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NERICA : the New Rice for Africa

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NERICA : the New Rice for Africa Africa Rice Center (WARDA) NERICA® : the New Rice for Africa – a Compendium Editors EA Somado, RG Guei and SO Keya 2008 edition About Africa Rice Center (WARDA) Africa Rice Center (WARDA) is an autonomous intergovernmental research association of African member states and also one of the 15 international agricultural research Centers supported by the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR). WARDA’s mission is to contribute to poverty alleviation and food security in sub- Saharan Africa (SSA) through research, development and partnership activities DLPHGDWLQFUHDVLQJWKHSURGXFWLYLW\DQGSUR¿WDELOLW\RIWKHULFHVHFWRULQZD\V that ensure the sustainability of the farming environment. WARDA hosts the African Rice Initiative (ARI), the Rice Research and 'HYHORSPHQW1HWZRUNIRU:HVWDQG&HQWUDO$IULFD 52&$5,= WKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO 1HWZRUNIRU*HQHWLF(YDOXDWLRQRI5LFHLQ$IULFD ,1*(5$IULFD DQGWKH,QODQG 9DOOH\&RQVRUWLXP ,9& ,WDOVRVXSSRUWVWKH&RRUGLQDWLRQ8QLWRIWKH(DVWHUQ DQG&HQWUDO$IULFDQ5LFH5HVHDUFK1HWZRUN (&$551 EDVHGLQ7DQ]DQLD WARDA has its headquarters in Cotonou, Benin and regional research stations QHDU6DLQW/RXLV6HQHJDODQGDWWKH,QWHUQDWLRQDO,QVWLWXWHIRU7URSLFDO$JULFXOWXUH ,,7$ LQ,EDGDQ1LJHULD:$5'$¶VPDLQUHVHDUFKFHQWHULVLQ&{WHG¶,YRLUHEXW most scientists and researchers are temporarily located in Cotonou. )RUPRUHLQIRUPDWLRQYLVLWZZZZDUGDRUJ Africa Rice Center (WARDA) Headquarters 01 BP 2031 Cotonou, Benin 7HO )D[ (PDLOZDUGD#FJLDURUJ WARDA Nigeria Station WARDA Sahel Station Tanzania Station WARDA $'5$2%36W/RXLV FR0LNRFKHQL$JULFXOWXUDO c/o International Institute of Senegal Research Institute 7URSLFDO$JULFXOWXUH ,,7$ 32%R[ 2\R5RDG30% Dar es Salaam Ibadan 7DQ]DQLD Nigeria 7HO 7HO 7HO )D[ )D[ )D[ (PDLO ZDUGDLEDGDQ#FJLDURUJ (PDLO ZDUGDVDKHO#FJLDURUJ (PDLODOX]LNLKXSL#FJLDURUJ Africa Rice Center (WARDA) NERICA® : the New Rice for Africa – a Compendium Editors EA Somado, RG Guei and SO Keya 2008 i © Copyright Africa Rice Center (WARDA) 2008 WARDA encourages fair use of this material. Proper citation is requested. Citation Africa Rice Center (WARDA)/FAO/SAA. 2008. NERICA®: the New Rice for Africa – a Compendium. EA Somado, RG Guei and SO Keya (eds.). Cotonou, Benin: Africa Rice Center (WARDA); Rome, Italy: FAO; Tokyo, Japan: Sasakawa Africa Association. 210 pp. ISBN 92 9113 3167 English print 92 9113 3175 English PDF Printing Pragati Offset Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, India Photo Credits Photographs are by staff of the Africa Rice Center (WARDA) and networks and consortia convened by the Center. Disclaimer The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Africa Rice (WARDA), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) or the Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of VSHFL¿FFRPSDQLHVRUSURGXFWVRIPDQXIDFWXUHUVZKHWKHURUQRWWKHVHKDYH been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by the Africa Rice Center (WARDA), FAO or SAA in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information SURGXFWDUHWKRVHRIWKHDXWKRU V DQGGRQRWQHFHVVDULO\UHÀHFWWKHYLHZVRIWKH Africa Rice Center (WARDA), FAO or the Sasakawa Africa Association. ii PREFACE This publication builds on the work of many individuals within and outside the Africa Rice Center (WARDA). Our main partners in this effort are the chapter authors who participated in the research reported here. This document was made possible by the contributors only because of their willingness to provide, sometimes at short notice, the required information. We express our grateful thanks and appreciation to them all, as well as to the many unnamed technical assistants and support staff. 7KLVGRFXPHQWZRXOGQRWKDYHEHHQIHDVLEOHZLWKRXWWKHVFLHQWL¿FDQG ¿QDQFLDOVXSSRUWIURPWKH$IULFD5LFH&HQWHU :$5'$ WKH8QLWHG Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA), which jointly agreed to sponsor the preparation of this compendium. To them, and in particular to Dr Shellemiah O. Keya (WARDA), Dr Nguu Nguyen (FAO) and Dr Tareke Berhe, (Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA) we pay our special tribute for their foresight, interest and support throughout the preparation of this publication. Their interest and enthusiasm, and their inputs were always a source of stimulation and satisfaction. They deserve our special thanks. 7KH¿UVWGUDIWRIWKHGRFXPHQWZDVUHYLHZHGDQGGLVFXVVHGE\WKH WARDA’s Editorial and Publication Review panel led by Dr Shellemiah O. Keya as well as by FAO’s experts, including Dr Martinez Arturo (AGPS) and Dr Larinde Michael (AGPS). We also received invaluable feedback from Dr Tareke Berhe of Sasakawa Africa Association (SAA). These various inputs helped rewrite part of the Compendium. We wish to acknowledge the helpful review comments received from them. Finally, we wish to thank Dr Inoussa Akintayo, Coordinator of the African Rice Initiative (ARI), for his assistance in collating the material. The editors Eklou A. Somado (Africa Rice Center) Robert G. Guei (FAO) Shellemiah O. Keya (Africa Rice Center) iii FOREWORD The New Rice for Africa (NERICA) has been spreading rapidly in VXE6DKDUDQ$IULFD 66$ VLQFHWKH¿UVWVHHGRIWKHVHKLJK\LHOGLQJ rice varieties was introduced in 1996. In 2006, a conservative estimate of area grown to NERICA varieties in SSA was about 200,000 hectares. Further spread is hampered by a lack of readily DYDLODEOHVFLHQWL¿FOLWHUDWXUHRQWKHQXWULWLRQDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVDV well as the recommended production practices. Even the published material that exists has been rather scattered and sometimes anecdotal, thereby reducing its value to researchers, extension staff, farmers and consumers. 7KLVFRPSHQGLXPEULQJVWRJHWKHUWKHUHVXOWVRIVFLHQWL¿FUHVHDUFKRQ the NERICA varieties, ranging from the choice of land to planting, integrated crop and pest management, harvest and post-harvest operations, agro-processing technologies and NERICA nutritional quality, and adoption impact on rice farmers’ livelihoods. Further contributions to the knowledge base on NERICA are welcomed and their channeling encouraged through the African Rice Initiative (ARI), which is hosted by WARDA. On behalf of WARDA’s Board and Management, I wish to express our appreciation to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the African Development Bank (ADB) and 6DVDNDZD$IULFD$VVRFLDWLRQ 6$$ IRUWKHLU¿QDQFLDOVXSSRUWIRU the compilation of this compendium. Dr Papa A. Seck Director General Africa Rice Center (WARDA) iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface iii Foreword iv Module 1 – OVERVIEW: RICE IN AFRICA 1 Unit 1 – The importance of rice in Africa 1 Unit 2 – Major rice production systems in SSA and their environments 5 Unit 3 – Addressing the challenge of low productivity in African rice ecologies: NERICA® varieties 9 Module 2 – NERICA®:ORIGINS,NOMENCLATURE AND IDENTIFICATION CHARACTERISTICS 10 Unit 1 – What is the NERICA® rice ? 10 Unit 2 – Where, when and how was NERICA® rice developed? 12 Unit 3 – NERICA® variety key characteristics 27 Module 3 – NERICA® DISSEMINATION IN SSA 31 Modus operandi: Partnership 31 The role of ROCARIZ 34 The role of INGER-Africa 35 The role of the African Rice Initiative (ARI) 41 The role of PVS 44 Module 4 – MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF NERICA® LINES 49 8QLW±0ROHFXODUSUR¿OLQJRI1(5,&$® lines 49 Unit 2 – Microsatellites and agronomic traits for assessing genetic relationships among 18 NERICA® varieties 50 8QLW±0ROHFXODUSUR¿OLQJRIXSODQG1(5,&$® lines 52 Module 5 – DROUGHT SCREENING UPLAND NERICA® VA R I ETI ES 62 v Module 6 – NERICA® RICE MANAGEMENT 65 Unit 1 – Land selection and preparation 65 Unit 2 – Land selection: Where to grow NERICA® rice? 65 Unit 3 – Cropping calendar 67 Unit 4 – Planting of NERICA® varieties 67 Unit 5 – Plant diversity 69 Unit 6 – Weed management in NERICA® rice-based cropping systems 70 Module 7 – SOIL FERTILIZATION AND NERICA® RICE NUTRITION 75 Unit 1 – Rates and timing 76 Module 8 – INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) STRATEGIES FOR NERICA® VA R I ETI ES 83 Unit 1 – Major insect pests of rice 83 Unit 2 – Major Components in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Strategies 87 Module 9 – RICE MAJOR DISEASES AND CONTROL 95 Unit 1 – Integrated Management of NERICA diseases 96 Module 10 – IMPROVING SEED DELIVERY SYSTEMS IN SSA 98 Module 11 – IMPROVING NERICA® SEED AVAILABILITY TO END-USER FARMERS 106 Unit 1 – Conventional seed production scheme vs. CBSS 106 Unit 2 – Pathway for NERICA® seed production 108 Module 12 – HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST OPERATIONS 111 Unit 1 – Harvesting, threshing and cleaning NERICA® paddy rice 111 Unit 2 – Drying, storing and milling NERICA® rice 114 vi Module 13 – NERICA® GRAIN AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY 116 Unit 1– NERICA® grain quality characteristics 116 Unit 2– NERICA® nutritional quality: protein and amino acid content 118 Module 14 – NERICA® IMPACT AND ADOPTION IN SSA 121 Unit 1 – NERICA® diffusion and adoption 121 Unit 2 – Determinants of NERICA® adoption 122 Unit 3 – Impact of NERICA® adoption 123 Module 15 – POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS FOR PROMOTING NERICA® COMPETITIVENESS IN SSA 127 Module 16– NERICA AND THE UNITED NATIONS MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS 135 Module 17 – NERICA® PREPARATION: FROM PLANT TO PLATE 138 References 143 Annexes – NERICA® Passport data 160 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Evolution of paddy rice yields in sub-Saharan Africa (1961–2006) 4
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