch, and Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sept. 28-Nov. 26, 2004

Krisana Chaikuad Researcher Research techniques for analysis and Royal Forest Department (RFD) evaluation of semiochemicals for forest pest Thailand insects p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 11:08 05.10.27 p075-091.qxd 86 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT Jaffirin Lapongan K At JIRCAS,Forestry andForest Products Research Institute (FFPRI),FFPRIShikoku Research Center, andFFRRI Chavez Denny Ramos At JIRCASandNationalResearch InstituteofAquaculture, Feb. 28-Mar. 31,2005 T At JIRCASandForestry andForest Products Research Institute, HokkaidoResearch Center, Feb. 27-Mar. 26,2005 Srisapoome Prapansak Mar. 31,2005 At JIRCAS,NationalResearch Instituteof Fisheries Science, andNationalResearch InstituteofAquaculture, Feb. 28- Geng Liqing Mar. 11,2005 At JIRCAS,NationalAgricultural Research Center(NARC) forHokkaidoRegion, andNARC forTohoku Region, Feb. 7- Men Ying Mar. 11,2005 At JIRCAS,NationalAgricultural Research Center(NARC) forHokkaidoRegion, andNARC forTohoku Region, Feb. 7- Seth DominicMeyer At JIRCAS,Feb. 14-Mar. 4,2005 Bui ThiBichHang At JIRCAS,Dec.7,2004-Jan. 28,2005 an SekAun yushu Research Center, Mar. 9-30, 2005 ページ 86 Malaysia Sabah Forestry Department(SFD) Fo Plantation Laboratory Head The Philippines (SEAFDEC) Southeast AsianFisheriesDevelopment Center Aquaculture Department Associate Researcher Malaysia Fo Researcher Thailand Kasetsart University F Lecturer People’s RepublicofChina Heilongjiang AcademyofAgriculturalScience Crop Tillage andCultivation ResearchInstitute Research Assistant People’s RepublicofChina Heilongjiang AcademyofAgriculturalScience Crop Tillage andCultivation ResearchInstitute Research Assistant USA University ofMissouri-Columbia F Research AssistantProfessor V Cantho University College ofAquacultureandFisheries Lecturer aculty ofFisheries ood andAgriculturalPolicy ResearchInstitute ietnam rest ResearchCentre(FRC) rest ResearchInstituteMalaysia(FRIM) agroforestry establishment ofaproduction environment in Te hatcheries inthePhilippines Fa forest managementinPeninsularMalaysia Remote sensingapplicationsforsustainable using biologicalandmoleculartechniques system andmangrove-water treatmentponds ( Health assessmentofblacktigershrimps risks causedbyclimaticdisasters to early-warning systemsformitigating the Development ofaricecrop-modelapplicable climatic disastersaffecting rice meteorological dataforcharacterizing Development ofamethodtoanalyzeagro- demand modelforriceinLaos Development ofastochasticsupplyand maturity levels inshrimpandprawns Evaluation oftechnologytodetermine P enaeus monodon chnological development forthe tty acidcompositionoflarval foodsin ) culturedinclosed- p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 ページ 87

At JIRCAS, MAFF, and Meiji University, Mar. 27-Apr. 28, 2005

Xue Guixia Associate Professor Evaluation of functions of the agricultural Institute of Agricultural Economics social service system for stabilization of farm Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and rural management People’s Republic of China

3) JIRCAS Visiting Research Fellowship Program at Okinawa

The Okinawa Visiting Research of five research themes: 1) Efficient use of Fellowship Program was initiated in FY1992, water and fertilizers, 2) Evaluation and prior to the reorganization of the Tropical utilization of heat- and salt-tolerant crops, 3) Agricultural Research Center (TARC) into Evaluation and utilization of useful traits in JIRCAS. The program invites post-doctoral sugarcane and sweet potato, 4) Evaluation and scientists to conduct research for a period of characterization of tropical and subtropical one year at the Okinawa Subtropical Station. fruit trees, and 5) Development of new For FY2004, researchers focused on technologies for the integrated management of important issues relating to tropical citrus huanglongbing (greening disease). agriculture in developing countries under one

JIRCAS Visiting Research at Okinawa (October 2003 to September 2004) Roland Nuhu Issaka CSIR-Soil Research Institute Effect of slope and tillage practices on soil Ghana erosion and soil properties

Meiru Li South China Institute of Botany Transformation of HANA into rice via The China Academy of Sciences Agrobacterium-mediated methods People’s Republic of China

Ashok Kumar CCS Haryana Agricultural University Plant water relations of snap bean (Phaseolus India vulgaris L.) in high temperature stress environments INVITATION PROGRAMS AT JIRCAS Mohammad Abul Patuakhali Science and Technology University Searching for an RAPD marker linked to Kashem Chowdhury Bangladesh wild spine trait in pineapples (Ananas 87 bracteatus and Pseudoananas sagenarius)

Winarso Drajad Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) Effect of low temperature and water stress on Widodo Bogor Agricultural University flower bud differentiation of “Irwin” mango Indonesia trees in subtropical regions

Efendi Faculty of Agriculture Development of efficient transformation Syiah Kuala University methods using sonication in sugarcane Indonesia (Saccharum spp.) hybrids

Shuzhen Zhang Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Cloning and expression analysis of Sciences anthocyanin transcriptional activator genes of People’s Republic of China sweet potato

Azoy Kumar Kundu Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Purification of citrus greening organism and Agricultural University analysis of pathogen-specific proteins Bangladesh

I. Made Sudiana Research Center for Biology Detection of diversity of citrus greening The Indonesian Microbiology Institute of Science organisms by DGGE of 16s rDNA Indonesia p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 ページ 87

At JIRCAS, MAFF, and Meiji University, Mar. 27-Apr. 28, 2005

Xue Guixia Associate Professor Evaluation of functions of the agricultural Institute of Agricultural Economics social service system for stabilization of farm Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and rural management People’s Republic of China

3) JIRCAS Visiting Research Fellowship Program at Okinawa

The Okinawa Visiting Research of five research themes: 1) Efficient use of Fellowship Program was initiated in FY1992, water and fertilizers, 2) Evaluation and prior to the reorganization of the Tropical utilization of heat- and salt-tolerant crops, 3) Agricultural Research Center (TARC) into Evaluation and utilization of useful traits in JIRCAS. The program invites post-doctoral sugarcane and sweet potato, 4) Evaluation and scientists to conduct research for a period of characterization of tropical and subtropical one year at the Okinawa Subtropical Station. fruit trees, and 5) Development of new For FY2004, researchers focused on technologies for the integrated management of important issues relating to tropical citrus huanglongbing (greening disease). agriculture in developing countries under one

JIRCAS Visiting Research at Okinawa (October 2003 to September 2004) Roland Nuhu Issaka CSIR-Soil Research Institute Effect of slope and tillage practices on soil Ghana erosion and soil properties

Meiru Li South China Institute of Botany Transformation of HANA into rice via The China Academy of Sciences Agrobacterium-mediated methods People’s Republic of China

Ashok Kumar CCS Haryana Agricultural University Plant water relations of snap bean (Phaseolus India vulgaris L.) in high temperature stress environments INVITATION PROGRAMS AT JIRCAS Mohammad Abul Patuakhali Science and Technology University Searching for an RAPD marker linked to Kashem Chowdhury Bangladesh wild spine trait in pineapples (Ananas 87 bracteatus and Pseudoananas sagenarius)

Winarso Drajad Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) Effect of low temperature and water stress on Widodo Bogor Agricultural University flower bud differentiation of “Irwin” mango Indonesia trees in subtropical regions

Efendi Faculty of Agriculture Development of efficient transformation Syiah Kuala University methods using sonication in sugarcane Indonesia (Saccharum spp.) hybrids

Shuzhen Zhang Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Cloning and expression analysis of Sciences anthocyanin transcriptional activator genes of People’s Republic of China sweet potato

Azoy Kumar Kundu Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Purification of citrus greening organism and Agricultural University analysis of pathogen-specific proteins Bangladesh

I. Made Sudiana Research Center for Biology Detection of diversity of citrus greening The Indonesian Microbiology Institute of Science organisms by DGGE of 16s rDNA Indonesia p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 11:08 05.10.27 p075-091.qxd 88 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT Kashem Chowdhury Mohammad Abul Ismail Saleh Mahmoud Xueqin He Bambang Sugiharto Macha Mustad Maulid Zougmore Robert Bellarmin Arachchige Lal Peruma Vidhana Jilin Tian Ashok Kumar ページ 88 4) JIRCASVisiting Research Fellowship Program atTsukuba Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS),alsoin projects attheNational Instituteof NIAS-type programtocarry outfive-month researchers aresimilarly invited underthe premises foraperiodofoneyear. Four conduct researchatJIRCAS’s Tsukuba type program,10researchersareinvited to NIAS type(short-term).UndertheJIRCAS- has two types:JIRCAStype(long-term)and developing regions. Thisfellowship program va promote collaborative researchtoaddress Research Fellowship Programaimsto since October1995.TheTsukubaVisiting implemented atJIRCAS’s Tsukubapremises Research Fellowship Program hasbeen JIRCAS Visiting ResearchatOkinawa (December2004toNovember 2005) Bangladesh Pa Genetic andPlantBreeding Egypt Assiut University F Soil andWater Department People’s RepublicofChina Inner MongoliaAgriculturalUniversity College ofAgriculture Indonesia University ofJember F T Centre forSustainableRuralDevelopment Sokoine University ofAgriculture Burkina Faso INERA Department ofNaturalResourcesManagement Sri Lanka University oftheRyukyus F V People’s RepublicofChina Environmental SciencesResearchInstitute Laboratory ofSoilScienceandPlantNutrition India CCS HaryanaAgriculturalUniversity anzania aculty ofAgriculture aculty ofNaturalSciencesandMathematics aculty ofAgriculture rious problemsconfrontingcountriesin isiting Researcher A programsimilartotheOkinawa Visiting tuakhali ScienceandTechnology University +81-29-838-6337; e-mail:[email protected]) 8686, Japan.(Tel.: +81-29-838-6335;Fax: Sciences, 1-1Ohwashi, Tsukuba,Ibaraki305- International ResearchCenter forAgricultural International RelationsSection,Japan Programs canbeobtainedby contacting the Tsukuba Visiting ResearchFellowship in FY2004arelistedbelow. 2005. Theinvitees andtheirresearch activities program fromNovember 2004toMarch four researchersundertheNIAS-type December 2004toNovember 2005,aswell 2003 toSeptember2004andninefrom JIRCAS-type program:ninefromOctober researchers have beeninvited underthe Tsukuba. StartingfromOctober2003,18 by usingDNA markers Cultivar identification oftropicalfruittrees soil storedwater use Development oftechniquestoincreasesub- transcriptional activator geneofsweetpotato Cloning ofmyctypeanthocyanin sugarcane mediated transformationmethodsin Development ofefficient tropical fruittreecultivars Evaluation andcharacterizationofpromising fertility Effect ofcover cropsonsoilerosionand system insugarcanecultivation different frequenciesthroughdripirrigation Study ontheeffectiveness offertigation at engineering Development ofsalt-tolerantricebygenetic bean ( Physiological studyofheattoleranceinsnap More informationontheOkinawa and Phaseolus vulgaris ) Agrobacterium- p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 ページ 89

JIRCAS Visiting Research Fellowships at Tsukuba (JIRCAS type: October 2003 to September 2004) Huoyan Wang Institute of Soil Science What triggers NI (nitrification inhibitory) The Chinese Academy of Sciences activity in root exudates of Bracharia People’s Republic of China humidicola?

Yin Lijun China Agricultural University Production of functional materials by the People’s Republic of China control of enzymatic reaction during food processing

Xiuqing Wang China Agricultural University Grain yield response to climatic factors in People’s Republic of China China (1985-2002)

A. K. M. Mohiuddin Bangladesh Rice Research Institute Development of biotechnology to improve Bangladesh abiotic stress tolerance using leading varieties of Japonica rice

Adel Elsayed Laboratory of Microbiology Molecular analysis of endophytic nitrogen- Elbeltagy Botany Department, Faculty of Agriculture fixing bacterial communities associated with Minufiya University rice plants Egypt

Oladimeji Idowu University of Ibadan Impact of extension services on rice yield gap Oladele Nigeria in Asia and West African countries

Kashfia Ahmed Ibaraki University Physiological and nutritional studies on (Bangladesh) important aquaculture species

Xu Hua Institute of Soil Science The effects of soil moisture on CH4, CO2,

The Chinese Academy of Sciences N2O, and NO emission of paddies People’s Republic of China

Safiah Jasmani JIRCAS Fellow The role of hormones in the control of (Malaysia) meiotic resumption during oocyte maturation in Macrobrachium rosenbergii INVITATION PROGRAMS AT JIRCAS 89 JIRCAS Visiting Research Fellowships at Tsukuba (JIRCAS type: December 2004 to November 2005) Mohamed Faize Department of Environmental Chemistry Molecular analysis of symbiosis of National Institute for Agro-Environmental endophytic nitrogen-fixing bacteria in rice Sciences plants Morocco

Subramaniam Department of Biology Isolation and characterization of nitrification Gopalakrishnan University College London inhibitory activity of root exudates in UK (India) Brachiaria humidicola

Syeda Shahnaz Food Science and Technology Division Structural determination of natural Parvez JIRCAS antioxidants from some tropical vegetables Bangladesh

Ashraf Suloma Animal Production Department Characteristics of fatty acid composition in Mahmoud Faculty of Agriculture tropical and subtropical aquatic organisms Cairo University Egypt

Zhijie Wang China National Engineering Research Center for Development of a method to estimate yield Information Technology in Agriculture level of winter wheat using remote sensing People’s Republic of China p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 11:08 05.10.27 p075-091.qxd 90 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT Jianrong Shi A. K.M.Mohiuddin Ali Ghulam Muhammad Tr Souvanh Thadavong Qiang Fu Sobrizal Feng Qin Tr Andrew Kalyebi Cemal Atici an DanhSuu imurtulu Nunna JIRCAS Visiting ResearchFellowships atTsukuba(NIAStype:November 2004toMarch2005) ページ 90 JIRCAS AsiaBiotechnologyStudyProgram(October2004 toFebruary2005) 5) JIRCASAsiaBiotechnologyStudyProgram through humanresourcesdevelopment and utilization concernsindeveloping countries Fisheries toaddressfoodproductionand Ministry ofAgriculture,Forestry and contract researcharrangementwiththe Asia Biotechnology StudyProgramundera Indonesia and RadiationTechnology Center forResearchandDevelopment ofIsotopes National AtomicEnergy Agency People’s RepublicofChina Tsinghua University Biotechnology Department ofBiologicalScienceand India Agricultural ResearchStation Uganda Research Institute Namulonge AgriculturalandAnimalProduction Biocontrol Unit Turkey Adnan MenderesUniversity F People’s RepublicofChina Jiangsu AcademyofAgricultural Sciences Plant ProtectionInstitute Bangladesh Bangladesh RiceResearchInstitute(BRRI) P P V V Laos National AgricultureResearchCenter(NARC) People’s RepublicofChina China NationalRiceResearchInstitute aculty ofAgriculture akistan akistan AgricultureResearchCouncil ietnam ietnam AgriculturalScienceInstitute Starting in2001,JIRCASinitiatedthe inception. have participatedintheprogram sinceits f of uptosixmonthsundergo traininginthe researchers fromtarget countriesforperiods capacity building. Theprograminvites CIMMYT-JIRCAS project with DNA marker techniquesaspartofthe Germplasm enrichmentformarginal land salt stressresponseinplants transcription factors involved indrought and Functional analysisofDREBgenesencoding cultivated soil Mitigation ofnitrousoxideemissionsfrom insect pests Pa and agriculturalresourcessituation Quantitative analysisofthelong-termfood for germplasmenrichment Development offunctionalgenomicmarkers engineering japonica varieties ofriceusinggenetic Development ofabioticstress-tolerantelite sativa Proteomics approachestoanalyzerice( cultivated rice novel allelesamongAsianwildand resistance toriceblastreveal potentially chromosomal region conferringfield Analysis ofgeneticdiversity ofthe Analysis ofLaotianlegume geneticresources lugens Genetic basisfortheshiftof ield ofbiotechnology. Thirteenresearchers rasitoid fliesforbiologicalcontrolof L.) fordroughttolerance to resistantricevarieties Nilaparvata Oryza p075-091.qxd 05.10.27 11:08 ページ 91

6) Other fellowships for visiting scientists

The Government of Japan sponsors a following visiting scientists resided at postdoctoral fellowship program for both JIRCAS: Dr. Nguyen Van Dong (Vietnam) Japanese and foreign scientists through the and Dr. Selina Ahmed (Bangladesh), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Biological Resources Division; Dr. Nur (JSPS). The program places post-doctoral and Ahamed Khondaker (Bangladesh), Okinawa sabbatical fellows in national research Subtropical Station; Hoi Xuam Pham institutes throughout Japan according to (Vietnam), Biological Resources Division; research theme and prior arrangement with a and Vasilica Vasile Nastasa (Romania), Crop host scientist for a term of generally one Production and Environment Division. month to three years. Fellowships can be In addition, three Japanese fellows, Dr. K. undertaken in any of the ministries and many Suzuki, Development Research Division; Dr. fellows are currently working at various C. Oguchi, Crop Production and Environment Incorporated Administrative Agencies Division; and Dr. M. Hayano, Okinawa affiliated to the Ministry of Agriculture, Subtropical Station, have also conducted Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF). In 2004, the research at JIRCAS. INVITATION PROGRAMS AT JIRCAS 91 p092-102.qxd 05.10.27 11:09 11:09 05.10.27 p092-102.qxd 92 JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 92 W 11th JIRCASInternational Symposium 1) INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIA Session 1 Innovative technologies for boostingriceproduction Main themes ・ ・ ・ Ke ・ ・ ・ Opening addresses Program: management. related toriceproduction,supply anddemand, processing,environmental problems,andfarm institutes inJapan,andtheMinistryofAgriculture,Forestry andFisheriesofJapan(MAFF). Conference 2004heldtogetherwiththeInternationalRiceResearchInstitute(IRRI),sixresearch JIRCAS hascontinuedthispractice.At regions. Sinceitstransition fromTARC, f and respondingtoagriculture,forestry, and scientific exchange whileaccuratelygauging international symposiainordertopromote JIRCAS’s predecessor, sponsoredannual Agriculture ResearchCenter(TARC), Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 Session 5 Session 7 Session 6 Session 8 Pe Session 9 Session 11 Adaptable rice-basedsystemsthatimprove farmers’livelihood Session 10 Session 12 Session 14 Session 13 isheries needsoftheworld’s developing rspectives ontheplaceofriceinahealthylifestyle ynote lectures ORLD RICERESEARCHCONFERENCE2004 Dr. RonaldCantrell,DirectorGeneral,InternationalRiceResearchInstitute Prof. RiotaNakamura,NipponUniversity Prof. Vaclav Smil,ManitobaUniversity Dr. Keijiro Otsuka,ChairmanoftheBoardTrustees, InternationalRiceResearchInstitute Dr. NguuVan Nguyen,Executive SecretaryoftheInternationalRiceCommission,FAO Ministry ofAgriculture,Forestry and FisheriesofJapan Mr. Koichi Nishikawa, DirectoroftheAgriculture, Forestry andFisheriesResearchCouncil, As many as1,278participantsfrom42countriesattendedandsharedideasondiverse matters In fiscal year2004,JIRCASserved asthemainorganizer oftheWorld RiceResearch Between 1979and1993,theTropical SYMPOSIA ANDWORKSHOPS :T :T :T : : : :T : :D : : :P :F :P Improving riceyieldpotential Broadening thegenepoolandexploiting heterosisincultivated rice Improving efficiency through innovations inmechanization Improving ricequality Enhancing themulti-functionalityofricesystems Conservation ofsoil,water, andtheenvironment inricecultures armers’ participatoryapproaches tofacilitating theadoptionofimproved technology ost-harvest technology forefficient processinganddistribution ofrice otentials fordiversification inrice-basedsystemstoenhancerurallivelihoods rends incropestablishmentandmanagementAsia he genus he structureandfunctionofthericegenome he opportunitiesandchallengesoftransgenicrice ev elopment ofnew usesforrice Oryza , itsdiversity, evolution, andutility appears below. International Year ofRice,” andtheprogram November 2004,inconjunctionwith“The JIRCAS InternationalSymposiumwas heldin agricultural research.Appropriately, the 11th central importancetointernational Symposium isorganized aroundthemesof present, eachyear’s JIRCASInternational p092-102.qxd 05.10.27 11:09 ページ 93

The role of rice in environmentally-sustainable food security Session 15:The challenge of expanding rice production in unfavorable environments Session 16:Pest management with minimal environmental stress Session 17:Rice supply and demand Session 18:The impact of globalization on rice farmers Session 19: Climate change and rice production Session 20: Improving rice productivity through IT

JIRCAS 2005 International Symposium in Ishigaki PROBLEMS AND RESEARCH PERSPECTIVES OF AGRICULTURAL ENVIRONMENT IN THE TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL ISLANDS

This international symposium, entitled “Problems and Research Perspectives of Agricultural Environment in the Tropical and Subtropical Islands,” was held on March 11, 2005, in Ishigaki City, Okinawa Prefecture. The Okinawa Subtropical Station was the sponsor of this first international symposium on Ishigaki Island, with invited representatives from the Pacific Ocean islands of the Philippines, Fiji, and New Caledonia. It was cosponsored by the Seikai National Fisheries Research Institute’s Ishigaki Tropical Station, the Okinawa Prefectural Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Research Institute for the Subtropics. Japan’s subtropical islands are increasingly exposed to problems such as soil erosion resulting in possible damage to coral ecosystems; nitrate pollution of groundwater caused by chemical fertilizers and livestock excreta; high temperatures and drought in summer; and typhoon damage from strong winds, rainfall downpours, and salt-laden wind. The narrow diurnal range in temperature of the islands also causes problems relating to crop growth. These problems are also emerging in the tropical and subtropical islands of the Pacific Ocean. In order to review these problems with and research perspectives on the agricultural environment in tropical and subtropical islands, nearly two hundred people, including the Station’s collaborative foreign researchers and citizens of Ishigaki Island, participated in the international symposium. Many of the discussions focused on the conflict between agricultural productivity and environmental conservation. Finally, all of the participants confirmed the need to set up a collaborative network. In addition, an excursion around Ishigaki Island was held on March 12, 2005 as a post-

symposium event, which included visits to the International Coral Reef Research and Monitoring SYMPOSIA AND WORKSHOPS Center and to sugarcane fields seriously damaged by soil erosion. 93

Program: Opening addresses ・ Dr. Mutsuo Iwamoto, President (former), Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) ・ Mr. Shigeru Motai, President, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan ・ Mr. Takanobu Ohama, President, Yaeyama Branch of the Okinawa Prefectural Government

Symposium participants in Ishigaki, Okinawa Prefecture, on March 11, 2005. p092-102.qxd 05.10.27 11:09 11:09 05.10.27 p092-102.qxd 94

sustainable use.” grasslands inChinaandtheir desertification ofdegenerated on “Thecontrolof Participants intheworkshop JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 94 Session 1 DEGENERATED GRASSLANDSINCHINA ANDTHEIRSUSTAINABLE USE W 2) SPECIALPROGRAMS and thedevelopment ofthesocialeconomy, impedes sustainableagriculturalproduction e particularly acceleratedinthe1990s.The management. Thespeedofdesertification felling oftreesforfuel,andinefficient water human activities suchasovergrazing, the area ofJapan,hasbeendesertified dueto 2004. Science, was heldatJIRCASonOctober7-8, National InstituteofLivestock andGrassland that about400,000km areas undergoing desertification. Itisthought of China’s totalarea,iscomprisedofdesertor approximately 17%ofthePeoples’Republic Session 2 Session 3 Session 4 ・ Closing address xpansion ofdesertification inChina notonly ORKSHOP ONTHECONTROL OFDESERTIFICATION OF At present,1.7millionkm This workshop, cosponsoredbythe Dr. ShuichiAsanuma,Director, Okinawa SubtropicalStation,JIRCAS :T :P : : perspectives (countryreports) tropical andsubtropicalislands Research intocountermeasuresagainstproblemsinagriculturalenvironments in subtropical islandsandtheroleofJIRCASOkinawa SubtropicalStation General discussion:Researchperspectives onagriculturalenvironments intropicaland roblems inagriculturalenvironments ontheislandsofPacific Oceanandresearch he characteristicsofagriculturalenvironments intropicalandsubtropicalislands 2 , morethanthetotal 2 , or researchers participatedinthisworkshop. Seventy-three ChineseandJapanese and todiscussdirectionsforfutureresearch. the presentstateofdesertification ofChina held inordertogainabetterunderstandingof cannot beoverlooked. Thisworkshop was have inevitable negative effects onJapan international feedresources,andthatthiswill greatly affecting the distribution of productivity duetograsslanddegradation is Moreover, thedeclineinagricultural development areofseriousconcern. desertification ontheenvironment andsocial region. Inthisway, theeffects of flooding intheHwang Hodownstream which reachesJapaninearlyspringand b ut alsocausestheso-called“yellow dust” p092-102.qxd 05.10.27 11:09 ページ 95

Program: Opening addresses ・ Mr. Tatsuro Katsuyama, Director, International Research Section, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council ・ Dr. Mutsuo Iwamoto, President (former), JIRCAS

Keynote lecture ・ “The present situation of desertification in China and its countermeasures,” Dr. Wang Tao, Director General, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences ・ “Realizing sustainable use of Chinese grasslands,” Dr. Hiroshi Oikawa, former Head, Hokkaido Animal Research Center, Japan

Regional reports ・ “Grassland recovery technology using Puccinelliapuli in Jilin,” X.A. Kai, Director, Department of Livestock Science, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences ・ “Development of preparation and application techniques of by-product in Jilin,” A. Masahiro, Senior Researcher, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Sciences ・ “The situation of degenerated grassland in Inner Mongolia and strategies for its improvement,” W. Zongli, Director General, Grassland Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences ・ “Monitoring the grassland ecosystem in the Xilingol Steppe,” T. Akiyama, Professor, River Basin Research Center, Gifu University ・ “Traditional knowledge and synthetic technology for vegetation restoration in Mu Us Sandy Lands,” Z. Yuanrun, Deputy Director, Ordos Sandland Ecological Station, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences ・ “Vegetation recovery on the Loess Plateau in China,” N. Ichizen, Professor, Utsunomiya University ・ “Livestock production on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,” S. Ozawa, Professor, Yamaguchi University ・ “Pastoral systems in the Altai region of Xingjian,” M. Hanada, Associate Professor, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine

General Discussion chaired by Dr. Norihiro Shimizu, Deputy Director General, National Institute SYMPOSIA AND WORKSHOPS of Livestock and Grassland Sciences 95

Closing Address ・ Dr. Kunio Yokouchi, Vice-President, National Agriculture and Bio-oriented Research Organization and Director General, National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Sciences

JIRCAS-SOFRI INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP: “STEPS TOWARD MUTUAL COLLABORATION FOR CONTROLLING CITRUS HLB IN SOUTHEAST ASIA”

JIRCAS launched the international project problems in Southeast Asia. Four entitled “Development of new technologies international projects that have been for the control of citrus huanglongbing implemented at SOFRI were reviewed, of (HLB) in Southeast Asia” in 2004 in which the JIRCAS-SOFRI project and the cooperation with Vietnam’s Southern Fruit CIRAD*-SOFRI project were discussed in Research Institute (SOFRI). The workshop detail. was held in My Tho City in Vietnam on We are certain that this workshop will November 15, 2004 in order to acquire contribute to the formation of a research fundamental information about citrus HLB in network to address the problems associated relation to the implementation of this project. with this highly destructive disease in Forty-two people took part. Southeast Asia. After the keynote lecture by Dr. Su representing Taiwan, five country reports were * Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche given delineating the present status of HLB Agronomique pour le Développement p092-102.qxd 05.10.27 11:09 11:09 05.10.27 p092-102.qxd 96

workshop participants. Group photographofthe JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 96 ・ ・ ・ Session topics ・ Ke FOR THEREHABILITATION OFTROPICAL FORESTS W ・ ・ ・ Session issues Sandakan, SabahState,onDecember1-2, the interimresultsofproject. JIRCAS organized aworkshop toreporton the Forest ResearchCenter(FRC)oftheSFD, duration ofthisproject.Incollaborationwith marks themidway pointoftheplanned since thesigningofMOU.Theyear2004 have carriedoutstudiesforaboutthreeyears management offorestresources. environmental conservation andsustainable agriculture-forestry conflictsandtopromote of tropicalforests,” aimingtomitigate agroforestry technologyfortherehabilitation research projectentitled“Development of (MOU) inordertoconductacomprehensive signed aMemorandumofUnderstanding Fo ynote lecture ORKSHOP ONDEVELOPMENTOFAGROFORESTRY TECHNOLOGY restry Department(SFD)ofMalaysia General discussion Control ofcitrusHLBandintroductionongoingprojects(JIRCAS,CIRAD,SOFRI) Thailand, Indonesia,Japan,Cambodia) Severity ofcitrus HLBanditscontrol inSoutheastandEastAsiancountries (Vietnam, “Practical strategies forresearchandtechnologydisseminationcitrusHLBcontrol” Dr. Hong-JiSu,NationalTaiwan University, (Food andFertilizerTechnology Center:FFTC): Socio-economic evaluation ofagroforestry Development ofagroforestrytechniqueswiththeutilizationshadetrees Re-establishment ofaproductive environment foragroforestry The workshop was heldatthe SFDin The researchersinvolved inthisproject In December2001,JIRCASandtheSabah rehabilitation offorestsinSabah. agroforestry practicesaimingatthe information anddiscussedhow topromote wo participants attended.Duringthetwo-day Station was heldandmorethan30 e wo industries. Ontheseconddayof universities, loggingcompanies,andtimber including thosefromtheFRC,SFD, participants fromvarious institutes attended, categories aslistedbelow. Morethan100 presentations weredelivered inthree wo Deputy DirectoroftheSFD,declared behalf ofJIRCAS,andMr. HenrySolibun, the Division, delivered anopeningspeechon Nakamura, DirectorofJIRCAS’s Forestry 2004. Attheopeningceremony, Dr. Shozo xperimental plotsat theFRC’s Kolapis rkshop, anexcursion totheagroforestry rkshop, allparticipantsexchanged rkshop officially open.Thirteen p092-102.qxd 05.10.27 11:09 ページ 97

FINAL EVALUATION MEETING FOR THE “DEVELOPMENT OF LOW- INPUT TECHNOLOGY FOR REDUCING POST-HARVEST LOSSES OF STAPLES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA” PROJECT

JIRCAS held a final evaluation meeting Kyushu University; Dr. Tadashi Miyata, for the research project entitled “Development Professor, Nagoya University; Dr. Toshinori of low-input technology for reducing post- Kimura, Professor, the University of Tsukuba; harvest losses of staples in Southeast Asia” on and Dr. Greg Johnson, Program Manager of March 7, 2005 at its Tsukuba premises. This the Australian Centre for International project, launched in Fiscal Year 2000 and Agricultural Research (ACIAR) were invited completed in FY2004, was conducted in as external reviewers. Five Thai researchers cooperation with the Thai Department of and seven Japanese researchers representing Agriculture, Kasetsart University, King each participating institute reported on the Mongkut’s University of Technology, Khon major outcomes achieved during the course of Kaen University, and Japanese institutions the project. Overall, the development of a including the National Food Research total rice drying system suited to high- Institute and the National Agricultural humidity and high-temperature tropical Research Organization, with the aim of conditions was strongly encouraged, and low- addressing the serious problem of post-harvest cost environment-friendly rice storage losses of staples in Southeast Asia. methods using bioactive botanicals and Dr. Yoshimi Hirose, Professor Emeritus, natural enemies were proposed.

Program: ・ Welcoming remarks by Dr. Mutsuo Iwamoto, President (former), JIRCAS ・ Outline of the project by Dr. Yutaka Mori, Director of Food Science and Technology Division, JIRCAS

Session 1 : Survey of post-harvest losses of rice and identification of causes of quality change Session 2 : Analysis of annual incidence of major stored-product insects and mechanisms of damage and possible prevention methods Session 3:Development of low-input drying technology and biological control of stored-product insects using natural enemies and products Session 4:Development of environment-friendly technologies for reducing post-harvest losses of

staples SYMPOSIA AND WORKSHOPS 97 ・ General discussion ・ Reviewers’ comments ・ Closing remarks by Dr. Akinori Noguchi, Vice-President, JIRCAS

WORKSHOP AND SEMIMAR ON “NEW TRENDS TOWARDS THE STABILIZATION OF THE CHINESE RURAL ECONOMY”

JIRCAS organized a workshop to have achieved to date. accelerate socio-economic research under the Eight presentations (four by Chinese collaborative research project entitled “Stable researchers) were made dealing with three food supply systems for mitigating the themes. Regarding the first theme of farm fluctuations of production and markets in management, a prototype model assisting China,” which formally commenced in July decision-making by farmers was presented 2004. The new project comprises two major and outlined. Field survey results regarding objectives: the development of an early producers’ organizations conducted in two warning system to mitigate agro- Chinese provinces were presented under the meteorological disasters, and the drawing up second theme which deals with various rural of policy recommendations for the institutions. For the last theme which covers stabilization of rural economies. At the macro scale assessments, supply and demand workshop, researchers involved in the latter analysis of japonica rice produced in northeast subject from both countries discussed their China was discussed. study concepts and presented outcomes they On the following day, a seminar was p092-102.qxd 05.10.27 11:09 11:09 05.10.27 p092-102.qxd 98

rural economy.” stabilization oftheChinese on “Newtrendstowardsthe Participants intheworkshop JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 98 ・ Presentation themes ・ Project outline ・ ・ ・ Opening addresses agriculture (market situationandpolicy After two presentationsoncurrentChinese Fo Institute oftheMinistry ofAgriculture, organized togetherwiththePolicy Research General discussion ・ ・ restry andFisheries(MAFF)inTokyo. wa Fa Mr. OsamuKoyama, Director, ResearchDevelopment Division, JIRCAS Agricultural Sciences,Peoples’RepublicofChina Dr. FuQin,DeputyDirectorGeneral,InstituteofAgriculturalEconomics,ChineseAcademy Research CenteroftheStateCouncil,Peoples’RepublicChina Dr. XiaoqingXu,DeputyDirector, ResearchDepartmentoftheRuralEconomy, Development Dr. AkinoriNoguchi,Vice-President, JIRCAS Impact assessmentofstabilizationmeasuresonnationalandinternationalfoodmarkets integration Proposals ofstabilizationmeasurescorrespondingtonationwidedistribution andfarm-market rm economyassessmentontherisksofproductionfluctuationandbenefits ofearly rning systems universities andotherrelatedorganizations. and approximatelyeightyparticipantsfrom discussion tookplaceamongpanelmembers development) byinvited speakers, alively p092-102.qxd 05.10.27 11:09 ページ 99

3) INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH WORKSHOPS

Attended jointly by JIRCAS researchers and foreign invitees, these workshops aim to facilitate discussion regarding the numerous collaborative research projects that JIRCAS is currently undertaking with counterpart institutions throughout the world.

June 28, 2004 Pre-Evaluation Meeting for 2004-2008 Collaborative research project on “Studies on stable food supply systems for mitigating fluctuations in food production and markets in China” Attended by representatives of JIRCAS; external reviewers (Tokyo University and Mie University, Japan): Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat, MAFF, Japan; Ministry of Agriculture, China; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China; Researchers from collaborative institutes (National Agricultural Research Organization, National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, and Policy Research Institute of MAFF), Japan

July 21-22, 2004 Annual Work Plan Meeting Collaborative research project on “Increasing economic options in rainfed agriculture in Indochina through efficient use of water resources” Attended by representatives of JIRCAS; Land Development Department (LDD), Thailand; Department of Agriculture (DOA), Thailand; Khon Kaen Animal Nutrition Research and Development Center (KKANDRC), Thailand; Khon Kaen University, Thailand

October 7-8, 2004 Workshop on “Control of desertification of degenerated grasslands in China and their sustainable use” cosponsored by the National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science Attended by representatives of JIRCAS; Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council of MAFF, Japan; Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China; Grassland Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, SYMPOSIA AND WORKSHOPS China; Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; 99 Hokkaido Animal Research Center, Japan; National Institute of Livestock and Grassland Sciences, Japan; Gifu University, Japan; Utsunomiya University, Japan; Yamaguchi University, Japan; Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Japan

November 15, 2004 JIRCAS-SOFRI International Workshop, “Steps toward mutual collaboration for controlling citrus HLB in Southeast Asia” in My Tho, Vietnam Attended by representatives of JIRCAS, Japan; Southern Fruit Research Institute (SOFRI), Vietnam; National Taiwan University, Republic of China; Department of Agriculture, Thailand; Gadjah Mada University, Indonesia; National Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Japan; Royal University of Agriculture, Cambodia; Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), France

December 1-2, 2004 Workshop on “Development of agroforestry technology for the rehabilitation of tropical forests” Attended by representatives of JIRCAS; Forest Research Center (FRC) and Sabah Forestry Department (SFD), Malaysia

February 24-25, 2005 Annual Results Meeting Collaborative research project on “Increasing economic options in rainfed p092-102.qxd 05.10.27 11:09 11:09 05.10.27 p092-102.qxd 100

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 100 ページ ac 82,20 Workshop andSeminaron“New trendstowards thestabilizationof March 28-29, 2005 ResearchSeminaron“Functionalityanduseofindigenousvegetables in March 15, 2005 FinalEvaluation Meetingfor2000-2004 March 7,2005 4) INTERNATIONAL RESEARCHSEMINARS uy1,20 Transforming thedrylandof West Africa:theNew Sahel. IntroductionofCIFORresearch activities. July 16,2004 May 28,2004 ove uy2,20 CGIAR’s recentresearchtrends. July 26,2004 November 8,2004 Overvie October 25,2004 October 14,2004 Globaloverview ofGMcropsandtheactivities oftheISAAA’s Global August 17, 2004 oebr8 04Ove Overview ofriceresearchatCIRAD. November 8,2004 October 25,2004 A September 17,2004 Studiesongeneexpression duringdroughtinsoybean plantsandsoybean August 27,2004 August 23, 2004 etme 7 04Current statusofprogressinfield evaluation oftransgeniclines. September 17, Currentstatusofprogressinfield evaluation2004 oftransgeniclines. September 17, 2004 International researchseminarsareheldthroughouttheyear, eitheron JIRCASpremises or rseas. Thefollowing twenty-two seminarswereheldinFY2004. from universities andrelated organizations inJapan National Agricultural Research Organization, Japan; general audience Agricultural Sciences,China;Policy Research InstituteofMAFF, Japan; China; InstituteofAgricultural Economics,ChineseAcademy of Attended byrepresentatives ofJIRCAS;Development Research Center, subjects oftheJapan-ChinaCollaborative ResearchProject Chinese ruraleconomy”inrelationtothesocio-economicresearch University, Thailand and Tea Science, NationalFood Research Institute, Japan; Kasetsart Attended byrepresentatives ofJIRCAS;National InstituteofVegetable Southeast Asia” Mongkut’s University ofTechnology, KhonKaenUniversity, Thailand Ja Center fortheHokkaidoRegion, National Food Research Institute, Attended byrepresentatives of JIRCAS;NationalAgricultural Research for reducingpostharvest lossesofstaplesinSoutheastAsia” Collaborative researchprojecton“Development oflow-input technology Thailand; KhonKaenUniversity, Thailand Kaen AnimalNutritionResearch andDevelopment Center(KKANDRC), (LDD), Thailand;DepartmentofAgriculture (DOA), Thailand;Khon Attended byrepresentatives ofJIRCAS;LandDevelopment Department agriculture inIndochinathroughefficient useofwater resources” Impact ofextension servicesonthericeyieldgapinWest Africaand Sarom V P andpoverty tohunger An approach Africa. Sub-Saharan reductionfor Lorieux Knowledge Centerwithrespecttocropbiotechnology. molecular geneticperspective. Domestication andgeneticdiversity oftheOldWorld camelids:a Dominic Meyer research inBrazil. Ishitani eter Hartman ietnam. pplication ofastochasticprocesstotheLaotianRiceModel. pan; DepartmentofAgriculture, KasetsartUniversity, Thailand;King rview andperspectives onCambodianagriculturalresearch. w of the ongoing research project on HLB greening diseasein projectonHLBgreening research w oftheongoing Fr ederic Gatineau Alexandre Nepomuceno Han Jianlin Fr ancisco Reifschneider Nourollah Ahmadi Markkun Kanninen Clive James W illiam Dar Manabu Ta thias Men Seth p092-102.qxd 05.10.27 11:09 ページ 101

Asia. Oladele Idowu November 17, 2004 Post-conflict rehabilitation of sustainable agriculture in West Asia. Adel El-Beltagy February 22, 2005 Sadah Biodiversity Enactment 2000: its potential and benefits to industry and researchers. Mohamed Bazain b. Idris February 22, 2005 Forest biodiversity and the role of the Forest Department in Sabah. Anuar Hj Mohammad February 28, 2005 Development of functional genomic markers for germplasm enrichment. Shi Jianrong February 28, 2005 Development of abiotic stress-tolerant elite japonica varieties of rice using genetic engineering. AKM Mohiuddin March 10, 2005 Some basic research methods for analysis of agrometeorological data and future research plans in China. Men Ying March 10, 2005 A prediction method for rice heading date and its application. Geng Liqing March 11, 2005 New developments in organic matter utilization experiments. Takeshi Watanabe

5) JIRCAS RETURN SEMINARS

At JIRCAS, researchers returning from during the interim or upon the completion of overseas dispatches or research projects give research projects or dispatch assignments. an oral presentation accompanied by a written These seminars are ordinarily held twice per summary of their activities that is distributed month, and each year approximately 30 to JIRCAS staff. These sessions are termed scientists give presentations. “JIRCAS Return Seminars” and are held SYMPOSIA AND WORKSHOPS 101 p092-102.qxd 05.10.27 11:09 11:09 05.10.27 p092-102.qxd 102

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 102 ページ p103-113.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 ページ 103

APPENDIX p103-113.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 11:10 05.10.27 p103-113.qxd 104

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT LIBRARY ACQUISITIONS T Foreign Japanese Language otal ページ 104 ページ ucae it Total Gifts Purchased OFFICIAL JIRCASPUBLICATIONS )JRA nentoa giutr eisNo.13 5) JIRCASInternationalAgricultureSeries Vol. 38-No.2,3,4 No.10(2003) No.39, No.40,41,42 No.37 4) JIRCASWorking ReportSeries 3) JIRCASNewsletter 2) AnnualReport 1) JARQ )JRA esNo.39, 40,No.41,42 No.11 No.41 3) JIRCASResearchHighlights 2) JIRCASWorking ReportSeries 1) JIRCASNews (53) 176 (51) 116 (2) 60 JpnArclua eerhQatry Vol. 39-No.1 (Japan AgriculturalResearchQuarterly) PUBLISHING AT JIRCAS Books ( )Indicatesseparateacquisitions oftheOkinawaSubtropicalStation (0) 15 (0) 10 (0) 15 (53) 191 (51) 131 (2) 70 ucae it Total Gifts Purchased (37) 137 (13) (24) 89 48 Periodicals In Japanese In English (titles) (77) 328 (21) 231 (56) o 4AGuidebookforSugarcaneinJapan No. 14 No. No. No. Lignocellulose:MaterialsfortheFuturefrom No. 39 No. 97

43 42 40 38 Enemies inThailand Stored RiceInsectPestsandTheirNatural W Fruit CultivationinHighlandRegionsof Systems andImprovementofVegetable and Evaluation ofVegetable-Based Farming China Utilization ofMajorFoodResourcesin Development ofSustainableProductionand Spectrum ofGeneticResources Stress intheTropics UsingaBroader Stabilization ofRiceCultureunderWater Cascade SystemofSriLanka Optimal Water ManagementunderTank Blight ResistanceinWheatandBarley Collaborative ResearchforFusariumHead the Tropics Irrigation Scheme,Malaysia Seeded RiceCultivationintheMuda Studies ontheEstablishmentofDirect- est Java,Indonesia (114) 465 (34) 320 (80) 145 ucae it Total Gifts Purchased (proceedings, mapsandother) April 1,2004-March31,2005 37 19 18 Materials 383 180 203 420 199 221 p103-113.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 ページ 105

RESEARCH STAFF ACTIVITY (2004). Identification of quantitative 2004-2005 trait loci controlling cold tolerance at the reproductive stage in Yunnan Journal articles, book chapters, landrace of rice, Kunmingxiaobaigu. and monographs Breeding Science, 54(3): 253-258.

Abe, H. (2005). Present state and future Doi, K., Nishizaki, Y., Ohmomo, S. and prospects of research on wood anatomy Ogata, S. (2004). Genetical analysis for and wood quality. Journal of the Japan the biodiversity of lactic acid bacteria Wood Research Society, 51(1): 7-9. (J) associated with silage fermentation in south-east Japan. Seibutsu Kogaku Awaji, M. and Hamano, K. (2004). Gonad Kaishi, 82(9): 436-437. (J) formation, sex differentiation and gonad maturation processes in Ebron, L.A., Fukuta, Y., Imbe, T., Kato, H., artificially produced juveniles of the Yanoria, J.M.T., Tsunematsu, H., abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Khush, G.S. and Yokoo, M. (2004). Aquaculture, 239: 397-411. Estimation of genes in blast resistance in elite Indica-type rice (Oryza sativa Banzai, K. and Shibano, K. (2004). Water L.) varieties-bred at the International quality monitoring in streams of the Rice Research Institute. Breeding rural basin and its database. Inventory, Science, 54: 381-387. 3: 35-36. (J) Elbeltagy, A. and Ando, Y. (2005). Bordignon, J.R., Nakahara, K., Yoshihashi, Phylogenetic analysis of nifH gene T. and Nikkuni, S. (2004). Hydrolysis sequences from nitrogen-fixing of isoflavones and consumption of endophytic bacteria associated with the oligosaccharides during lactic acid roots of three rice varieties. Journal of fermentation of soybean milk. Japan Food, Agriculture & Environment, Agricultural Research Quarterly, 38(4): 3(1): 237-242. 259-265. Fischer, U., Dijkstra, J.M., Iner, B.K., Kiryu, Chosa, T., Shibata, Y., Omine, M., Toriyama, I., Koppang, E.O., Hordvik, I., K. and Araki, K. (2004). A study on Sawamoto, Y. and Ototake, M. (2005). yield monitoring system for head- The ontogeny of MHC class I PUBLISHING AT JIRCAS feeding combines (Part 3) - expression in rainbow trout 105 Systemization of data acquisition, (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish and analysis and mapping. Journal of the Shellfish Immunology, 18: 49-60. Society of Agricultural Machinery, 62(2): 137-144. (J) Fujii, H. (2004). Flood mitigation function of Tonle Sap Lake and its vicinities. Chosa, T., Watanabe, K., Tojo, S., Shibata, Y. Journal of the Japanese Society of and Toriyama, K. (2005). SSCM Irrigation, Drainage and Reclamation simulation using yield map. Japanese Engineering, 72(7): 51-55. (J) Journal of Farm Work Research, 40(1): 3-10. (J) Fujita, M., Fujita, Y., Maruyama, K., Seki, M., Hiratsu, K., Ohme-Takagi, M., Tran, Chu, H., Hosen, Y. and Yagi, K. (2004). L.-S.P., Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. and Nitrogen oxide emissions and soil Shinozaki, K. (2004). A dehydration- microbial activities in a Japanese induced NAC protein, RD26, is Andisol as affected by N-fertilizer involved in a novel ABA-dependent management. Soil Science and Plant stress-signaling pathway. The Plant Nutrition, 50(2): 287-292. Journal, 39(6): 863-876.

Dai, L., Lin, X., Ye, C., Ise, K., Saito, K., Gao, C., Zhu, J.G., Zhu, J.Y., Gao, X., Dou, Kato, A., Xu, F., Yu, T. and Zhang, D. Y.J. and Hosen, Y. (2004). Nitrogen

(J) Denotes articles written in Japanese; (C) denotes articles written in Chinese; bold lettering indicates JIRCAS staff members. Information regarding published proceedings, conference presentations, or other publications may be requested from the Publication and Documentation Section ([email protected]). p103-113.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 11:10 05.10.27 p103-113.qxd 106

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 106 ページ Hamada, H. Hamada, H. Hamada, H. Hamada, H. Hitsuda, K. Hanamura, Y. Hanamura, Y. Han, S.Y., Kitahata,N.,Sekimata,K.,Saito, Radioisotopes, 53(9):469-475. concentration inshallowgroundwater. Health, 26:199-207. Environmental Geochemistryand the Taihu Lake area,China. export fromanagriculturewatershedin Research Quarterly, 38(4):253-258. balance equations.JapanAgricultural a smallpondusing effluent andreservoir-water influentin Quantitative analysisofgroundwater inundation ofgroundsurfaceon Komae, T. (2004).Influenceof Society ofSoilPhysics,99:95-101.(J) investigations. JournaloftheJapanese results ofsoilandgroundwater Saeng Village, NortheastThailandon and questionsoffarmersinNong Suphanchaimat, N.(2005).Opinions History, 38:2145-2152. and rarespecies.Journal of Natural Caribbean Sea:descriptionofanew submarine caveonGrandCayman,the Mysidacea: Heteromysini)froma Heteromysoides (Crustacea: Biogeography, 6:63-68. Palau, NorthwesternPacific. Mysid crustaceans(Mysidacea)from 1582. plants. PlantPhysiology, 135(3):1574- abscisic acidbiosynthesisinhigher epoxycarotenoid dioxygenasein A novelinhibitorof9-cis- K., Yoshida, S.andAsami,T. (2004). Y (2004). Diagnosisofsulfur deficiency T Quarterly, 39:29-35. Thailand. JapanAgriculturalResearch rainfall throughsandysoilinNortheast Use ofbromidetotraceinfiltration W ., Kobayashi,M., amaguchi-Shinozaki, K. atabe, H.andHasegawa,S.(2005). , Sfredo,G.J.andKlepker, D. , Sukchan,S.,Moroizumi,T., , Abenney-Mickson,S.and , Moroizumi,T. and and DeGrave,S.(2004). and Kishi,S.(2004). and Kase,T. (2004). 222 Nakashima, K. Rn- andwater- , Shinozaki, 222 Rn , Inoue, H., Imbe, T., Horisue,N.,Akama,Y., Nakane,A., Jasmani, S.,Ohira,T., Jayasankar, V., Tsutsui, Iwasaki, M.,Ito,K., Itani, T., Tamaki, M.,Hayata,Y., Huong, D.T.T., Jayasankar, V., Jasmani,S., Hitsuda, K. Institute ofCropScience,6:19-35.(J) rice variety. BulletinoftheNational –A multipurposehigh-yieldglutinous T Numaguchi, K.,Furutachi,H.and Ando, I.,Suto,M.,Hata,T., Fisheries Science,70:518-520. effects ofsalinityonsurvivalrates. Macrobrachium rosenbergii the giantfreshwaterprawn, activity duringlarvaldevelopmentin expression andvitellogenin uptake Localization ofvitellogenin mRNA N., Aida,K.and for HokkaidoRegion,182:51-63.(J) National AgriculturalResearchCenter mosaic virus.ResearchBulletinofthe expressing satelliteRNAofcucumber biosafety ofatransgenictomatoplant agronomic traitsandenvironmental Fukumoto, F. (2005).Evaluationof T. Nitta, T., Takigawa, S.,Ito,K., Production Science,7:178-183. affecting itsconcentration.Plant same regioninJapanandfactors aromatic ricegrainscollectedinthe 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline concentrationin and Hashizume,K.(2004).Variation of (J) T cv. Jeffner. JapaneseJournalof cherimola flower bearingofAtemoya( Effect ofrootstocksontreegrowthand Matsuda, N.andOnda,S.(2004). W Saido-Sakanaka, H.,Wigginton, A.and Agronomy Journal,97:155-159. crops atearlystagesofgrowth. (2005). Sulfurrequirementofeight 1451. Society ofAmericaJournal,45:1445- in soybeanusingseeds.SoilScience akadate, M.(2004).“Odorokimochi” ropical Agriculture,48(4):265-269. , Ogawa,Y., Hayano,Y. and ilder, M.N. Y , onemoto, Y. Y amada, M. Mill. Kawabe, K. (2004). Na/K-ATPase × W A. squamosa ilder, M.N. , Shimakawa,Y., and Klepker, D. Fushimi, T. , Sugito,T., Nakata, Annona Ise, K. and the (2004). Linn.) , p103-113.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 ページ 107

during ovarian maturation in the giant Studies, 35: 73-85. (J) freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Journal of Experimental Kosugi, A., Amano, Y., Murashima, K. and Zoology, 301A: 334-343. Doi, R.H. (2004). Hydrophilic domains of scaffolding protein CbpA promote Jiang, L., Maoka, T., Komori, S., Fukamachi, glycosyl hydrolase activity and H., Kato, H. and Ogawa, K. (2004). localization of cellulosomes to the cell An efficient method for sonication surface of Clostridium cellulovorans. assisted Agrobacterium-mediated Journal of Bacteriology, 186: 6351- transformation of coat protein (CP) 6359. coding genes into papaya (Carica papaya L.). Shi Yan Sheng Wu Xue Lin, T., Lin, Y. and Ishiki, K. (2005). Genetic Bao, 37(3): 189-198. (C) diversity of Dimocarpus longan in China revealed by AFLP markers and Kim, Y.K., Kawazoe, I., Tsutsui, N., Jasmani, partial rbcL gene sequences. Scientia S., Wilder, M.N. and Aida, K. (2004). Horticulturae, 103 (4): 489-498. Isolation and cDNA cloning of ovarian cortical rod protein in kuruma prawn Liu, X.C., Chen, S.G., Chen, J.S., Ishiki, K., Marsupenaeus japonicus (Crustacea: Wang, W.X. and Yu, L.Q. (2004). Decapoda: Penaeidae). Zoological Improvement of combining ability for Science, 21: 1109-1119. restorer lines with the identified SSR markers in hybrid rice breeding. Kiryu, I., Dijkstra, J.M., Sarder, R.I., Breeding Science, 54 (4): 341-346. Fujiwara, A., Yoshiura, Y. and Ototake, M. (2005). New MHC class Ia domain Luo, Y., Kuwahara, R., Kaneniwa, M., lineages in rainbow trout Murata, Y. and Yokoyama, M. (2004). (Oncorhynchus mykiss) which are Effect of soy protein isolate on gel shared with other fish species. Fish and properties of Alaska pollock and Shellfish Immunology, 18: 243-254. common carp surimi at different setting conditions. Journal of the Science of Kitin, B.P., Fijii, T., Abe, H. and Funada, R. Food and Agriculture, 84: 663-671. (2004). Anatomy of the vessel network within and between tree rings of Maruyama, K., Sakuma, Y., Kasuga, M., Ito,

Fraxinus lanuginosa (Oleaceae). Y., Seki, M., Goda, H., Shimada, Y., PUBLISHING AT JIRCAS American Journal of Botany, 91(6): Yoshida, S., Shinozaki, K. and 107 779-788. Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2004). Identification of cold-inducible Kobayashi, S., Fukuta, Y., Yagi, T., Sato, T., downstream genes of the Arabidopsis Osaki, M. and Khush, G.S. (2004). DREB1A/CBF3 transcriptional factor Identification and characterization of using two microarray systems. The quantitative trait loci affecting spikelet Plant Journal, 38(6): 982-993. number per panicle in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Field Crop Research, 51: 53- Matsui, T., Nakaya, T., Yagihashi, T., Taoda, 56. H. and Tanaka, N. (2004). Comparing the accuracy of predictive distribution Kohno, K., Ngan, B.T. and Fujiwara, M. models. Japanese Journal of Forest (2004). Predation of Dysdercus Environment, 46(2): 93-102. cingulatus (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae) by the specialist Matsui, T., Shimada, K., Yagihashi, T., predator Antilochus coqueberti Nakaya, T., Taoda, H. and Tanaka, N. (Heteroptera: Pyrrhocoridae). Applied (2005). Assessing potential distribution Entomology and Zoology, 39(4): 661- of beech (Fagus crenata) in Central 667. Japan. Journal of Agricultural Meteorology, 60(5): 439-444. Komiyama, H. (2005). Actual damage to Mongolian animal husbandry due to Matsunaga, R., Ito, O., Johansen, C. and 2000-2002 Dzud disaster. Bulletin of Rao, T.P. (2004). Varietal differences in Japanese Association for Mongolian carbohydrate accumulation in pigeon p103-113.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 11:10 05.10.27 p103-113.qxd 108

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 108 ページ Nakamura, H. Murata, Y., Yokoyama, M.,Unuma,T., Sata, Murai, M.,Nagayama,A.,Sato,S.,Hari Matsunami, T., Kaihatsu,A.,Maekawa,T., Noguchi, S. Nakayama, N.,Hashimoto,S.,Shimada, Nakamura, K. in FoodScience,42:289-300. novel bitteraminoacid.Developments the seaurchinwithpulcherrimine,a and Oohara,I.(2004).Occurrenceof N.U., Kuwahara,R., Breeding andGenetics,36(1):39-43. density condition.SABRAOJournalof rachis-1 (Ur1)geneunderahigh-hill Japonica F (2004). Yielding performanceofa Bahadur, K.C., Science, 7(2):165-171. genotype, Sakukei4.PlantProduction growth ofasupernodulatingsoybean (2004). Characterizationofvegetable T T development. JapaneseJournalof pea stemsinrelationtoreproductive 329. (J) Journal ofCropScience,73(3):323- initial seedmoisturecontent.Japanese on thegrowthofsoybeaninrelationto flooding stressatthegerminationstage Arihara, J.(2004).Theeffect of T 407. Agricultural Meteorology, 60 (5):403- dry seasoninhumidarea?Journalof crop wateruseefficiency increasein subsurface dripirrigationvaluablefor Science, 2:1-9. Research DevelopmentsinPlant Japanese commonwheat.Recent Udon noodle-makingqualityin sensory viscoelasticitytextureand protein content,amylose Rahman, K.and water-budget method.TheJapan Malaysia, usingtheshort-time period Experimental Watershed inPeninsular tropical rainforest,Bukit Tarek Evapotranspiration estimates of M. andSanmori,T. (2004). ropical Agriculture,48:63-69. akahashi, M. akahashi, M. , Rahim,N.,SitiAisah,S.,Tani, (2005). Relationshipbetween , Nur, A.,Khondaker, Md., 1 hybrid carryingundulate , Kim,Y., Oya,T. and Ise, K. Ozawa, K. and Kokubun,M. Kaneniwa, M. and Nishii,K. (2005). Is Ogata, H. Ohmomo, S. Ohmomo, S. Ohta, Y., Ohmomo, S. Ohtsuka, S., Okuda, H.,Noda,K.,Hirabayashi,T. and Resources, 17(5):482-492. Society ofHydrologyandWater 1 Agricultural ResearchQuarterly, 38(2): quality silageinThailand.Japan bacteria strainsformakinggood evaluate theabilityoflacticacid Modification ofthepouchmethodto and Hiranpradit,S.(2004). 375. Philippines. Aquaculture,236:361- aquaculture speciesinCentral composition offivecandidate Furuita, H.(2004).Fattyacid Quarterly, 38(2):125-128. Thailand. JapanAgriculturalResearch fermentation qualityofABPsilagein commercial inoculantonthe Hiranpradit, S.(2004).Effect ofa Nitisinprasert, S.,Kraykaw, D.and 199-208. Agricultural ResearchQuarterly, 38(3): using amodifiedpouchmethod.Japan fermentation inoculantinThailandby of lacticacidbacteriaisolatesforsilage and Hiranpradit,S.(2004).Evaluation Laemkorn, P., Tanomwongwattana, S. Biochemistry, 68(6):1375-1378. Bioscience, Biotechnologyand (BALB/c macrophage)cells. factor-a productionbyJ774A.1 isothiocyanates ontumornecrosis Kawakishi, S.(2004).Effects of Scientia Horticulturae,102: 213-219. dormancy inSatsuma mandarin. between floralevocation andbud Y Ecology andBiology, 51: 110-112. amphipod inJapanesewaters.Plankton Kane onanewhostofhyperiid ellobiopsid First recordoftheoccurrencean Horiguchi, T. andSuzaki,T. (2004). 19-124. onemoto, Y. , Emata,A.C.,Garibay, E.S.and Y , Nitisinprasert,S.,Kraykaw, D., , Nitisinprasert,S.,Kraykaw, D. Hanamura, Y. amaki, K. , Odai,M.,Pholsen,P., Thalassomyces marsupii (2004). Relationship , Osawa,T. and , Nagasawa,K., p103-113.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 ページ 109

Oladele, O. and Sakagami, J. (2004). SWOT Lymnaea stagnalis: Cloning, gene analysis of extension systems in Asian expression, and function in identifiable and West African countries. Journal of neurons of the central nervous system. Food, Agriculture & Environment, Journal of Neurobiology, 58: 455-466. 2(2): 232-236. Sakamoto, H., Maruyama, K., Meshi, T., Oladele, O., Sakagami, J. and Koyama, O. Iwabuchi, M., Shinozaki, K. and (2004). Economic policies and the Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2004). performance of agricultural extension Arabidopsis Cys2/His2-type Zinc- services in Nigeria. The Journal of finger proteins function as transcription Extension Systems, 20(1): 96-106. repressors under drought, cold, and high-salinity stress conditions. Plant Omae, H., Kumar, A., Egawa, Y., Physiology, 136: 2734-2746. Kashiwaba, K. and Shono, M. (2005). Genotypic differences in plant water Samejima, H., Kondo, M., Ito, O., Nozoe, T., status and relationship with Shinano, T. and Osaki, M. (2005). reproductive responses in snap bean. Characterization of root systems with Japanese Journal of Tropical respect to morphological traits and Agriculture, 49: 1-7. nitrogen-absorbing ability in the new plant type of tropical rice lines. Journal Osakabe, Y., Shinozaki, K. and Yamaguchi- of Plant Nutrition, 28: 835-850. Shinozaki, K. (2004). Drought stress and abscisic acid signal transduction Sasaki, R., Toriyama, K., Shibata, Y. and mechanisms. Regulation of Plant Sugimoto, M. (2004). Effect of the Growth & Development, 39(2): 158- suppression of tiller emergence on the 166. relationship between seedling density and nodal position of the last visible Ota, T., Nakamura, S. and Itoya, Y. (2004). primary tiller in direct seeding Effects of a selective cutting on the cultivation of rice. Japanese Journal of recruitment and survivorship of Crop Science, 73(3): 309-314. (J) seedlings in a natural Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai forest. Journal of Sato, M. (2004). Relationship between the Japanese Forestry Society, 86(3): 265- life cycle of dragonfly (Usubakitonbo,

270. (J) Pantala flavescens) and the paddy field PUBLISHING AT JIRCAS of early-season rice culture in South 109 Pellegrineschi, A., Reynolds, M., Pacheco, Kyushu. Report of the Kyushu Branch M., Brito, R.M., Almeraya, R., of the Crop Science Society of Japan, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. and 70: 111-113. (J) Hoisington, D. (2004). Stress-induced expression in wheat of the Arabidopsis Satoh, Y., Ozawa, K., Ishii, T. and Yui, S. thaliana DREB1A gene delays water (2004). Evaluation of cooking stress symptoms under greenhouse suitability of processing tomato conditions. Genome, 47(3): 493-500. cultivars for “cooking tomato.” Horticultural Research (Japan), 3(3): Qin, F., Sakuma, Y., Li, J., Liu, Q., Li, Y.Q., 307-312. (J) Shinozaki, K. and Yamaguchi- Shinozaki, K. (2004). Cloning and Shinomiya, Y., Torii, A., Inagaki, Y. and functional analysis of a novel Yamada, T. (2004). Changes in the DREB1/CBF transcription factor water holding capacity of abandoned involved in cold-responsive gene terrace paddy fields following expression in Zea mays L. Plant and afforestation. Journal of the Japanese Cell Physiology, 45(8): 1042-1052. Society of Soil Physics, 98: 31-39. (J)

Sadamoto, H., Sato, H., Kobayashi, S., Sogawa, K., Sun, Z., Qian, Q. and Zeng, D. Murakami, J., Aonuma, H., Ando, H., (2004). Phenotypic expression of Fujito, Y., Hamano, K., Awaji, M., whitebacked planthopper resistance in Lukowiak, K., Urano, A. and Ito, E. the newly established japonica/indica (2004). CREB in the pond snail doubled haploid rice population. Rice p103-113.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 11:10 05.10.27 p103-113.qxd 110

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 110 ページ Suenaga, K. T T T T T T akahashi, S.,Seki,M.,Ishida,J.,Satou, akahashi, M., akehisa, H.,Shimodate,T., akahashi, T. and akada, R.,Ichikawa,T., anaka, N.,Matsui,T., Shimada,K., Science, 11(4): 155-160. 65-75. features inbreadwheat.Genome,48: application forQTLanalysisof“gigas” intervarietal linkagemapandits and Hoisington,D.(2005).Anew 155-159. Agricultural ResearchQuarterly, 38(3): crystallinity offreeironoxides.Japan converted fieldfromapaddybasedon Method toevaluate“uplandization”in Management, 194:389-401. region ofJapan.ForestEcologyand the ShirakamiMountains,asnowy unsuccessful coniferplantationsnear dynamics oftreepopulationswithin Nakamura, S. H., Ota,T., Nagaike,T. and (J) Chikusan Gakkaiho,75(2):199-204. digestibility ingrowingpigs.Nihon supplementation onnutrient Effects ofparticlesizephytase Ohtsuka, M.andAmari,(2004). changes inJapan.Journal of useful forassessingimpact ofclimate Constructing vegetation databases Research, 89:85-95. flooded withsaltwater. FieldCrops for plantgrowthofriceinpaddyfield Identification ofquantitativetraitloci Kameya, T. andSato,T. (2004). Ueda, T., Yano, M.,Yamaya, T., Y Plant MolecularBiology, 56(1):29-55. using afull-lengthcDNAmicroarray. treatment inArabidopsiscellculture oxidative stressandabscisicacid hyperosmotic, highsalinity, and expression profilesofgenesinducedby Shinozaki, K.(2004).Monitoringthe Y Nakajima, M.,Enju,A.,Akiyama,K., Sakurai, T., Narusaka,M.,Kamiya,A., agihashi, T. amaguchi-Shinozaki, K. , Khairallah1,M.,William, H.M. Ota, T. T and Taoda, H.(2005). oriyama, K. (2004). Structureand , Sugita,H.,Oohara, Y amasaki, S. Fukuta, Y. (2004). and , , T Umezawa, T., Yoshida, R.,Maruyama,K., Ueda, S.,Kimura,T., Uchida, S. T T asumi, S.,Yang, W-J., Usami,T., Tsutsui, S., sutsui, N.,Saido-Sakanaka,H.,Yang, W.-J., ran, L.S.P., Ohira, T., Kawazoe,I., 438. Agricultural Meteorology, 60(5):433- expression in controlling stress-responsive gene that improvesdroughttolerance by related proteinkinase2 kinase Shinozaki, K.(2004).SRK2C, aSNF1- Y Plant Pathology, 70:232-238. an infectiousclone.JournalofGeneral curl virusinJapanandconstructionof groups ofisolatestomatoyellowleaf and Iwanami,T. (2004).Threedistinct 237-253. Peripheral Editions,Larissa(Greece): J.M. andSchepers,J.S.(Eds.), Environment Remote SensingforAgriculture andthe countries usingremotesensingdata.In: agricultural landuseindeveloping 814. of ExperimentalZoology, 301A:802- vitellogenin mRNAexpression.Journal Pandalus hypsinotus vitellogenin inthecoonstripedshrimp, characterization ofacDNAencoding Immunology, 28:325-335. Developmental &Comparative Japanese eel, a galectinintheskinmucusof Characteristics andprimarystructureof Aida, K.andSuzuki,Y. (2004). W Ohira, T., Okumura,T., Aida,K.and Jayasankar, V., Jasmani,S.,Okuno,A., 2498. promoter. ThePlantCell,16(9):2481- early responsivetodehydrationstress1 drought-responsive cis-elementinthe transcription factorsthatbindtoa Arabidopsis stress-inducibleNAC Isolation andfunctionalanalysisof and K., Fujita,M.,Seki,Shinozaki,K. Simpson, S.D.,Fujita,Y., Maruyama, amaguchi-Shinozaki, K. ilder, M.N. Y amaguchi-Shinozaki, K. (2004). Characterizationof Nakashima, K. . Stamatiadis,S.,Lynch, Onuki, M. Arabidopsis thaliana Anguilla japonica (2004). Molecular W , Sakuma,Y., and siteof , Hanada,K. ilder, M.N. (2004). and . , . p103-113.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 ページ 111

Proceedings of the National Academy M., Miyamoto, T., Tsuzuki, N., of Sciences of the United States of Yamada, S., Imatomi, Y., Mineo, K., America, 101(49): 17306-17311. Yamazaki, S., Inoue, T., Tabata, M., Abe, Y., Hirota, Y. and Kadota, H. Watanabe, N., Nakayama, A. and Ban, T. (2004). Monitoring of acidic (2004). Cytological and microsatellite precipitation’s effects on forest mapping of the genes determining ecosystems - Monitoring of the rain liguleless phenotype in durum wheat. and forest in the Hinoki stand in the Euphytica, 140: 163-170. Shikoku area. Bulletin of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, Watanabe, S., Tajuddin, T.N., Yamanaka, N., 3(4): 365-407. (J) Hayashi, M. and Harada, K. (2004). Analysis of QTLs for reproductive Yamada, T., Yoshinaga, S., Sakai, T., development and seed quality traits in Matsumura, N., Sakai, A., Tabuchi, R., soybean using recombinant inbred Kodani, E., Inagaki, Y., Kuramoto, S., lines. Breeding Science, 54: 399-407. Miura, S., Shinomiya, Y., Tsuzuki, N., Imatomi, Y., Kadota, H. and Ohguro, T. Wikantika, K., Uchida, S. and Yamamoto, Y. (2004). Monitoring of acidic (2004). An evaluation of the use of precipitation’s effects on forest integrated spectral and textural features ecosystems - Monitoring of four old- to identify agricultural land cover types age stands in the Shikoku area. Bulletin in Pangalengan, West Java, Indonesia. of the Forestry and Forest Products Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, Research Institute, 3(4): 409-437. (J) 38(2): 137-148. Yamagishi, K., Kimura, T., Suzuki, M., Xu, D.H. and Ban, T. (2004). Conversion of Shinmoto, H. and Yamaki, K. (2004). AFLP markers associated with FHB Elevation of intracellular cAMP levels resistance in wheat into STS markers by dominant active heterotrimeric G with an extension-AFLP method. protein alpha subunits ScGP-A and Genome, 47: 660-665. ScGP-C in homobasidiomycete, Schizophyllum commune. Bioscience, Xu, D.H. and Ban, T. (2004). Mapping of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, TaHd1-1 gene, homologue of a rice 68(5): 1017-1026.

heading date (Hd1) controlling gene, in PUBLISHING AT JIRCAS wheat. Wheat Information Service, 99: Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K. and Shinozaki, K. 111 61-62. (2005). Organization of cis-acting regulatory elements in osmotic- and Xu, D.H. and Ban, T. (2004). Phylogenetic cold-stress-responsive promoters. and evolutionary relationships between Trends in Plant Science, 10(2): 88-94. Elymus humidus and other Elymus species based on sequencing of non- Yamaki, K., Ide, T., Takano-Ishikawa, Y. and coding regions of cpDNA and AFLP of Shinohara, K. (2005). Comparative nuclear DNA. Theoretical and Applied effects of non-gelatinized corn and rice Genetics, 108: 1443-1448. starches on the life-span of ICR mice. Bioscience, Biotechnology and Yamada, R. (2004). Design and technology Biochemistry, 69(1): 13-18. selection of farming systems by AHP- methods in the Mekong Delta of Yamamoto, R., Takahashi, R., Harada, K., Vietnam. Journal of Rural Planning Takahashi, M. and Shinji, S. (2004). Association, 23(2): 149-160. (J) Parentage analysis of supernodulating soybean cultivar “Sakukei 4.” Breeding Yamada, T., Morisada, K., Sakai, A., Research, 6(3): 149-151. (J) Yoshinaga, S., Hirai, K., Kato, M., Yoshida, K., Iwagawa, O., Miura, S., Yamamoto, S., Inoue, H., Yonemoto, Y., Inagaki, Y., Shinomiya, Y., Takeuchi, Higuchi, H. and Nawata, E. (2004). I., Tabuchi, R., Sakai, T., Kuramoto, S., Isozyme analysis of dragonfruit in Mori, S., Ohguro, T., Kawasaki, T., Okinawa. Japanese Journal of Tropical Matsumura, N., Kodani, E., Yoshida, Agriculture, 48(2): 115-119. (J) p103-113.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 11:10 05.10.27 p103-113.qxd 112

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 112 ページ Y Y Y Y Y Y okota, Y. amasaki, S. onemoto, Y. onemoto, Y. onemoto, Y. in, L.,Li,Liu,H., Animal Relations,14:50-57.(J) systems. JapaneseJournalofHuman and kidsinMongolianpastoral and logicofnursing/fosteringlambs Miyazaki, A.(2004).Themanagement T Biochemistry, 69(2):267-272. Bioscience, Biotechnologyand and beta-glucosidaseactivityinsufu. content andcompositionofisoflavones fermentation temperatureonthe 68-76. (J) T Hachimori Town, AkitaPrefecture. Shirakami Mountains–Acasestudyof interpretive guidesystemforthe (2004). Establishmentofan Agriculture, 48(2):88-93. Florida. JapanJournalofTropical ( damage inyoungfruitsofwhitesapote Critical temperatureleadingtofrost Okuda, H.andHiguchi,(2004). Agriculture, 49(1):8-13. Japanese JournalofTropical edulis organs inwhitesapote( induction anddevelopmentoffloral Effect oftemperatureonfloral Okuda, H.andHiguchi,(2005). and oxygensupplementationon (2004). Effects ofstoragetemperatures Casimiroa edulis ohoku JournalofForestScience,9(2): atsumi, E. , Okuda,H.andKuboyama, Llave &Lex.)cv. “Florida.” , Inoue,H.andOkuda, , Inoue,H.,Majikina,M., , Inoue,H.,Majikina,M., Duugiin, N.,Ishida,J.and (2005). Effects of Llave &Lex.)cv. Saito, M. Casimiroa and Zuo, Y., Y Y Y Y onemoto, Y. oshihashi, T. oshihara, K. oshihashi, T. 5: 21-24. Japanese Andisoil.SoilandFertilizer, activities ofaChineseChaosoiland Effects ofsoilmoistureonnitrification of FoodSciences,70(1):S34-37. variety, KhaoDawkMali105.Journal pyrroline contentinaromaticrice storage conditionson2-acetyl-1- V Surojanametakul, V., Tungtrakul, P. and Quarterly, 38(2):105-109. 105. JapanAgriculturalResearch aromatic ricevariety, KhaoDawkMali acetyl-1-pyrroline contentinan N. (2004).Areadependencyof2- Science, 66:1065-1069. The JournalofVeterinary Medical bovine monocytesandmacrophages. multinucleated giantcellsinvitrofrom Y. Inumaru, S.,Yokomizo, Y. andMori, 102: 295-300. unshiu “Shirakawa Satsuma”mandarin( load onsapflowrateinbranchesof T. Asakawa, M.,Okuda,H.andTakahara, passionfruit ( reducing titratableacidin“RubyStar” 1 of Tropical Agriculture,48(2):111- edulis 14. aranyanond, W. (2005).Effect of

(2004). Effects ofrootstock andcrop Hosen, Y. (2004). Generationof f. flavicarpa).JapaneseJournal , Matsumoto,K.,Furukawa,T., Marc.). ScientiaHorticulturae, , Nguyen,T.T.H. andKabaki, , Nagata,R.,Muneta,Y., , Nguyen,T.T.H., Passiflora edulis and Chu,H.(2004). Citrus × P . p114-125.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 ページ 113

FINANCIAL OVERVIEW Fiscal Year 2004

thousands of yen TOTAL BUDGET 3,262,624 OPERATING COSTS 2,047,300 Personnel (163) 1,639,606 President (1), Vice-President (1), Executive Advisor & Auditor (2) General administrators (32) Field management and transportation (10) Researchers (117) *Number of persons shown in ( )

Administrative Costs 407,694

RESEARCH PROMOTION COSTS 1,215,324 Research Development 297,816 Overseas Dispatches 282,617 Research Exchange/Invitation 9,978 Research Information Collection 118,553 FINACIAL OVERVIEW International Collaborative Projects 374,049 113 Fellowship Programs 132,311

Budget FY2004 (Graph)

Field management and transportation 10 persons; 6.1% General administrators Researchers 32 persons; 19.6% Personnel 117 persons; 71.8% Executives 163 persons 4 persons; 2.5% Total Budget ´3,262,624 Research promotion costs Operating costs ´1,215,324; 37.2% ´2,047,300; 62.8%

(thousands of yen) p114-125.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 11:10 05.10.27 p114-125.qxd 114

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 114 ページ .Researchanddevelopmentforsustainableagriculture,forestryfisheriesindevelopingregions B. A. I. Enhancementofthequalityexperiments,researchandinvestigations RESEARCH into researchandadministrativeoperations,aredetailedinthefollowingoutline. the MinistryofAgriculture,ForestryandFisheries(MAFF).ThetenetsthisMid-TermPlan,divided research programsandadministrativeoperationsaccordingtoafive-yearMid-TermPlanapprovedby inaugurated asanIncorporatedAdministrativeAgency(IAA)andcommencedimplementationof TENETS OFTHEJIRCASMID-TERMPLAN(April2001-March 2006) )Improvementanddevelopmentofsustainableenvironment-friendlyproductiontechnology 1) Analysisofregionalcharacteristicsandorientationdevelopmentrelatingtofoodproduction 2) )Analysisoftrendsinworldfoodsupplyanddemand,developmentmid-termstrategiesto 1) development examination ofresearchstatusinJapanandoverseas,elucidationtrendstechnology Analysis oftheorientationagriculture,forestryandfisheriesactivitiesindevelopingregions, On April1,2001,theJapanInternationalResearchCenterforAgriculturalSciences(JIRCAS)was 5. Analysisofcharacteristics ofunder-utilizedlocalforageresources,such asgramineouspasture 4. Analysisoftheprevalencemajordiseases andinsectpestsinricesoybeanSoutheast 3. 2. Improvementoftechnologyforsoilameliorationandnutrientcyclingevaluationindiversified 1. 2. Analysisofmajorconstraintsonagriculture,forestryandfisheriesdevelopmentaswelltrends 1. environmental conditionsindevelopingregions 2. Analysisofresearchorientationinmajordevelopingcountries 1. promote internationalcollaborativeresearch prevalence ofmajorlivestock diseasesinThailand,Vietnam,andothercountries Analysis ofphysiologicalcharacteristics ofcattle,pigs,andotherlivestock,aswell asthe determined andpotentialutilization methodswillbeexamined. The physiologicalandecological characteristicsandnutritivevalueofforageresources willbe grasses, maizestems,andleaves underagro-pastoralsystems suitable countermeasures. The incidenceofmajordiseasepathogensandinsectpests willbedeterminedinordertodevelop Asia, SouthAmerica,andotherdevelopingregions water managementandachievehigheryieldsquality, will bedeveloped. More efficientmethodsofsoilmanagementandcultivation, aswelltechnologytoimprove Vietnam, andothercountries Development oflow-inputproductiontechnologyfor riceanduplandcropsinThailand, management ofcultivatedecosystemsandsoil. Nutrient cyclingwillbestudiedintargetareasandtechniques willbedevelopedforthe ecosystems conducted. these developingregionsandanalysisofconstraintsontheireffectiveadoptionwillbe Thailand, SouthAmerica,andotherregions.Examinationofthestatusfarmingsystemsin Analysis oftrendsinthedevelopmentsustainablefarmingsystemsIndonesia,Vietnam, an effectivemanner. customs, anddifferencesintechnologicallevelsordertoimplementresearchcollaboration regions. Thecharacteristicsofeachregionwillbeanalyzedintermsbackground,social in technologicalandeconomicdevelopmentIndonesia,Vietnam,WestAfrica,other conditions, particularlyinChina. world foodsupplymodelwillbemodifiedbasedonanalysesofrelevantpoliciesandeconomic In ordertodefinemedium-andlong-termtrendsinworldfoodsupplydemand,JIRCAS’s particularly inChina Improvement ofmodelsforworldfoodsupplyanddemandthroughanalysistrends, mid-term researchstrategieswillbeproposed. developing countriesandrelevantinternationalresearchorganizationswillbeexamined; developed; thebackground,futureobjectives,andorientationofresearchthemespursuedby An informationnetworknecessaryfortheaccumulationofresearchwillbe p114-125.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 ページ 115

Physiological characteristics such as nutrient metabolism will be analyzed and the prevalence of diseases such as trypanosomosis will be evaluated. 6. Development of technology for supplementary natural regeneration of valuable tree species in tropical forests having tree species of low quality Silvicultural and logging technology for the sustainable management of forests in Southeast Asia will be developed, and the restoration of forests in degraded grassland areas through the utilization of useful low-quality trees will be promoted. 7. Development of environment-friendly aquaculture technology Analyses of maturation and spawning stages, feeding behavior, selection and culture of biological feeds, and identification and utilization of various artificial feeds for major aquaculture species will be conducted. Aquaculture technology characterized by low feed and drug inputs will be developed. 2) Improvement and development of technology for quality evaluation, distribution, and processing of agriculture, forestry and fisheries commodities in developing regions 1. Analysis of quality parameters for food resources in Southeast Asia Methods of evaluation utilizing low-cost instrumentation and materials will be developed for determining basic characteristics of food resources prior to harvest, and during postharvest processing and distribution. Factors affecting quality changes will be identified. 2. Development of methods for the prevention of quality deterioration and methods for the improvement of processing technology Technology for low-input drying and storage of food commodities will be developed in order to reduce postharvest losses. Local processing technology will be improved in order to develop more value-added products. 3. Development of technology for the use of under-utilized wood resources Technology for the processing of wood materials into wood products will be developed through analyses of the characteristics of materials such as oil palm residue. 4. Development of technology for the use of under-utilized aquatic resources and the production of “surimi” (fish paste) in China Technology for environment-friendly utilization of aquatic products will be developed while considering the state of food production, distribution, and consumption in China. 3) Development of technology for the analysis and utilization of genetic resources and biological functions in developing regions 1. Development of technology for the analysis and transformation of mechanisms of resistance to

environmental stresses JIRCAS MID-TERM PLAN Resistance mechanisms in model plant species will be analyzed at the molecular level in order to 115 develop genetically modified crops having resistance to drought, salinity, and other stresses. 2. Development of breeding materials and technology to evaluate the resistance of rice and wheat to disease pathogens and insect pests The characteristics of crops such as rice, wheat, and soybean related to disease and insect pest resistance will be elucidated for the purpose of developing useful breeding materials. 3. Collection, evaluation, and preservation of genetic resources of vegetables and fruit trees in tropical and subtropical regions JIRCAS will serve as a sub-bank to the central gene bank of the National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences (NIAS), a fellow MAFF-affiliated IAA. 4) Evaluation of environmental resources and biodiversity 1. Evaluation of characteristics of environmental resources related to agricultural production and analysis of the mechanisms of changes in land use Technology for the analysis and effective utilization of environmental resources will be developed, and the relationship between changes in land use and these resources will be elucidated. 2. Analysis of necessary conditions for introducing agroforestry technology in Malaysia and other developing countries The establishment of productive and environment-friendly agroforestry systems will be promoted, with emphasis on biodiversity and sustainability of tropical forest regeneration. 3. Analysis of changes in major aquatic resources in coastal and brackish water mangrove ecosystems in Southeast Asia The changes in major fish and aquatic resources associated with the development of coastal areas, including environmentally valuable brackish water mangrove areas, will be analyzed. p114-125.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 11:10 05.10.27 p114-125.qxd 116

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 116 ページ .Promotionand utilizationofresearchresults A. III. Publicationanddisseminationofresearchresults Collaborationwithadministrativeauthorities,internationalorganizations,academic societies,and C. Trainingcoursesandprograms B. Analysesandconsultations A. II. Contributiontosocietythroughresearchactivities 4) JIRCASwillbeentrustedbytheJapanesegovernmenttodevelopandprovidehumanresourcesfor 3) 2) 1) ResearchactivitiesinOkinawa 5) collaborative efforts. and applicationofresearchresults throughtheMAFFresearchnetworkand international and primaryproducersindeveloping regions.Effortswillalsobemadetopromotethe dissemination Manuals anddatabaseswillbe preparedforusebyadministrativeauthorities,research organizations, and overseas. administrative authorities,JIRCASwillalsosupplyrelevant technologicalinformationbothinJapan administrative authorities,internationalorganizations,and academicsocieties.Uponrequestfrom JIRCAS willdispatchdelegatestoparticipateincommittee meetingsandconferencessponsoredby other organizations various analysesandexperiments,extendingitsexpertisetootherorganizations. Upon therequestsofadministrativeauthorities,corporations,anduniversities,JIRCASwillconduct exchange ontechnicalproblems. JIRCAS willestablishconsultationswithvariousorganizationsinordertoconductinformation activities relatedtoresearchinthefieldsofinternationalagriculture,forestryandfisheries. invitation programsforoverseascounterpartscientists. existing technology,andpromoteinformationtechnologytransfer.JIRCASwillalsoconduct public organizations,andtheprivatesectorinordertofurtherdevelophumanresources,upgrade JIRCAS willmakesignificanteffortstoreceivetraineesfromotherIAAs,universities,national private sector. research organizationsandofferitscollaborationinprogramssponsoredbythegovernmentor JIRCAS willorganizetrainingcoursesandlecturesforadministrativeauthoritiesvarious 6. 5. 4. Developmentofbasictechnologyfortheevaluationandmasspropagationtropicalfruittrees 3. Developmentoftechnologyfortheevaluationandutilizationusefultraitsinsugarcane 2. Evaluationandutilizationofheatsalinityresistanceinsnapbeanrice 1. generation advancement. Technology willbedevelopedforeffectivelyfixingvariationsinheadingtraitsthrough through generationadvancement Development ofmethodsforcontrollingvariationsinheadingtraitsriceandothercrops response willbeelucidated. The effectofenvironmentalfactorssuchasweatherandsoilsoncropstheirsubsequent inputs islands, andthedevelopmentoftechnologyforcropcultivationusinglowwaterfertilizer Analysis offactorsleadingtotheinstabilitycropproductionontropicalandsubtropical occurring intropicalandsubtropicalcropswillbeelucidated. The eco-physiologicalcharacteristicsofmajordiseases,insectpests,andnaturalenemies tropical andsubtropicalareas Analysis ofecologicalcharacteristicsandtheincidencemajorinsectpestsdiseasesin studied. Basictechnologywillbedevelopedforqualityevaluationandmasspropagation. The productionofsubstancesrequiredforregulationtreeform,fruitset,andfloweringwillbe will bedevelopedthroughgeneticengineering. subtropical regionswillbeevaluated,andbreedingmaterialshavingoutstandingcharacteristics Characteristics relatedtousefultraitsofvegetativelypropagatedcropsfromtropicaland root crops species suchassnapbean,usefulbreedingmaterialswillbecollectedandstudied. Through theevaluationofcharacteristicsrelatedtohigh-temperaturestresstoleranceinvegetable p114-125.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 ページ 117

B. Publication and dissemination of research results 1) JIRCAS researchers will be encouraged to present research results at meetings organized by academic societies and at symposia held in Japan and overseas. During the period covered in the Mid-Term Plan, a goal has been established to publish more than 540 reports in scientific journals and organizational bulletins. 2) Research results will be made available on the Internet and published at expositions and other appropriate venues. Important achievements will also be reported through suitable mass media.

C. Acquisition and utilization of intellectual property rights 1) Active acquisition of intellectual property rights will be encouraged; a goal has been established to submit more than 20 patent applications to the Japan Patent Office during the period covered in the Mid-Term Plan. JIRCAS will also encourage the submission of patent applications in countries other than Japan. 2) Plant varieties developed through breeding research will be registered based on the Seed and Stock Law. JIRCAS will also encourage applications by foreign organizations to utilize registered varieties overseas. 3) Information concerning intellectual property rights will be disseminated through the Internet, and requests for their utilization will be actively considered.

ADMINISTRATION

I. Evaluation and review of research activities

A. Internal reviews will be conducted under the guidance of experts from outside organizations, as well as JIRCAS directors and administrators.

B. Reviews of research themes will be conducted in order to evaluate research strategies, planning, and progress. These results will be evaluated under the guidance of outside experts and JIRCAS directors and administrators, and will be made public.

II. Efficient utilization of resources allocated for research activities

A. Resources for research activities will be allocated in context of the objectives of the Mid-Term Plan. JIRCAS MID-TERM PLAN III. Promotion of liaison and collaboration 117

A. Liaison and collaboration with other IAAs Liaison and collaboration with other MAFF-affiliated IAAs will be actively pursued, including common research objectives, joint research, and personnel exchange.

B. Liaison and collaboration with research organizations in developing regions 1) Research administrators from counterpart organizations will be invited to Japan through the Administrative Invitation Program for exchange of information and opinions concerning policy- making and project design. 2) Researchers from counterpart organizations in developing regions will be invited to Japan to conduct collaborative research.

C. Liaison and collaboration with organizations from the private sector, universities, and the government 1) Collaborative research or researcher exchange with national public organizations, universities, the private sector, overseas organizations, international organizations, and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) will be actively promoted. 2) Research collaboration conducted with public organizations utilizing governmental support will be promoted. The status of mutual relations and collaboration will be evaluated annually. The promotion of research activities at JIRCAS will be examined with the participation of representatives from related IAAs and administrative authorities as well as from municipal, district, and prefectural organizations. p114-125.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 11:10 05.10.27 p114-125.qxd 118

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 118 ページ iciTuaaManagingDirector, Norin-ChukinResearchInstituteCo., Ltd. Professor, Tokyo UniversityofAgriculture T Advisor, JapanFoodandAgricultureOrganization (FAO) Association Eiichi Tsutaya Kenji Iiyama President,JapanFoodand AgricultureOrganization (FAO) Association Sakue Matsumoto Hiroshi Kakurai Hisao Azuma esk ueuaAscae Prof Associate Keisuke Sugenuma Kazuhiko Kobayashi markets inChina and Studies onstablefoodsupplysystemsformitigatingthefluctuationsofproduction ProfessorEmeritus,KyotoUniversity Professor, GraduateSchool ofAgriculturalScience,Tohoku University Hiroyuki Watanabe Hitoshi Yonekura Hiroko Morishima Professor, FacultyofSymbioticSystemsScience,FukushimaUniversity Seiichi Murayama Katumi Musiake Y Counselor, JapanFoodandAgricultureOrganization (FAO) Association Naoto Owa Keiji Ohga Haruo Inagaki ue iaaJapanGrasslandAgriculture andForageSeedAssociation Professor, GraduateSchool ofAgriculturalScience,Tohoku University Former Director, DepartmentofIntegratedResearchforAgriculture for Muneo Oikawa Makie Kokubun Shinji Sakai CIAT Kazuo Kawano Peter Kerridge Vice-President, MieUniversity America (multinational) Comprehensive studiesonsoybeanimprovement, production andutilizationinSouth Koji Kameoka ksiHr SeniorCounselor, JapanFisheriesResourcesConservationAssociation akeshi Hara siouYsng Technical Advisor, OverseasFisheryCooperationFoundation oshinobu Yasunaga ADVISORS ANDPRINCIPAL STAFF External ReviewersforInternationalCollaborativeProjects JIRCAS ExternalEvaluationCommittee (NHK) Economic Analyst,formerlyCommentator, NipponHosoKyokai University ofTokyo Professor, GraduateSchoolofAgriculture andLifeSciences,the University ofAgriculture Professor, DepartmentofAgriculture,FacultyTokyo R Professor, Vice-President, FacultyofAgriculture,Universitythe Agriculture, NiigataUniversity Professor, DepartmentofAppliedBiologicalChemistry, Facultyof Sciences, NihonUniversity Professor, DepartmentofFoodEconomics,CollegeBioresource National AgriculturalResearch Organization (NARO) the KantoandTokai Region,NationalAgriculturalResearchCenter, Faculty ofAgriculture,KobeUniversity Former Professor, FoodResourcesEducationand ResearchCenter, Agricultura Tropica (CIAT) Administration, FukushimaUniversity yukyus Asia Program,LaoPDROffice, CentroInternacionalde Advisors essor, FacultyofEconomicsandBusiness p114-125.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 ページ 119

Development of low-input technology for reducing postharvest losses of staples in Southeast Asia Greg Johnson Australian Center for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Toshinori Kimura Professor, Institute of Agricultural and Forest Engineering, the University of Tsukuba Yoshimi Hirose Professor Emeritus, Kyushu University Tadashi Miyata Professor, Department of Biological Resources and Environmental Sciences, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University

Development of agroforestry technology for the rehabilitation of tropical forests Minoru Kumazaki President, Gifu Academy of Forest Science and Culture Mitsuyoshi Yatagai Professor, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the University of Tokyo Yoshiya Tadaki Director, Ecological Research Center, PREC Institute Inc. Fujio Kobayashi Vice-Chairman, the Japan Forestry Association

Studies on sustainable production systems of aquatic animals in brackish mangrove areas Fumitake Seki Professor Emeritus, the University of Tsukuba Makoto Terazaki Professor, Ocean Research Institute, the University of Tokyo Kunihiko Fukusho Director, Breeding and Exhibit Department, Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium Prathak Tabthipwon Vice Dean, Faculty of Fisheries, Kasetsart University

Increasing economic options in rainfed agriculture in Indochina through efficient use of water resources Paiboon Pramopjanee Associate Professor, Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University; Visiting Professor, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific ADVISORS AND PRINCIPAL STAFF University ADVISORS AND PRINCIPAL STAFF Tawachai Na Nagara Advisor and Former Director, Soil Science Division, Department of 119 Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand Sakol Ooraikul Agricultural Economics Specialist, Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Thailand Takeshi Horie Professor, Laboratory of Crop Science, Faculty/Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Hideo Yano Professor, Division of Applied Sciences, Faculty/Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University Akira Goto Professor, Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Utsunomiya University

Improvement of the fertility of sandy soils in the semi-arid zones of West Africa through organic matter management Tomoki Takamura Professor Emeritus, Kyoto University Nteranya Sanginga Director, Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility Institute of CIAT (TSBF- CIAT) Lamourdia Thiombiano Senior Soil Resources Officer, FAO Regional Office for Africa Jun-ichi Yamaguchi Professor, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University Shuhei Shimada Professor, Graduate School of Asian and African Area Studies, Kyoto University p114-125.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 11:10 05.10.27 p114-125.qxd 120

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 120 ページ Nguyen Huu Huan Deputy Director General, Director Deputy FormerDeputyDirector, AVRDC-The World Vegetable Center Nguyen HuuHuan Meisaku Koizumi T Asia Development ofnewtechnologiesforthecontrol ofcitrushuanglongbing(HLB)inSoutheast mtuMriProfessor, DepartmentofBioproductiveScience,FacultyAgriculture, amotsu Murai Utsunomiya University Agriculture andRuralDevelopment,Vietnam Department ofPlantProtection,Ministry p114-125.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 ページ 121

JIRCAS STAFF FY2004 Administration Division

Tokuzo Ono, Director President (Norio Kikuchi*, Director)

Mutsuo Iwamoto General Affairs Section [Shinobu Inanaga from April 1, 2005] Masahiro Horiguchi, Section Chief Shuichi Tsuchiya, Assistant Section Chief Vice-President Kaoru Watanabe, Personnel Overseer Yasuhiro Onozaki, Section Manager Akinori Noguchi Masae Kudo, Section Officer Isao Takahashi, Personnel Manager Executive Advisor & Auditor Ryo Okamoto, Personnel Officer Yukio Konuma, Social Affairs Head Kunihiko Kato [Kazuyuki Ito from April 1, 2005] Accounting Section Akimi Fujimoto Moriji Uchino, Section Chief Ryoichi Saito, Assistant Section Chief Research Planning and Koichi Takada, Auditing Chief Coordination Division Katsunori Kanno, Financial Manager Takashi Kitami, Financial Officer Masami Yasunaka, Director Yoshihiko Sumomozawa, Accounting Manager Research Planning Section Takeshi Akiyama, Accounting Officer Yoshinobu Egawa, Section Head Hideko Shimada, Auditing Manager Takeshi Urao, Senior Researcher Koji Ito, Supplies/Equipment Manager Ryuichi Yamada, Senior Researcher Naomi Yamamoto, Supplies/Equipment Officer Research Coordination Section Kuniaki Katsuyama, Facilities Manager Takahito Noda, Section Head Overseas Staff Support Section International Relations Section Satoko Ohuchi, Section Chief Hideto Fujii, Section Head Hiroshi Tanaka, Overseas Affairs Overseer

Mitsuyuki Saito, Overseer Stationed Overseas ADVISORS AND PRINCIPAL STAFF International Research Coordinators Gaku Takeda, Overseas Operations Manager 121 Satoru Miyata, SE-Asia Office Representative Kazuo Miyajima, Overseas Expenditures Takeshi Kano, Plant Pathology Manager Kazuhiro Suenaga, Wheat Breeding Atsuzo Nishino, Overseas Shipments Manager CGIAR Liaisons Coordinator Masayoshi Saito, Senior Researcher Development Research Division Public Information Officer Toshihiro Uetani, Head Osamu Koyama, Director

Publication and Documentation Section Development Research Coordinators Yoshiyuki Hamada, Section Head Kazunobu Toriyama, Soil Science Hiromi Miura, Librarian Satoshi Uchida, Geographic Information Systems Field Management Section Haruo Tamura, Chief Research Staff Takashi Komatsu, Field Operator Masuo Ando, Agricultural Economics John S. Caldwell, Horticulture and Farming Systems Hsiaoping Chien, Agricultural Economics Jun Furuya, Agricultural Economics Hiroshi Komiyama, Development Economics Kazuo Nakamoto, Agricultural Economics p114-125.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 11:10 05.10.27 p114-125.qxd 122

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 122 ページ Satoshi Tobita, PlantPhysiologyand Guntur V. Subbarao,CropPhysiologyand Sachiko Senoo,CropScience Zen-ichi Sano,Nematology Junichi Sakagami,CropImprovement Chikara Ogura,AgriculturalLand Masato Oda,CropManagement Satoshi Nakamura,InsectEcology Naruo Matsumoto,Environmental T Y Keiichi Hayashi,SoilManagement T Hiromasa Hamada,GroundwaterHydrology Research Staff Osamu Ito,Director (Kazuko Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, Plant Naoki Yamanaka, PlantMolecularGenetics Hiroshi Tsunematsu, RiceBreeding Xu Tonghe, PlantMolecularGenetics Motoki Takahashi, LegumePhysiology Hidekazu Sasaki,Vegetable Physiology Kazuo Nakashima,PlantMolecularBiology R Kyonoshin Maruyama,PlantMolecular Nobuya Kobayashi,PhysiologyandBreeding Masayasu Kato,PlantPathology Mie Kasuga,PlantMolecularBiology Y Kazuo Ise,RiceBreeding Masanori Inagaki,WheatBreeding Y Y T Research Staff (Ryoichi Ikeda*,Director) T Kumi Yasunobu, AgriculturalEconomics Norihiro Yamashita, AgriculturalEconomics Y Minoru Tada, AgriculturalEconomics T akayuki Ishikawa,PlantPhysiology amao Hatta,MineralogyandGeology omohiro Ban,WheatBreeding akashi Kumashiro,Director omohide Sugino,DevelopmentEconomics usuke Ito,PlantMolecularBiology ukiyo Yamamoto, GeographicInformation asukazu Hosen,SoilChemistry oshihisa Homma,PlantPathology oshimichi Fukuta,RiceBreeding yoichi Matsunaga,LegumeBreeding Nutrition Improvement Conservation Molecular Biology) Biology Systems Biological Resources Division Environment Division Crop Production and Y Research Staff Shuichi Oshio,Director Mitate Yamada, Agronomy T Hiro Nakamura,CerealChemistryandPlant Kazuhiko Nakahara,FoodChemistry Akihiko Kosugi,MolecularMicrobiology T Research Staff Y Kazuhiro Yoshihara, Immunology Seishi Yamasaki, AnimalNutrition T Katsuhisa Shimoda,PastureManagement Sadahiro Ohmomo,AppliedMicrobiology Hiroshi Kudo,RumenMicrobiology Y Akihiko Yokota, Mycology T T Masahiko Tokoro, Entomology T Shoji Noguchi,ForestHydrology Hisashi Abe,Wood Science Research Staff Shozo Nakamura,Director T Koji Yamaki, Food Functionality Eizo Tatsumi, FoodScience Y Research Staff Koji Nakamura,Director Y Kaoru Hamano,Physiology akeshi Watanabe, SoilChemistry sutomu Fushimi,FoodAnalysis omoyuki Suzuki,AnimalNutrition suyoshi Yamada, ForestSoilScience sutomu Yagihashi, Silviculture akayuki Ohta,Silviculture adashi Yoshihashi, FoodEvaluation utaka Mori,Director ukio Hanamura,Ecology asuo Ando,PlantMicrobiology asuhiro Yokota, SocialForestry oshimi Fujioka,CoastalEcology Nutrition Breeding Food ScienceandTechnology Animal Production and Grassland Division Fisheries Division Forestry Division Division p114-125.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 ページ 123

Masaki Kaneniwa, Food Chemistry Hirokazu Ikema, Machine Operator Ikunari Kiryu, Fish Pathology Masahide Maetsu, Machine Operator Hiroshi Ogata, Fish Nutrition Yuho Maetsu, Machine Operator Marcy N. Wilder, Crustacean Biochemistry Yasuteru Shikina, Machine Operator Masato Shimajiri, Machine Operator Masashi Takahashi, Machine Operator Okinawa Subtropical Station Koji Yamato, Machine Operator

Shuichi Asanuma, Director Kazuo Shibano, Associate Director for Researchers on Loan to Other Research Organization

General Affairs Section Africa Rice Center (WARDA) Hideki Ebata, Section Chief Ryoichi Ikeda, Rice Breeding (Mitsuyuki Saito*, Section Chief) Fumihiko Hisada, Section Manager Part-time informal employees Takao Ohga, Accounting Manager Nearly 130 persons are working at JIRCAS as Hisato Ohshima, Accounting Officer non-permanent staff. They serve as editorial Yoshiyuki Hoshinoya, Accounting Officer advisors for many of JIRCAS’s publications, perform much of the institute’s secretarial International Collaborative Research work, function as laboratory technicians, and Section maintain the buildings and laboratories. Their Yoshimitsu Katsuda, Section Head services to JIRCAS are highly valued.

Islands Environment Management * Indicates transfer within JIRCAS, Laboratory relocation, or retired during the Fiscal Year Kiyoshi Ozawa, Agrometeorology, Head covered by this Annual Report. Fujio Nagumo, Soil Science Ken Nakamura, Soil Science ( ) Indicates previous position holder.

Environmental Stress Laboratory Mariko Shono, Plant Physiology, Head Koichi Kashiwaba, Plant Breeding Hide Ohmae, Plant Physiology ADVISORS AND PRINCIPAL STAFF

Tropical Crop Breeding Laboratory 123 Hiroko Takagi-Watanabe, Plant Breeding, Head (Makoto Matsuoka*, Plant Breeding, Head) Koshun Ishiki, Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources Mitsunori Sato, Sugarcane Breeding Yasuaki Tamura, Rice Breeding Masahiko Tanio, Wheat Breeding

Tropical Fruit Crops Laboratory Yoshimi Yonemoto, Pomology, Head Hiroshi Fukamachi, Pomology Hidenori Kato, Plant Physiology

Plant Protection Laboratory Masatoshi Ohnuki, Plant Virology, Head Katsuya Ichinose, Entomology Kunimasa Kawabe, Plant Virology Tadafumi Nakata, Entomology

Field Management Section Tadahiro Hayashi, Section Head Masakazu Hirata, Machine Operator p114-125.qxd 05.10.27 11:10 11:10 05.10.27 p114-125.qxd 124

JIRCAS 2004 ANNUAL REPORT ページ 124 ページ Buildings Land Buildings andcampusdata The JapaneseFiscalYear andAnnualReport2004 Annual Report2004summarizesthefull from April1,2004throughMarch31,2005. Thus, FiscalYear (FY)2004coverstheperiod 1 throughMarch31ofthefollowingyear. period offiscalactivityoccurringfromApril The Japanesefiscalyearisdefinedasthe AND MISCELLANEOUSDATA THE JAPANESE FISCALYEAR knw utoia tto 9,523 294,912 T Okinawa SubtropicalStation T T Okinawa SubtropicalStation T tl20,272 404,450 10,749 109,538 otal sukuba premises otal sukuba premises (FY2005). April 1,2005throughMarch31,2006 Report willdetaileventsandprogramsfrom during thisperiod.ThesubsequentAnnual extent ofJIRCASactivitiesthatoccurred (units: m (units: m 2 2 ) ) 奥付.qxd 05.10.27 11:12 ページ 2

Annual Report 2004 (April 2004-March 2005) No. 11 (Oct. 2005)

Published by Incorporated Administrative Agency Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences 1-1 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8686, JAPAN Tel. (029) 838-6330 Fax. (029) 838-6316

2005年（平成17年）10月14日発行 発行者 独立行政法人 国際農林水産業研究センター 理事長 稲永 忍 〒305-8686 茨城県つくば市大わし１番地１ 電話：029-838-6330 FAX：029-838-6316 印 刷 株式会社 高山 〒113-0034 東京都文京区湯島1-1-12 ドキュメント1 05.10.27 11:23 ページ 4